What are the pure works of art during the industrial revolution?

/kloc-Italian realistic art in the 0/9th century

/kloc-After the 0/8th century, Italy had already passed away in the painting moderns because of its economic backwardness and political independence. By the middle of the19th century, influenced by the French painting circle, there was also the dawn of revival. Its pioneer is Dominique Moreri of Naples (1826- 1902), a romantic painter who opposed the academic school. In addition, there are painters with their own characteristics such as Ti Tuo and Bodini, such as Venetian School and Florence School. Among them, the Lombardy painter Antonio fontana Le (1818-1882) with Milan as the center has the greatest influence, and he mainly focuses on romantic and realistic scenery.

/kloc-The most important realistic painting school in Italy in the 0/9th century was the Machioli painting school gathered in Florence, who advocated that art should vividly and truly express society. The pioneer of this school of painting is Nino Costa (1827-1903), who is an enthusiastic patriot. Serafino Tivoli (1802— 1892), a member of the school of painting, brought the scenery of French barbizon school back to this art group. The most prominent figure in this group is Giovanni Fatoli (1825-1908). After 1880, this painting school gradually lost its cohesion and eventually tended to collapse.

/kloc-The most influential Italian painter at the end of 0/9 was Giovanni Seganti, a realistic painter who described the working people and rural scenery.

/kloc-realistic art in Denmark and Sweden in the 0 th and 9 th centuries

Denmark has always served as a bridge between the European continent and Scandinavian countries, and it is easier to accept the influence from the south, especially Germany. Andersen, a great fairy tale writer, has made great contributions to human civilization, but he is full of artistic misdeeds. Before the18th century, two foreign painters ruled the Danish painting world: Biro in Sweden and Surrey in France. /kloc-In the 20th century, Denmark gradually formed its own national painting. The pioneer painter was Jens Juhl (1745— 1802), who first introduced landscape painting to Denmark. The other is Abigail, a historical painter, who was the president of the Danish Academy of Fine Arts from 65438 to 0789. They both studied in Rome. After that, most Danish painters studied in France and developed under the influence of barbizon school.

The most famous Danish realistic painter is Bede Seffrin kroll (1851-1909). He once lived and studied in France, Italy and Spain, and was interested in outdoor lighting and artificial lighting effects.

The history of Swedish fine arts only started slightly from17th century, and flourished in the second half of19th century.

In the 1980s, the industrial revolution spread to Sweden, and the sleeping virgin forest was awakened, which promoted the development of art. Many young painters gathered in Paris, the capital of art, to study. They saw the decline of the academic school, which was influenced by the art of Courbet and barbizon school, and also came into contact with neo-impressionism. Talented painters do not stop at imitating foreign styles, but use the skills they have learned to describe the life of their own nation, show the unique scenery in the north, and create novel and unique Swedish style paintings.

19th century, there are many talents in Swedish painting, among which Hugo Samson (1843— 1908) is the best. He first won the reputation in Europe for Swedish painters, then Josephson, and the three great artists who successively entered the painting world were Zon, Larsen and Lier jeffers.

German realistic art

German realism flourished in the second half of the19th century. At that time, Germany had completed the transformation from feudal society to capitalism, and from an agricultural country to a developed industrial country, economic development promoted the prosperity of literature and art. During this period, artists restored the artistic tradition represented by Diu Lei, which was interrupted for two centuries, and pushed realistic art into a new period of prosperity and development, with the emergence of realistic masters such as Menser, Leiber and Lieberman, and the second artistic peak in the history of German art.

French realistic art painting

French painting experienced the development from classicism to romanticism, and romanticism gradually divorced from the social reality at that time. In this context, some progressive artists believe that art should be based on real life, and put forward the slogan of "art for life and people", which has produced realistic artistic thoughts. Realistic artists praise nature and labor, and show a broad picture of real life profoundly and comprehensively, especially depicting the lives and struggles of ordinary workers. At this moment, workers really enter the art palace and become the main image in painting, and naturally they are favored by realistic painters as an independent theme.

