How many species of animals are endangered in the world?

1. Alias baiji and baiji belong to Cetaceae, and the scientific name is LipotesvexilliferMiller, which belongs to Cetaceae and Baiji.

The distinctive feature is that the snout is long and narrow, about 300 mm long. The forehead is round and high. The dorsal fin is triangular, located in 3/5 of the body, and has a low skin ridge connected with the caudal fin. There is a breathing hole on the left side of the head that can be opened and closed freely. The caudal fin is horizontal, concave to the edge and crescent-shaped. The population of baiji dolphin is very small, which is a rare aquatic animal endemic to China and needs to be protected urgently. Produced in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the main streams of Hubei, Anhui and Jiangsu. They have lived in the Yangtze River for about 25 million years and are called "living fossils". Because of its small number, it is listed as a national first-class protected wild animal.

2. There are only 20 wild Sumatran tigers. With the extinction of Barry Tiger and Sea Tiger in the 1940s and 1970s, it is predicted that this species will also disappear from the earth in the near future.

3. Garamba National Park in Congo There are less than 25 northern white rhinos left in the world, and it is possible that the northern white rhinoceros will completely disappear from the earth. There are great genetic differences between northern white rhinoceros and southern African white rhinoceros. They once multiplied in Uganda, but gradually disappeared due to neglect of local protection. In Guaramba National Park, their number reached 35 in the late 1980s and 30 in April 2003. Then six were killed and four were born. Last month, two elephants were hunted and nearly 1000 elephants were killed.

4.Orinocidae crocodile fish: the largest carnivore in South America and one of the most endangered species on the planet 12.

5.monachus-monachus ormonkseal According to experts' estimation, there are only 500 in the world, living in the Mediterranean Sea, and being affected by the deterioration of seawater and beach ecological environment, they are killed in large numbers by fishermen.

6. The mouse lemur is the smallest monkey in the world and lives in Madagascar.

7. Among the 12 most endangered animals in the world, sRidleyTurtle of L. Kemp is the only one with an increasing number. It takes 1 1-35 years to grow.

8. Only 250-700 Orinocidaceae crocodiles live in the wild. Mainly in Cuba and Venezuela.

9 Thai pig-nosed bat

10. Hawaiian snail

1 1. Sussalvanius is the smallest pig in the world, a kind of wild boar, mainly living in northeast India. It is 60 cm long and 25 cm high, and the adult pig is less than 10 kg. It used to be abundant in the Himalayas, but now only Manas National Park in Assa, India has a small amount. Its genes are not much different from those of domestic pigs.

12. bicks parrot:

In the wild, bicks parrots are not completely extinct, but they are rare. In 1990, ornithologists looking for this bird only found a surviving male bird, living in the distant northeast of Brazil. At present, about 3 1 bird captured by humans is the only hope for this bird to survive.

Due to the lack of proper environmental protection, more than 794 species of wild animals in the world are on the verge of extinction.

More than 300 species of plants belonging to 76 families are endangered.

At present, only humans know the above information, and I don't know how many unknown species are disappearing.

Do you know that the species of animals on the earth are decreasing sharply? One by one, one by one, they all disappear. The creatures on the earth naturally form a food chain and are interdependent. Some people ask how long can humans last if there are only humans left in the world? Please look at the worrying animal extinction records in recent years: dodo (Indian, 178 1), blue antelope (South Africa, 1799), Marion elephant turtle (Tongsaier, 1800), great auk (Atlantic,/kloc-0). 1893), pigeons (North America 19 14), Florida monkeys (North America 19 17), Carolina parrots (North America 19 18) 000~2*! 000), Chinese alligator (1*! 500), baiji dolphin (100), giant panda (1*! 000), black rhinoceros (3*! 500 monkeys (9), woolly spider monkey (100), Yunnan golden monkey (1*! 000), wild golden monkey (700), white-browed long-armed monkey (70).

