Dialects used in classical Chinese

1. In fact, the question of what dialect to use to read ancient poems is about Rusheng characters. Many ancient poems in China use Rusheng characters, but modern Mandarin has no Rusheng characters, which makes it feel very different from the ancients.

There are Rusheng characters in many dialects, and sometimes reading ancient poems with Rusheng characters in dialects is more in line with the original state of ancient authors. For example, Su Shi's "Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia": the last word of each sentence is rhyme, matter, wall, snow, solution, hair, unique, hair and moon. These words are pronounced in Mandarin, and they don't rhyme at all. Why? Because these rhyming words are Rusheng words in Wrong Sound at that time, Rusheng words are a kind of urgent and short pronunciation, which has disappeared in modern Mandarin and merged into Pingsheng.

However, it still exists in some dialects. For example, reading the word rhymes in Shanghai dialect can better appreciate the beauty of rhythm. People in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces read the entering tones of other dialects, such as "Bai", which is pronounced as "Bo", with a short but strong tone and a falling tone.

Therefore, although dialects are not conducive to daily communication, they are very useful in the aesthetic experience of ancient poetry. There are entering tones in all major dialect areas. Even though the entering tone in most areas of northern dialect has disappeared, there are still entering tones in Jianghuai Mandarin, Southwest Mandarin, Shanxi, northern Henan and parts of Inner Mongolia. Jianghuai Mandarin Area: It is the transitional area between the northern and southern dialects (mainly the transitional area between Central Plains Mandarin and Wu dialect). Jianghuai Mandarin, commonly known as Xiajiang Mandarin, is popular on both sides of the Yangtze River in Anhui Province and in most areas north of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province (except Xuzhou).

Jianghuai Mandarin is a branch of Mandarin dialect, with great internal differences and complicated linguistic phenomena, with Nanjing, Yangzhou, Nantong, Hefei, Yancheng, Wuhu, Huainan, Lianyungang and Jiujiang as the main representative points. There are five tones, including entering tone, falling tone and entering tone, regardless of yin and yang.

Nantong and Taizhou are divided into yin and yang in terms of tone removal and tone entry. Southwest Mandarin: Guanchi Film: Minjiang Film (Luzhou-Yibin-Leshan-Xichang, Tongzi-Renhuai-Yanhe-Yinjiang, Daguan-Suijiang-Shuifu, Yunnan), Renfu Film (Neijiang-Zigong-Renshou-Fushun) and Ya 'an Film (Ya 'an-Shimian).

There are generally five tones. Enter regardless of yin and yang.

Wu dialect: one of the main dialects, also known as "Jiangnan dialect" or "Jiangsu and Zhejiang dialect", represented by Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect. It is distributed in Shanghai, south of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province and east of Zhenjiang (excluding Zhenjiang), a small part of Nantong, most of Zhejiang Province, northeastern Jiangxi and southern Anhui.

The ancient voiced initials are preserved, and the nasal sounds of Xianshan in most areas fall off and become pure vowels. More than six tones, generally there are yin and yang.

Xiang dialect: also known as Xiang dialect or Hunan dialect, it is mainly distributed in a considerable part of Chinese mainland, Chongqing and parts of Guangxi near Hunan; Represented by Changsha dialect and Shuangfeng dialect. Xiang dialect can be divided into new Xiang dialect and old Xiang dialect.

New Xiang dialect is mainly popular in Changsha and northern Hunan, and is greatly influenced by Mandarin and Gan dialect. Laoxiang dialect is distributed in Hengyang and Shuangfeng, and it is less influenced by external dialects.

The interoperability between the old and new Xiang dialects is low. There are some similarities between southwest mandarin and new Hunan dialect.

Xinxiang left a tune, although the ancient voiced words are voiced today, they are still not aspirated. Gan dialect: Gan dialect.

Mainly distributed in central, northern and western Jiangxi, eastern Hunan, southeastern Hubei, parts of southern Anhui, and Shaowu area in northwest Fujian. Because Gan dialect and Hakka dialect have many common features.