The realism we are talking about here is a unique artistic phenomenon in the development of French art, which refers to the artistic trend of thought produced in the19th century. At that time, people called it "realism", and this school undoubtedly used realistic artistic creation methods. Its philosophical view is seeking truth from facts, which leads to its aesthetic view is true beauty and realistic beauty. This is the main feature of realism. The class opposition and struggle in French society, reflected in the painting world, has become a debate between classicism and romanticism. Ignoring all this, some painters quietly entered the village of barbizon near Fontainebleau forest on the outskirts of Paris. They all love nature infinitely and advocate directly depicting colorful scenery in nature. They regard depicting the richness, beauty and inner life of nature as their lifelong pursuit. They never impose their artistic beliefs on others, because they all live in barbizon Village and paint nature, so this group of painters is called "Barbizon School", and the main representatives are Koro, Rousseau and Trollon.

/kloc-realistic art in the Netherlands and Belgium in the 0 th and 9 th centuries

The Dutch school of painting once presented a "golden century" in the17th century, but in the18th century, it did not produce an influential painter in Europe. /kloc-the development of art in the 0/9th century is similar to that in northern Europe and influenced by the changes of French art schools. From neoclassicism to realism, romanticism was not publicized in the Netherlands, and realism was gradually formed in the Netherlands under the strong influence of Miller and barbizon School.

/kloc-Dutch painting in the 0/9th century was influenced by French realistic art, mainly because it inspired young Dutch painters to cherish and restore the great national artistic tradition. They combined barbizon school's experience and achievements with the national painting tradition of17th century, and made important contributions to the development of realistic genre painting and landscape painting in the Netherlands.

The pioneer and founder of Dutch realistic painting is William Rohloff (1822-1897). /kloc-The most outstanding realistic painter in the second half of the 9th century was Joseph Israel (1824—1911year).

/kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, another Dutch landscape painting group was formed in The Hague, called The Hague School. Drawing nutrition from constable and barbizon school, the members of the painting school devoted themselves to the atmospheric light and shadow effect. Their creative purpose is to present the scenery of the Netherlands with lyrical and faithful brushwork. Important members include Mesdag, muffler, etc.

During the Renaissance, Belgium was originally a part of the Netherlands. After the War of National Independence, Holland and Flanders split into two parts, and Belgium was the continuation of Flanders.

Belgium borders France and was once ruled by France, so it was greatly influenced by French modern art. Neoclassicism represented by David became a model of Belgian painting in the early19th century. Later, he inherited the orthodoxy of Angel and Delaroche. Its representative painter is Navitz (1787— 1869), who has been in charge of the Brussels Academy of Fine Arts for a long time. 1830 during the revolutionary period, romanticism rose rapidly, replacing classicism and taking the leading position, and began to form the Belgian national painting school. The pioneer is water, and so on. They clearly put forward to revive the Flemish national art tradition initiated by Rubens, and demanded to praise the national heroes in the Dutch revolutionary era in the16th century, so as to arouse the patriotic enthusiasm of the people.

19 In the 1950s, with the development of national industrialization and the rise of the workers' movement, art entered the era of realism. At this time, Courbet's "Masonry" was exhibited in Brussels, which shocked the Belgian painting world, and Courbet became the idol of the art world at that time.

The central figure of Belgian realism is Charles Gru (1825-1870). In order to reflect the national interests and habits in painting, he and other painters tried to find their own artistic path by depicting real life, and made great efforts to this end.

/kloc-Realistic Art in Romania and Hungary in the 0/9th Century

The Dalcy people were the ancestors of Romania, and the feudal period was10th century to18th century. /kloc-In the 4th century, Romania had two principalities in history: Wallachia and Moldova, and Transylvania in the west.

/kloc-Before the 0/8th century, Romanian fine arts were not developed and outstanding. Capitalism sprouted at the end of 18 and entered 19 century. With the resistance to Turkish rule, the struggle for national liberation rose, which promoted the development of national culture. At that time, a large number of foreign artists entered Romania, which promoted the development of Romanian art. Among them, the most prominent ones were A Hera Czech from the Czech Republic (1794- 1882) and Barabas from Hungary, who were pioneers of modern Romanian art.

