China and Russia have gone through three historical stages.

(1) Song and Yuan Dynasties: During the Yuan Dynasty, Russia was the Moscow Grand Duchy to which Qincha Khanate (Golden Account Khanate) belonged.

(2) Ming and Qing Dynasties: In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty, Russia seized Gaxia and Nebuchadnezzar Chu when the Qing army entered the customs and the northeast border of China was empty. It turned a deaf ear to China's request for withdrawal, continued to send more troops and expanded its aggression.

1685 and 1686, Emperor Kangxi ordered the Qing army to attack the Russian army twice.

Russia * * * agreed to negotiate to solve the eastern border issue between China and Russia.

The two sides signed the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu, which legally affirmed that Heilongjiang and Wusuli River basins, including Sakhalin Island, are the territory of China.

Wanli's return to Turkey during the Qianlong period was related to Russian oppression (direct cause).

Second, the modern history of China:

(1) at the beginning of the semi-colonial and semi-sealed:

During the Second Opium War, Russian and American ministers acted as "mediators" (actually accomplices).

1858 participated in the signing of the Tianjin treaty (memory: openly accepting bribes).

Tsarist Russia occupied the northern territory of China: 1858 According to the Aihui Treaty, more than 600,000 square kilometers of territory south of the Outer Xing 'an Mountains and north of Heilongjiang belong to Russia.

1860 The Beijing Treaty stipulates that about 400,000 square kilometers of territory east of the Wusuli River, including Sakhalin Island, belongs to Russia.

Memory: I love Princess Beijing, but it's dark outside and cold inside.

1860 Beijing Treaty and 1864 Sino-Russian Northwest Boundary Demarcation Treaty stipulate that the territory of more than 440,000 square kilometers east of Balkhash Lake in China belongs to Russia.

Through the Sino-Russian Revised Treaty (Ili Treaty) in 1980s and 1980s of 19 and the five subsequent demarcation protocols, more than 70,000 square kilometers of territory in northwest China was occupied by Russia.

② Semi-colonial and semi-closed formation period: In 1960s and 1970s, Russia supported Agubo, a big Central Asian country, to invade Xinjiang, and Russia sent troops to invade Ili.

After the left army recovered Xinjiang, it negotiated with Russia, and China recovered Ili.

Before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, although Russia had great ambitions for northeast China and North Korea, it was not ready to adopt a non-interference policy towards Japanese aggression against China.

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Russia, Germany and France took note of Japan and forced it to give up its occupation of Liaodong Peninsula by force.

1895, the Russian-French banking group took the lead in obtaining the creditor status in China.

Russia forcibly leased Lushun and Dalian, and divided the north of the Great Wall and Xinjiang into its sphere of influence.

1900, Russia participated in Eight-Nation Alliance's war of aggression against China, and after the war, it signed the "Xin Chou Treaty".

③ Transition period to the new democratic revolution: Under the influence of the October Revolution, Li Dazhao raised the banner of socialism for the first time in China in the late period of the New Culture Movement.

The international background of the May 4th Movement is related to the guidance of the October Revolution.

The * * * production international led by Lenin has greatly helped the establishment of China.

The Soviet Union and * * * Production International also played an important role in realizing the first cooperation between the two sides.

④ Sino-Japanese Confrontation and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression: 1933 to 1934, Bo Gu Kailai, Li De and others copied the experience of the Soviet-Russian urban center revolution and led "Left" mistakes within the Party and the army, which made the fifth struggle against "encirclement and suppression" fail.

1935 * * * The international delegation in China issued the August 1st Declaration, calling for an end to the civil war and unity against Japan.

1In August, 945, the Soviet Union sent troops to the northeast of China to wipe out the elite Japanese Kwantung Army.

⑤ Transition period: 1949 10.2. The Soviet Union took the lead in announcing the recognition of New China and formally establishing diplomatic relations with China.

At the end of 1949, * * * led a delegation to visit the Soviet Union. At the beginning of 1950, the two sides signed the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance.

This is of great significance to promoting the economic recovery and development of China and consolidating the unity of the Chinese and Soviet peoples.

The Soviet Union actively assisted China in its economic construction (such as the heavy industry project during the first five-year plan).

China laid the initial foundation for national industrialization, and it was also the way for the Soviet Union to give priority to the development of heavy industry.

⑥ Exploration period: * * Pay attention to summing up the experience and lessons of the Soviet Union and explore the socialist road suitable for China's reality, such as 1956 * * * Report on Ten Major Relationships.

The Soviet Union treacherously tore up the economic and technological cooperation agreement between the two countries, which became the external cause of 1959- 196 1 China's serious economic difficulties.

Third, the modern history of the world:

① Formation period of monopoly capitalism: 1904- 1905 Russo-Japanese War, Russia was defeated, and the Portsmouth Peace Treaty was signed under the mediation of the United States, and the lease rights of Lushun and Dalian, Changchun-Lushun Railway and southern Sakhalin Island were transferred to Japan.

(2) During World War II: 1945 The secret protocol of Yalta Conference stipulated that the Soviet Union would send troops to northeast China to fight against Japan within three months after the end of the European War, provided that the status quo of outer Mongolia's independence was maintained and the Soviet Union's railway and port privileges in northeast China were guaranteed, which had obvious political characteristics as a big country.

(3) Bipolar world: During Khrushchev and Brezhnev, Sino-Soviet relations gradually deteriorated due to chauvinism, a great power of the Soviet Union, and the Soviet Union cut off China's aid, which even led to armed conflicts on the border (such as the Treasure Island incident) and mass smuggling of border people (such as 60,000 Ili people moving into the Soviet Union).

During Gorbachev's period, because the economic strength was not strong enough, he turned to comprehensive contraction and actively improved Sino-Soviet relations.

(4) After the disintegration of the bipolar structure: After the disintegration of the former Soviet Union, China and Russia formed a strategic partnership, both of which are important members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.

In recent years, around the issue of Russian Far East oil export pipeline route, the original Anda line has been changed to Anna line, which is more conducive to South Korea and Japan to import oil.

In recent years, China and Russia have successfully conducted several joint anti-terrorism military exercises, and China and Russia can play a more important role in maintaining peace in the Asia-Pacific region.