Except Ji 'an, Lianhua and other places in western Jiangxi, most other areas have retained the entering rhyme to varying degrees. Hakka dialects are mainly distributed in 8 counties including Changting County, Liancheng County and Shanghang County in Fujian-western Fujian. Guangdong Meizhou, Huizhou, Jiaoling and other counties and cities 16; Ningdu, Ruijin, Xingguo and other counties and cities in southern Jiangxi 14.

In addition, non-pure counties, such as Nanjing, Pinghe, Shaoan and Longyan in Fujian; Chaozhou, Haifeng, Shaoguan and Dongguan in Guangdong; Hakka is also spoken in many areas of Tonggu, Guangchang, Yongfeng and other counties and cities in Jiangxi. In addition, Hakka dialect is distributed in Taiwan Province, Hainan, Sichuan and Hunan to varying degrees.

In ancient times, voiced initials, whether flat or flat, were mostly pronounced as aspirated voiceless. There are six tones in most areas and five or seven tones in a few areas.

In Changting dialect in western Fujian, Liancheng and Liu Qing are silent, and the rest of the flat tones are divided into yin and yang, and the upper tones are divided into yin and yang. The upper tones have five tones. Guangdong Hakka dialect is divided into yin and yang in entering tone and yin and yang in ascending tone.

In Yongding dialect of Hakka dialect in western Fujian, Shanghang dialect retains two tones of yin entering yang. Min dialect: It is mainly spoken in Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan and Taiwan Province provinces, as well as some areas in southern Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Guangxi.

The user population is around 40 million. Min dialect is a dialect with great internal differences, and many initials retain the characteristics of ancient Chinese.

The vowels of Min dialect retain the nasal and stop sounds in the ancient voice to varying degrees. Among them, Minnan dialect is relatively complete, Mindong dialect and Puxian dialect are less preserved, and there are almost no stops in Minbei dialect and Minzhong dialect, only nasal vowels.

There are entering tones in all parts of Min dialect, and the number of tones is 6-8, of which 7 are the most common. In many areas, -p, -t and -k are reserved.

Cantonese: Among the seven major dialects of Chinese, the language phenomenon is more complicated, which retains the characteristics of archaic sounds, with more archaic words and less internal differences. Cantonese is popular in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hainan, Hong Kong and other places, with Guangzhou dialect as the center.

The user population is around 40 million. Keep -p, -t, -k at the end.

The tone is mainly 8- 10. Jin dialect: It is distributed in Shanxi Province, northwestern Shaanxi, Hetao, Inner Mongolia, northwest Zhangjiakou and west of Anyang, Xinxiang, Henan.

Qin Jin dialect distribution area, traffic congestion, miles with different sounds. The reservation of ancient sounds is stubborn, such as the reservation of entering tones. There are also newly painted Hui language (formerly Wu language) and Pinghua (formerly Cantonese).

The above dialects are all areas with entering tones. As can be seen from the above, every dialect area has an entering tone area, most of the northern dialects have no entering tone, and the tone of Liunandu is reserved.

2. Classical Chinese translation: Dialect (10) translation 1. Dialect 10: Hey, swim.

Jiang Yuan plays games with each other. Some people like him, others play with him. Second, Dialect X: Zeng, measure, why?

Xiangtan is the embryonic form of southern Xinjiang. Why once, if China said what he did, someone criticized him. Third, "Dialect" 10: The demise of the central government is a game.

Jiangsu and Zhejiang are still so-called hooligans, and someone is sorry for him. All children are liars. This game is called Central Destruction. Some people love him, others love him.

Well, well, some people say he is cunning. Everyone speaks a common language.

4. Dialect 10: puppy, son. Xiangyuan's opportunity is that you are right, if Dong Qi says you.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Dialect 10: I don't know. Yuan and Li asked each other if they didn't know, and answered that they didn't know; Use and reject, answer the key.

Face, I don't know. 6. Dialect 10: Gap, fire and Chu turn right, just like Qi said? It's on fire.

Seven, "Dialect" 10: Hey, I didn't write it, poor thing. Ethan's original * * * words expressed pity for each other, and some people said that he didn't write them, and he said his thoughts.