1 Animals are good for human beings

The time interval between human origin and animal origin on earth is not too long. After the formation of human beings, they survived and evolved by fishing and hunting forest fruits. Later, agriculture (the first social division of labor) and animal husbandry (the second social division of labor) developed, and there was still surplus value to be exploited after production, so the primitive society advanced to the slave society.

The relationship between humans and animals is very close and complicated. People and animals compete for food in the food chain of the earth, and they are interdependent and have frequent contacts. Generally, it is divided into six categories according to people's needs:

1. 1 Edible animals provide meat, milk, poultry, eggs, fish, etc. Provides a rich source of nutrition for human beings.

1.2 working animals, such as horses, donkeys, mules, camels, etc. Riding, carrying and pulling are regarded as the driving force of "incompetence" and have strategic significance.

1.3 Economic animals produce wool, fur and leather, such as sheep, angora rabbits, beavers, Yellow weasel and blue foxes.

Experimental animals (1.4) are special animals cultivated for scientific experiments and have strict genetic and biological requirements. At present, mice, rats, guinea pigs and hamsters are the representatives.

1.5 raw materials for medical animal biological products, such as serum horse and chicken embryos; Detection tools such as rabbits; Traditional Chinese medicine raw materials such as deer (velvet), bear (gall), cow (yellow), horse (treasure), tiger (bone) and so on.

1.6 Ornamental animals (pets, pets) cats, dogs, parrots, canaries, goldfish, etc. Animals in zoos and circuses belong to it.

Animals are also harmful to humans.

There are about 200 infectious diseases and 80 parasitic diseases in animals, half of which can infect people. 1967, the World Health Organization (WHO) named this kind of diseases that spread between animals and people as zoonosis, originally meaning "zoonosis", and later the WHO/FAO Joint Expert Committee defined it as "diseases that can spread freely between humans and vertebrates".

According to the United Nations report on the global environment, in the next 30 years, about14 of the world's mammals will be in danger of extinction, and various factors leading to the extinction of these animals are "rapidly increasing". At present, there are 1 1000 endangered animals and plants in the world, of which 1000 are mammals, accounting for almost 25% of the total number of mammals in the world. In addition, one in eight birds is facing extinction, and the rest are more than 5,000 endangered plants. Among them, famous mammals include Siberian tiger and black rhinoceros.

Asian Elephant

British famous Asian elephant

Taxonomic status: Elephantidae.

Endangered level: Endangered (E)

List of national key protected wild animals 1

CITES appendix I

IUCN is endangered (E)

The Asian elephant is the largest species of terrestrial mammals. The male elephant is 2.5 meters tall and weighs 3500 kilograms. Small eyes, big ears, and a long nose that hangs to the ground. The male elephant's upper incisors protrude out of the mouth, slightly upturned, and the maximum length is1.5m. Asian elephants have thick limbs, cylindrical tail, thick skin, many folds, gray or grayish brown body, and extremely fine coarse hair scattered on the body surface.

Asian elephants mainly inhabit tropical rain forests, valleys, mountain slopes, savanna, bamboo forests, and vast areas in monsoon forest and forests in southern Asia. Forest belts below 1000 meters above sea level are the most common. Asian elephants live in groups with twigs and leaves as their main food, and like to eat wild banana leaves, bamboo shoots or melons, vegetables and crops. A person who eats a lot eats about 150 kg of plants a day. Sexual maturity at the age of 30, life expectancy can reach 100 years. He often goes into estrus in July, is pregnant 18 months, and gives birth to 1 per child.

Asian elephants are distributed in India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia and Malaysia in South and Southeast Asia. Part of Yunnan, China is the edge of its distribution area. Due to human disturbance, poaching and habitat change, the total number of Asian elephants in each district is 34,470-53,720 (Santiago et al., 1.990).

