A probe into the origin of Su Shi's poems on the wall

Poetry on the wall is a treasure in ancient poetry and a cultural phenomenon worth studying. There are many kinds of wall poems. As far as the carrier is concerned, although the poems on the wall are all on the wall, the wall can be divided into temple wall, stone wall, postal kiosk wall, temple wall and building wall. As far as the content is concerned, the poems on the wall are all made with feelings and have sustenance. It can be roughly divided into the following categories: First, political demands. Most of these poems are dissatisfied with reality. Second, life is difficult, begging for social sponsorship, writing poems on the wall, and telling them widely. Some even have the nature of commodities, from which poets profit. Third, hobbies. Some poems are quite philosophical and can be called epigrams.

There are many kinds of wall poems. As far as the carrier is concerned, although the poems on the wall are all on the wall, the wall can be divided into temple wall, stone wall, postal kiosk wall, temple wall and building wall. Writing about the temple wall is Song Like Su Shi's "Xilin Wall Title": "From the side of the ridge, it is different from the distance. I don't know the true face of Lushan Mountain, but toward which corner of the mountain. " People who write about stone walls are like an untitled poem by Tang Hanshan: "Living in Hanshan, everything is quiet, and there are no distractions in my heart." Idle in the wall of poetry and history, Ren Yun has not yet sailed. "Those who wrote on the wall of the post booth said," The dawn is still there, and the wind is cold. If Yin Qin is affectionate, that's different. "(Wei Qingzhi's Poet Jade Scrap, Volume 10) The person written on the temple wall said:" Everyone is bitter and hot, and I love long summer days. The wind blows from the south, and the temple pavilion is slightly cold. " (Biography of Liu Gongquan in the Old Tang Dynasty) For example, Song Jiang's Anti-Poetry in the 37th chapter of Water Margin: "My heart is in Shandong, my body is in Wu, and my heart is floating in Pengjiang. If he is so clever, he dares to laugh that Huang Chao is not her husband. "In the Tang and Song Dynasties, out of the need to care for the walls and for the convenience of poets, many monasteries and post stations set up poem boards specially for passers-by to write poems. According to Wang's "Tang Yan Yan Yan", Volume XIII: "There are more than 100 poems of Shu Dao, which are not written by the author. Later, Xue Nengzuo and Li Fu passed through Shu Road and wrote a poem:' Jia Xunkong, it's easy to write a poem!' I learned that I went to all the boards, and only one article, Wushan Gao, was left by Li Duan. According to Wei Qingzhi's Poet Jade Scraps, Volume XI: "There is Ganquan Temple beside Liyang Road. Because Lai Gong and Ding Wei kept diaries in the Song Dynasty, many people wrote poems and erected monuments, all over the house. " It can be seen that there were many poem boards (poem cards) at that time.

As far as the content is concerned, the poems on the wall are all made with feelings and have sustenance. It can be roughly divided into the following categories: First, political demands. Most of these poems are dissatisfied with reality. Wu Songming's poem "Title Wall" said: "Baita Bridge sells land classics, and the short posts in the long pavilion are the most distinctive. How can you just say Lin 'an Road? It is not a few miles away from the Central Plains! " It satirizes the cold reality that some people in the Southern Song Dynasty lived and worked in peace and contentment, unwilling to recover the Central Plains and "made Hangzhou Bianzhou". Second, life is difficult, begging for social sponsorship, writing poems on the wall, and telling them widely. Some even have the nature of commodities, from which poets profit. According to Li E's Chronicle of Song Poetry in Qing Dynasty, which has been published for seven years, "Xu Dong called Wu by his words, especially in Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals. Drunk, want to get a loan from the hotel. Hundreds of songs are written every day, and the villagers are scrambling to watch them. They sold it several times, but they donated the money. "Xu Dong is unique, do poetry exhibition on the wall, get a sum of economic income. Third, hobbies. Some poems are quite philosophical and can be called epigrams. According to "Chronicle of Song Poetry" Volume 96: "Xuanhe returned to Mao, and the servant traveled to Songshan Intermediate People's Court. There was a poem between the back eaves of the Buddhist temple:' A thatched thatch was messy, and suddenly the sky burned and suddenly it was empty. The game is like a stove full of slow fire, warm. "The official script next to it says' Don't ruin this poem'. The monk instructed,' The four words Sima Xianggong were also written by himself.' The poem uses two metaphors of burning thatch and slow fire to illustrate a truth: nouveau riche often come like wind and rain and go like dust; However, people who are honest and step by step can reach their destination smoothly. Fourth, thinking about the past and remembering the past, I am deeply touched. Wang Bo, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, was born in a poor family since childhood and studied at Miaomulan Academy in Zhao Hui, Yangzhou. Monks despise him for being poor and loving the rich. There is a rule in the temple: ring the bell for dinner. But one day, when Wang Bo heard the bell to eat, he saw the restaurant was in chaos. Wang Bo realized that someone was deliberately teasing him, so he wrote a poem about the temple wall and left angrily. Twenty years later, Wang Bo became the secretariat of Yangzhou and decided to revisit Zhao Hui Temple. There was a panic in the temple, and the monks quickly covered the wall with blue gauze. When Wang Bo came to the temple, he saw at a glance that the poems on the wall were covered with blue gauze. He chuckled and wrote a poem on the wall: "I am ashamed to have been to various places in class." "After 20 years of dust, now I have a blue gauze cage." (Wang's Tang Yanyan, Volume 7) This poem uses the method of contrast before and after, and sharply satirizes the behavior of monks with two things: "Bell after dinner" and "Green gauze cage".