I'm glad to have the idea of everyone dying when they meet. The right person between Jiuyi Mountain and Xiangtan.

Eight, "Dialect" 10: Yi language, Guo language, salty language, OK. South Chu foreign exchange language.

Nine, "Dialect" 10: Hammer, bell, take it. Humming bells in the eastern qi dynasty.

Hammer bell is also a common language. Nan Chu said: "Go ahead, someone will give him an injection, someone will go ahead and turn right." .

Hey, Yangzhou will take the call. Some people provoked him, others insulted him.

Ten, "dialect" ten: cutting, shoveling, greedy people. In the suburbs of the Yangtze River and Hunan, you are greedy and don't use the right mowing. Some people say shovels, others exercise.

Unfortunately, exercise. XI。 Dialect X: Distant, deep and evil.

The contempt of the suburbs of Jiuyi Mountain is far from lewdness, and the relationship between yuan and Xiang is called Yan. Twelve, "dialect" ten: diving, culvert, sinking.

South of the city of Chu Ying, someone said a secret. Swimming in the dark again.

Dialect 10: assistance, safety and quiet. On the outskirts of Jiuyi Mountain in Jiangxiang.

14. Dialect 10: Mix and give up. Chu * * * directed the waste to the plate and someone knocked at him.

The so-called pregnancy has a bad relationship with you. Fifteen. Dialect X: Quiet and infectious.

The south of Chu is called Jing. Sixteen, "Dialect" 10: Play, Expose and Rest.

Chu said the game was leaked. Suddenly, after a while, Chu Yang leaked it to him.

XVII. Dialect X: Easy and desirable. Chu said that.

XVIII. Dialect X: Chang, Sun and Gan Liao. Promote Chu language.

Nineteen. Dialect X: Hotel, suddenly. When all the soldiers met between Jiangsu and Zhejiang, they said they would meet at the hotel. Some people say it's sudden

Twenty, "Dialect" Ten: Tong Tong, crumbs, uneasy. The so-called quarrel between Tang Tang and Qin Jin between Jiang Yuan, some people say that it is a plug, while others feel uneasy about his cancellation of the province.

Twenty-one, "Dialect" 10: Wang E takes a bath, forgives and panics. Jiangsu and Zhejiang are generally embarrassed, and suddenly they dare not wash their hair suddenly in Wang E. Some people say it is lenient.

Twenty-two, "Dialect" 10: stupid, column. Chu said he was stupid.

Twenty-three, "Dialect" 10: Shame, very embarrassing. The shame between Jiangsu and Zhejiang, the capital of Chu, was asked by some people when he died.

Twenty-four, "Dialect" X: hills, seals and fields. Small mounds in the south of Chu Ying city prevent ants.

Small mound, Chinese and Qi languages. 25. Dialect 10: I passed it.

South Chunan * * * is not treated by the discussant, but by someone who treats him badly. Railings, smart.

26. Dialect 10: OK, brother. The boundary line of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River is correct, and Guilin middle finger verifies it.

Twenty-seven, "Dialect" 10: hidden, extreme, eating. Chu language.

Someone ran over him and someone shouted at him. 28. Dialect 10: Yi, Yi and Short.

Jiangsu and Zhejiang have a chance to cheat him. The growth of all plants without growing up is also called purple, which belongs to.

The short and medium distance in Guilin. This is a common language.

Although dongyang said. Twenty-nine, "Dialect" 10: Han Tong, hold back, annoyed.

The restriction of South Chu's theory of cruelty is also called Korea. 30. Dialect 10: stupid, stupid.

People in the suburbs of Yangyue abused each other, thinking they didn't know what to do with him. People don't believe it.

Someone cut him. Thirty-one, "Dialect" 10: Yan, granular, pity, alas.

Chu Yang said he was embarrassed and someone gave him one. Between Jiangsu and Zhejiang, it is called a pity, and some people say it is like a pity.

Disgruntled people in South Chu who drink poison will say it again, which is also called pity, just like Zhong You said that he fainted from his sleep. Sorrow, resentment, confusion, poison and not hair, like the so-called people.