The world's earliest record of the black-faced spoonbill was published in Japan by Dutch ornithologist Coenraad Jacob Temminck, who is also the name of the black-faced spoonbill. In Taiwan Province Province, the description of black-faced spoonbill was first seen in Robert swin hoe 1864. In his description in Ibis magazine, he mentioned that four spoonbill specimens were obtained from fresh water in Taibei County, Taiwan Province Province, and described them in detail. These specimens are now in the British Museum. After re-examination, it was confirmed that three of them were black-faced spoonbills and one was white-faced spoonbills.

In recent ten years, as far as birds in Taiwan Province Province are concerned, the most famous one is the black-faced spoonbill that appeared in Qiku. At first, everything about it was a mystery to us. After 1990, with the development of information and more people's attention, with the efforts of the government and non-governmental protection groups, we have accumulated a lot of valuable research materials, so that we gradually understand the "deeds" of the black-faced spoonbill.

Small file of black-faced spoonbill

Chinese names: black-faced spoonbill, black-faced spoonbill and black-faced baby.

English name: black-faced spoonbill

Scientific name: Little Pratali Asia

Distribution: East Asia and Taiwan Province Province are the main wintering areas.

Characteristics: Known records show that its population is not high, and the global population may be less than 1000. It is a bird species facing serious global threats.

Classification, morphology and distribution

classify

The black-faced spoonbill (Plata Lea minor) belongs to the order Sagittaria and the order Hibiscus. There are only 28 species of birds in the world, of which only 6 belong to Platalia, most of which are distributed in Europe, and only the black-faced spoonbill and the white spoonbill (Platalia ieurodia) appear in Asia. Egret Family, Stork Family, Egret Family, Crane Family-Night Heron, Egret, Yellow-headed Heron, Rock Heron, Little Egret, Middle Egret, Great Egret, Egret, Egret, Black-crowned Egret, Black-faced Spoonbill,

form

Spoon beak is the most striking feature of black-faced spoonbill. A white coat, a pair of slender black feet, elegant appearance and movements always make people shine. When they are about to return to the north to breed, yellow feathers will grow on the back of their heads, which will reflect each other with yellow collars and form another appearance. When foraging, the flat mouth is directly inserted into the water to sweep the fish or other food in the water left and right. This strange way of foraging is very different from other egrets!

Be distributed

Black-faced spoonbill is a migratory bird, which appears in temperate breeding areas in summer, goes south to subtropical and tropical wintering areas in autumn and winter, and returns north to breeding areas in spring. The rocky islands in Liaoning, South Korea and western North Korea are breeding grounds for black-faced spoonbills. In addition, Siberia and northeast China are possible breeding sites, such as Changbai Mountain, Xingkai Lake, Zhalong and Xianghai.

As for the wintering sites, Taiwan Province Zengwenxikou, Hong Kong Deep Bay Mai Po Marsh and Futian Reserve, and Vietnamese Red River Delta are the main wintering sites. In addition, it has been recorded in China's southern provinces, South Korea and Japan, but there is still a lack of information about Chinese mainland from the eastern coast to the Sino-Vietnamese border.

According to the global survey of black-faced spoonbills in 2000, there were 772 black-faced spoonbills in the world, of which 488 were wintering in Gucci, Taiwan Province Province, which shows the important position of Taiwan Province Province in the protection of black-faced spoonbills.

The black-faced spoonbill in Taiwan Province Province can be found in many wetlands along the coast of Taiwan Province Province, such as Yangxikou in Yilan, Guandu in Taipei, Keyaxikou in Hsinchu, Daduxikou in Taichung, Gu Ao in Chiayi, and Longluan Lake in Pingtung, but the number is small and the stay time is not long. Only the Gucci Wetland in Tainan is favored by a large group of black-faced spoonbills, and it is their main winter resort.

As far as its quantity is concerned, we collected the observed quantity of black-faced spoonbill from various data. If the maximum number is observed every year, it is the change of Mai Po swamp in Hong Kong, not the number of seven populations in Taiwan Province Province. Basically, black-faced spoonbills are found in these two areas, and the number of black-faced spoonbills in Taiwan Province Province is much higher than that in Hong Kong. According to the global statistics in 2000, 63% of the nationalities in Gucci spend the winter here.