The national revolution arose in 1848. Although it failed under the interference of Russia and Turkey, the young artists of this nation grew up through struggle. They are all artists, participated in revolutionary activities and contributed to the revival of national art. In the formation of modern Chinese painting school, the earliest and most outstanding painter is Nie Guli (1812-1851). He is an outstanding portrait painter. He studied in Paris, was arrested and imprisoned for participating in the revolution, and died in a prison in the Turkish capital at the age of 39. Rosenthal (1820- 185 1) wrote many works full of fighting passion in his short life. He was exiled in the revolution and died in prison at the age of 3 1. Viscu (1816-1854), also a revolutionary painter, died in a Turkish prison at the age of 38. In addition, there are professors and painters Tatalescu (1820-1894). 1862 The Principality of Wallachia and Moldova merged to form Romania. In this new historical period, national art has enjoyed greater prosperity. The first important representative painter in this historical turning period is Xie Aman (1831-1891). /kloc-the greatest Romanian painter in the 0/9th century was Nikolai Grigol Lescu (1838- 1907), his contemporary painter Ian Andriescu (1850- 1882), and Nicholas's direct heir S. Lu.

/kloc-In the second half of the 0/9th century, another artist who held high the banner of realistic art was O Panchira. He not only described the life of farmers, but also created a series of images of modern workers, showing the early workers' movement and the struggle style of industrial workers.

1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Romanian painting was influenced by western modern art, and its artistic style and expression techniques were more diversified. Some of them continue to adhere to the realistic road, while others pay attention to formal exploration, forming a diversified pattern.

In 896 AD, Hungarians from the East settled in this European continent and later established the Kingdom of Hungary. From the end of 18, under the influence of the European Enlightenment, Hungary tried to get rid of the shackles of Austria and advocate national literature and art.

/kloc-at the beginning of the 9th century, the pioneers of national art were Buloczky and Marco Lao, and Buloczky Kaluyi (1807- 1855) was a famous portrait and watercolor painter, Marco Kaluyi Lao (1791- In the 1940s, with the rapid development of national art, the great petofi appeared in literature, and he spread the idea of democratic revolution everywhere. The pioneer of the revival of Hungarian traditional Chinese painting is Barabas Mikelos (1810-1898). /kloc-in the second half of the 9th century, the great realist Munkaci Mikhail (1844- 1900) appeared, which pushed the national art to the peak and made Hungarian art reach the European level with his paintings. Later, a large number of painters emerged, which developed realism to a new stage.

/kloc-realistic art in Norway and Finland in the 0 th and 9 th centuries

From the end of14th century to the beginning of19th century, Norway has been a vassal state of Denmark. It declared independence in 18 14, but was soon forced to form an alliance with Sweden, and it was not until 1905 that it really became independent.

/kloc-Great changes have taken place in Norway in the second half of the 9th century. The industrial revolution changed the economic and social structure of Norway, promoted the development of literature and art, and produced a world writer like Ibsen. As Engels pointed out, "the prosperity of Norwegian literature in the last twenty years is unmatched by any country except Russia in the same period."

Norwegian art was deeply influenced by Germany before19th century, as if it were assigned by Germany. By the19th century, more and more painters had studied in France, and the influence of realism and impressionism was growing. The pioneer painter of Norwegian realism is john cleese Tiandal (1788-1857), who is the founder of national landscape painting. Hans Goode (1825— 1903) was an important painter in the second half of the 9th century. The representative painter of realism is Christian Clough (1852-1925). In the second half of the19th century, a talented realistic sculptor Gustav Vigrant appeared in Norway (1869- 1943). He opposed the expression of pure reason and tried to create a "corner of life".

Finland has always been a part of the kingdom of Sweden in history, and it was not until 1809 that it became a grand duchy under czarist Russia and enjoyed autonomy. 19 17 Finland declared its independence after the success of the October Revolution in Russia.

/kloc-most Finnish painters in the 0/9th century studied painting in Stockholm, Sweden. Since the 1950s, most overseas students have gone to Copenhagen and Dü sseldorf. Since 1970s, Paris has become the artistic capital that young painters yearn for. The introduction of French realistic art into Finland promoted the development of Finnish realistic painting.

From 65438 to the beginning of the 9th century, the most famous painter in Finland was Robert William ekman, who enjoyed the reputation of "the father of Finnish painting". Adolf von Baker, the earliest painter who went to Paris for further study, was a student of Kutour. Baker trained three outstanding painters in Finland: Jarvback, a female painter, Calliera and Edelfelt, the main promoters of the Finnish national art revival movement. Together, they wrote the glorious painting history of Finland in the19th century.