Thirty-two, "dialect" X: happy, comfortable, Soviet. Chu language.

Thirty-three, "Dialect" 10: Sleeping, pulse scorpion, giving, swearing, derailment, and hurricane galloping are all derailed. The lingua franca of the southern suburbs of Chu capital.

Thirty-four, "Dialect" X: Jun, Qiu, Yan, and Er. The so-called horse between Xiangjiang River, the opposite of China, the forehead of insight, and the so-called beauty between Sri Lanka.

Thirty-five, "dialect" X: chin, cheek and mandible. Nan Chu chin said.

Chin of Qin State and Jin State. A Cheng, he can speak ordinary language.

Thirty-six, "Dialect" X: I am happy, I am happy. Xiangtan has different views on happiness, some people say shark day.

37. Dialect 10: Zhu Wei, is anyone there? All languages between Yuan and Li or such fins say so.

38. Dialect X: Treatment and research. Rural communities in Jiangxi will talk to doctors.

I'm worried. Some people say treatment.

Thirty-nine, "Dialect" X: flowers, follwed, grass. Dongyue and Yangzhou are called flowers, and South Chu is called Wang Mang.

Forty, "Dialect" Ten: Yong, Jill, Gan, Du, Old Man, Pi and Lao. Are synonymous with southern Chu, Jiangsu and Hunan.

Forty-one, dialect 10: Yi language, Yi language, has been popularized. South Chu * * * argued with each other, and some people said salmon.

If Shui Yuan floods, some people say it is blocked. Forty-two, "Dialect" 10: Eat swallow, encourage pigeons, encourage pigeons.

Nan Chufan didn't want to be happy himself, but the person next to him said that he didn't want to be angry, and the person next to him was angry. In the right dining room, someone gave him advice. Forty-three, "Dialect" X: Sincere, point, like this.

Nan Chufan said that such people are sincere, and what some people say is reasonable. Forty-four, "Dialect" X: chimney, end, Hebei, traditional.

Nan Chu said something. Some people say, some people say, some people say details, Chu is right.

Forty-five dialects: Zhai, Jungle, Yi, Lu, Bu, etc. Read it. ***。

3. Is there a difference between dialect and classical Chinese? Yes

Classical Chinese is a processed written language based on ancient Chinese. The earliest written language based on spoken language may have been processed. Classical Chinese is an article composed of written language in ancient China, mainly including written language based on spoken language in pre-Qin period.

Dialect is a variant of language. Dialects can be divided into regional dialects and social dialects according to their nature. Regional dialect is a language variety caused by regional differences, a branch of people's languages in different regions, and a reflection of the unbalanced development of languages in different regions. Social dialects are different social variants formed by social members in the same area due to social differences in occupation, class, age, gender and cultural upbringing.

4. Did the ancients in China speak in vernacular or classical Chinese?

"Classical Chinese" is relative to "vernacular Chinese".

Paper was not invented in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Bamboo slips, silk books and other things were used to record words. Silk is very expensive, and the number of words recorded in bamboo slips is also very heavy. In order to record more things on a roll of bamboo slips, it is necessary to delete unimportant words

It can be said that "classical Chinese" is the earliest "compressed" format of written records in the world.

Later, when "paper" was used on a large scale, the habit of using "official documents" among the ruling classes had been finalized, and the ability to use "classical Chinese" had evolved into a symbol of reading and literacy.

The first "article" refers to a written article. "Speech" means writing, expressing and recording. "Classical Chinese", that is, written language, is relative to "spoken language", which is also called "vernacular". The last word "Wen" refers to works, articles, etc. , which means genre.

"Classical Chinese" means "articles written in written language". And "vernacular" means: "articles written in plain spoken language".

In ancient China, it was different to express the same thing in spoken and written language. For example, if you want to ask someone if they have eaten, you can express it in spoken English as "Have you eaten?" And using books and language to express it is "rice?" . "Fanbu" is classical Chinese. In ancient China, all articles were written in written language. Therefore, now we generally refer to ancient Chinese as "classical Chinese"