Memorabilia of Black-faced Spoonbill in Taiwan Province Province

1863 Swinhoe found a pair of black-faced spoonbills in danshui, and killed two pairs of black-faced spoonbills as specimens every other year.

1893 A black-faced spoonbill was found near Nanping in Latouche.

Hachisuka found 50 black-faced spoonbills in Anping on 1925, and this phenomenon continued until 1938.

1974 Taiwan Province ornithologists Chen and Yan Chongwei found about 25 black-faced spoonbills in Zengwenxikou.

1984- 1985 Guo Zhong Cheng, a bird friend in Tainan, found more than 100 black-faced spoonbills in Zengwen Xikou for two consecutive years.

1986 tainan county government put forward the "comprehensive development plan of guqi area", and planned the area where the black-faced spoonbill appeared as an industrial zone.

1987 Kaohsiung Bird Friends Association found more than 100 black-faced spoonbills in Guqi Fish Cave and its vicinity.

According to the global statistics of 1989, there are only about 288 black-faced spoonbills in the wintering area, of which about 190 are in Gucci, Taiwan Province.

199 1 Teacher Weng Yicong of Kunshan Institute of Science and Technology started monthly statistical observation. For the first time, China people got the exact information about the appearance of black-faced spoonbill in Gucci area.

1992 The report of black-faced spoonbill has gradually attracted the attention of Chinese people, and government departments have begun to understand and formulate protection strategies. The Bird Association wrote to the Agriculture Committee to request the designation of a protected area. According to the Wildlife Protection Law, the Agriculture Committee declared the black-faced spoonbill as an endangered protected wild animal and commissioned a research project. 1 1 month, a bird friend found someone shooting a black-faced spoonbill with a shotgun. In the same month, the CEO of the International Society for the Protection of Birds (ICBP) visited Qixiu in Berden and learned about the current situation. /kloc-In February, ICBP held an Asian conference in Seoul, South Korea, which unanimously demanded that China designate a black-faced spoonbill reserve and stop developing industrial zones in this area.

1993 The story of the black-faced spoonbill has attracted people's attention. 1 month, ten thousand people from the south signed a joint activity, calling on the government to take various protective measures. At the same time, informal statistics also found that from1October1992 10 to February 1993, about 40,000 people went to Gucci to watch the black-faced spoonbill.

1994 According to statistics this year, there are 275 black-faced spoonbills in Gucci area, accounting for 3/4 of the global wintering population.

1995 The China Wild Bird Society, in conjunction with researchers at home and abroad, formulated the Action Plan for the Protection of Black-faced Spoonbill and held an international seminar.

1996 international symposium on the protection of black-faced spoonbill was held in Tokyo, Japan. The number of black-faced spoonbills in Gucci this year reached 3 15.

1997 "International Black-faced Spoonbill Protection Center" and "International Black-faced Spoonbill Rescue Alliance" were established one after another, with many well-known scholars at home and abroad as members. Carry out satellite mooring work.

1998 In addition to many related research reports, bird lovers also held the "Black-faced Spoonbill 12 People Ecological Photography Exhibition", which was large in scale and attracted a lot of attention. Black-faced spoonbill conservation association established.

1999 The development case of industrial zone in Binnan area above Gucci entered the second stage of EIA. 65438+February "Black-faced Spoonbill Conservation Center" was established.

In 2000, the environmental impact assessment of Binnan Industrial Zone led by the Ministry of Economic Affairs was conditionally approved by the Environmental Protection Bureau, which brought many variables and uncertainties to the conservation work of Gucci black-faced spoonbill.