Poetry on the wall has a long history, which began in the Han Dynasty and flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Shi was one of the earliest examiners in the late Han Dynasty. According to the Book of Jin, Volume 36 quoted Wei Heng's Four-body Book: "Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty wrote a good book, which was versatile, and the stone was the best. The great man was full of words, and the young man was full of words, praising his ability. Sometimes you don't take money, you just drink in the restaurant. Because of the wall of books, visitors must pay for drinks and beg for money. " Shi, a native of Nanyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, was a calligrapher. This is the earliest record of the ancient title wall, but the specific content of the title wall is unknown.

After the Han Dynasty, many people talked about walls. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were more and more poems on the walls. In the Tang Dynasty, the poetry on the wall suddenly increased greatly and began to form an atmosphere. There is a cloud in Yuan Zhen's "Two Poems of Luokouyi": "There are a few lines on the wall of the postal kiosk, and Cui Li has a title of Wang Baishi. No one talks all day, waiting for you to go out of the wall. " Yuan Zhen even "stays under the wall" every day and enjoys the poems on the wall. It can be seen that there are many poems inscribed on the official wall and the post wall. During the Yuanhe period in Tang Xianzong, Bai Juyi's and Yuan Zhen's poems were all the rage, and poems with the theme of white can be seen everywhere. According to Yuan Zhen's Preface to Bai Changqing's Collection: "In the past twenty years, there have been no books on the forbidden provinces, temples and postal walls, and princes, concubines and horses have no way to go." Yuan and Bai are also very close. Ge Lifang's "Yang Qiuyun" (Volume 3) said: "Bai Yuan is as famous as ever, so it is natural. Wei Yuan wrote white poems in Zhuozhou West Temple, and Bai Letian wrote hundreds of poems in the Yuan Dynasty, which were combined into one screen and respected each other. " As Bai Juyi said in the poem "Answering Micro": "Jun writes my poems all over the temple wall, and I write your sentences all over the screen. Do you know where Xiang Jun is? Duckweed is in the sea. "

According to the statistics of Selected Poems of Tang Dynasty, there were hundreds of wall poets at that time, among which Hanshan and Cui Hao were the most famous. Hanshan, a famous poet, lives in Han Yan, Shifeng County (now Tiantai, Zhejiang Province) and likes to recite poems. According to "The Biography of Cold Mountain in the Whole Tang Poetry": "I tasted the poems on bamboo and stone walls, and wrote more than 300 poems on the walls of villas in the village. Today, I compiled a book of poems. " It can be seen that Hanshan's poems are all on the wall. In an untitled poem, he declared, "Five words and five hundred articles, seven words and seventy-nine. Three words, 2 1600 songs. The example of the book is a rock, boasting a good cloud. " There are as many as 600 poems on Hanshan Wall. Unfortunately, I lost half of it.

In the Song Dynasty, the wind of topic wall was in the ascendant, and many poems were recited in postal kiosks, post walls and temple walls, which was dizzying. According to the Song Dynasty's "Qingbo Magazine" (Volume 10): "The inn guest house cooks at noon, stays at dusk, and is anxious to take care of the hours. It is difficult to write the inscription on the wall or get the names of relatives and friends, and the article is even acceptable. His brushwork is weak and his language is sad. All good people play for women and women ... Hui Qing accompanied Zhao Guan Shangrao and took a boat to pay homage to Diaoyutai. I don't know the number. " It is obvious that there are many poems. According to Zhang's "Song Coral Hook Poetry", Volume II: "I took a beautiful picture in Zhenjiang, and my colleagues traveled in Kanluoji in their spare time. I occasionally write a poem on the wall ... His monk is stubborn and clumsy, and suddenly asks his colleagues,' The mud wall is good, but it's a pity to write it.' Knowing this, the play said,' Have the monks listened clearly recently?' Said,' I'm still as good as before. Yu said,' I'm afraid the eyes of saints can't distinguish things, and the title on the wall is Kanluoji ancestral style.' The listener laughed. "It can be seen that there is no peace in the wall of Kanluoji, which is Kanluoji's' ancestral style'. In the Zhao and Song Dynasties, it was not only Kanluoji, but also the whole country. The famous wall poems in Song Dynasty include Wang Yucheng's Monk Wall, Su Shunqin's Huashan Temple Wall, Wang Anshi's Shuhe Mansion Wall, Yang Wanli's Gui Long Temple Wall, Lu You's Guanyi Wall and Su Shi's Xilin Wall.

After the Yuan Dynasty, the poems on the walls were far less prosperous than those in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Why did the title become a common practice in the Tang and Song Dynasties? First, during the Tang and Song Dynasties, especially in the Tang Dynasty, poetry creation reached its peak. The number of poems on the wall was one of the concrete manifestations of the prosperity of poetry creation at that time. Secondly, "title wall" is one of the ways for poets in Tang and Song Dynasties to publish their works. Although block printing was invented in the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to the limited printing capacity at that time, there were still a large number of poems that could not be engraved, and "title wall" became the best way to "print" poems. The title wall is simple and easy to do. As long as the works are written on the wall, passers-by all over the world can read and spread them.