Migration road

Every year in early spring and March, the black-faced spoonbill leaves the wintering area in batches and returns to the northern breeding ground to prepare for the completion of life events; It was not until June 10 that they were active in the wintering ground again. This cycle, year after year, makes people wonder where they came from. Where will you pass during the long migration? Are the roads from south to north consistent? However, these problems are not fully understood by human beings at present. As far as migration routes are concerned, it is only known that some ethnic groups will pass through South Korea and Japan, migrate along the mainland coast and southeast coast, and pass through parts of Taiwan Province Province.

It is generally speculated that the black-faced spoonbill has three northward migration paths: one is to fly north along the coast of Fujian and Zhejiang to Seoul; The second is to return north along Ryukyu and Japan and South Korea; The other is to fly directly from Hongkong to North Korea via the inland of Chinese mainland.

1999, domestic researchers placed trackers (satellite and regional radio) on 10 black-faced spoonbill. One of them, the black-faced spoonbill named "Gui", left Gucci on March 14 and passed through the coastal areas of Fujian, Zhejiang and Jiangsu on March 36543. This is the first time in the world that the migration path of the black-faced spoonbill has been successfully tracked, and it is an important small step to uncover the mystery of the black-faced spoonbill.

Habitat and food selection in wintering area

In the wintering area, the black-faced spoonbill mainly lives in shallow water with a water depth of about 10 to 25 cm, where it feeds, rests, combs its feathers and takes a bath. Winter sites are mostly near the coast, such as estuaries, lagoons, beaches, salt marshes, mangroves or tidal valleys, and occasionally appear in rice fields, mangroves and pumping fish ponds.

Take Zengwenxikou as an example, the black-faced spoonbill mainly inhabits the mudflats and shallow waters in the intertidal zone of Qidi during the day, resting most of the time, occasionally drifting with the tide, or bathing, grooming and playing; Nearby shallow water fish ponds (such as Oriental Fish Pond, Northern Fish Pond, Longshan Fish Pond and Shubei Fish Pond). ) or the estuary is where they have a big meal at night. Therefore, they need a pollution-free foraging area to provide them with enough food sources, and they also need a quiet and safe rest area for a long time.

The food of black-faced spoonbill includes small fish (longer than 2 to 10 cm or 10 cm), crustaceans (mainly prawns and shrimps) and other foods (such as frogs and larvae of large insects). According to the analysis of the stomach contents of two black-faced spoonbills killed in the west mouth of Zengwen in 1992, it was found that more than 95% of the food in the stomach was fish scales and fishbones. In addition, the otoliths found in the stomach were used for analysis to confirm that they were only eat small fish.

type

The breeding of black-faced spoonbill has always been an unknown mystery. Most of the early observation data are scattered all over the country, and most of them are local. In recent years, after these information were collected, the breeding situation of black-faced spoonbill was solved one by one. /kloc-0 In the summer of 1999, a group of eco-photographers from Taiwan Province Province sent a delegation to Changhai County, Liaoning Province, Chinese mainland, to let everyone know more about the life of the black-faced spoonbill in the breeding area.

The breeding area of black-faced spoonbill has been reported for a long time, and it has also been carefully arranged in the Action Plan for the Protection of Black-faced Spobill. Generally speaking, most of these areas are located on small islands far from the mainland (Korean Peninsula and Chinese mainland), all in the Yellow Sea and Bohai Bay, and most of them are uninhabited islands. Take 1999 Liaoning coastal island as an example. The terrain here is steep, about 100 meters above sea level, 200 meters long and about 130 meters wide. This is a rocky island, and some areas of the island are covered with vegetation.

The black-faced spoonbill nests near the cliff. This nest is made of dead branches and leaves. Every nest is guarded by a mother bird, and the birds that breed on this island are Tang Egret and Little Egret. In addition, observers also saw the appearance of peregrine falcon, and speculated that peregrine falcon may be an important disruptor in the breeding period of black-faced spoonbill. Of course, human beings are also subversive, where people will pick up bird eggs. On August 10, one of the three nests discovered by photographers has hatched successfully, and the young bird has left the nest. In another nest, there are 2 and 3 eggs respectively. The number of eggs can range from 2 to 6. The egg is white, with the excrement of parent birds on it, which is slightly larger than the egg. The nest discovered this time should belong to the second step of reproduction, and mid-June is the first step.

After returning to the breeding ground, the black-faced spoonbill enters the breeding period about five months later, and completes courtship, mating and spawning in early June. The incubation period takes about 30 days. After the baby bird is born, it can leave the nest 35 days later, but it will still stay in the breeding area with its parents. After that, it will take about 30 days to leave its parents and move independently.

Threats faced

The historical factors contributing to the scarcity of black-faced spoonbill are unknown, but the disappearance or erosion of human habitat is the main threat to its current and future survival, such as the transformation of natural habitat into agricultural areas and garbage? ⒐ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ ひ 124

In addition to directly transforming the habitat, it will also cause habitat destruction, and the development planning of the upper reaches of the river or nearby areas will indirectly lead to the decline or disappearance of habitat quality. In particular, changing the physical structure near the coast and estuary, such as building dams, ports or dams in the estuary and upstream areas, will easily lead to serious erosion or siltation in the estuary area, which will greatly reduce or worsen the habitat area.

Various human activities, including direct hunting, overfishing, or indirectly reducing the quality and availability of food through pollution, will interfere with the black-faced spoonbill and even have adverse effects, whether intentionally or unintentionally.

Unknown future

Zengwenxikou in Taiwan Province Province, Futian Nature Reserve in Maipo Houwan in Hong Kong and Red River Delta in Vietnam are the main known wintering sites for black-faced spoonbills, and Zengwenxikou is the place with the largest number of black-faced spoonbills (more than half). Unfortunately, this is also the only one of the three areas that has not yet established a protected area.

In 2000, the environmental impact assessment of Binnan Industrial Zone in the north of Zengwenxikou Wild Bird Reserve was conditionally approved by the Environmental Protection Bureau, which brought many variables and uncertainties to the protection of Gucci black-faced spoonbill. Binnan Industrial Zone is located in the north of Zengwenxikou Wild Bird Reserve, and the southern boundary of the industrial zone is about 9 kilometers away from the reserve. Although the industrial zone is not in the planned protection zone, the land reclamation method adopted in the development is likely to change the topography of the coastal areas and seriously destroy the habitat of the black-faced spoonbill. The possible pollution caused by industrial areas is also a big threat to the ecosystem of Zengwenxi estuary.

According to the previous research results, the main habitat of black-faced spoonbill in Gucci area is mainly composed of intertidal mudflats and shallow waters, while black-faced spoonbill mainly rests here during the day. Nearby fish ponds (such as Oriental Fish Pond, Northern Fish Pond, Longshan Fish Pond and Shubei Fish Pond). ) is their feeding place at night. When setting up the black-faced spoonbill reserve, it is necessary to take into account both the rest area and the feeding area. If we look at the moving distance from the independent habitat of the black-faced spoonbill to the feeding area, some are within a few hundred meters, and some are as far as 9 kilometers, of which about 74% are within 5 kilometers, and the average moving distance from the rest area to the feeding area is 3. 18 kilometers (Lee et al. 1995). As far as the research results are concerned, the coastal areas within the radius of 5 kilometers of the main habitat are the core areas of black-faced spoonbill activities, and they are also places that we really need to protect. In addition, sufficient buffers must be set to isolate interference.

However, the planned Black-faced Spoonbill Reserve, including Qiantan, Xinfulun Shoal, Zengwenxikou and the floating land in seven new and old seawalls (the main habitat of Black-faced Spoonbill), has a total area of about 1.200 hectares, but only includes the main habitat of Black-faced Spoonbill, some anhydrous sand dunes, windbreaks and waist-deep waters, excluding the main cable of Black-faced Spoonbill.