What router is this?

A router (also known as a router) is a computer network device that can transmit data packets to the destination through each network (selecting the transmission path of the data). This process is called routing. A router is a device that connects two or more separate networks. Routing works on the third layer of the OSI model - the network layer, such as the Internet Protocol (IP) layer.

Basic information

Chinese name

Router

Foreign name

Router

Type

Computer network equipment

Contents

1Basic introduction

2Main features

3Function

4 Router levels

5 Operational form

6 Usage classification

7 Structural principles

8 Development history

9 Troubleshooting

10 Basic differences

11 Maintenance methods

12 Forgot password

13 Crash or crash Line

14 encryption algorithm

Collapse and edit this paragraph Basic introduction

Router A router (Router, also known as a path router) is a computer network device that can The process of transmitting data to the destination through packaging networks (selecting the transmission path of the data) is called routing. A router is a device that connects two or more separate networks. Routing works on the third layer of the OSI model - the network layer.

Router is a device that connects various local area networks and wide area networks in the Internet. It will automatically select and set routes according to the channel conditions, and send signals in order based on the best path. Routers are the hubs and "traffic police" of the Internet. At present, routers have been widely used in all walks of life, and products of various grades have become the main force in realizing internal connections of various backbone networks, interconnection between backbone networks, and interconnection between backbone networks and the Internet. The main difference between routing and switching is that switching occurs at layer 2 (data link layer) of the OSI reference model, while routing occurs at layer 3, the network layer. This difference determines that routing and switches need to use different control information in the process of moving information, so the ways in which they implement their respective functions are different.

The core force behind the 30 share

Not long ago, China Mobile announced the results of the high-end router centralized procurement in 2014. Among them, ZTE’s ZXR10M6000-S product gained 30.77 shares. Ranked second overall in centralized procurement. China Mobile's centralized procurement of routers and switches was issued on August 22. Major manufacturers in the industry such as Cisco, Juniper, and ZTE participated in this competition. In the end, ZTE successfully won the bid for Grade 2 high-end routers and Grade 3 high-end routers, covering China Mobile's high-end routers P, PE, SR, CE and other scenarios.

Behind the success of ZTE’s high-end routers in the centralized procurement of operators, there is ZTE’s own core competitiveness advantage. Liu Hengqi, chief engineer of ZTE Microelectronics, told the author that the core chips used in current ZTE high-end routers are all independently developed by ZTE Microelectronics. In ZTE's current wired products, the internal chips of packet switching chips, network search engines, network processors, Ethernet switches, OTN Framer, air division cross-connect chips, G/EPONOLT processors, and terminal ONUs/MDUs have already been implemented. All are self-developed.

The research and development of chips requires strong financial guarantee, which is difficult for ordinary small companies to achieve. At present, the research and development of a system chip generally requires tens of millions or even hundreds of millions of R&D costs. ZTE has always attached great importance to the independent research and development and patent application of chips in its own products. On average, each chip will export 20-30 patents to better protect intellectual products. .

Chips provide operators with operation and maintenance capabilities - (Compiled by Zhiyan Consulting)

In addition, through long-term cooperation with domestic telecom operators, ZTE is able to Understand better what the needs of operators are. For example, in some transmission network equipment, the general product may be 100G, but the actual demand of operators may be 120G. ZTE will customize chips and products specifically for operators.

In addition, in the field of broadband access terminals, ZTE products using ZTE microelectronic chips have been used in EPON and GPON equipment in Shanghai. Operators hope to carry their own services on their own broadband terminals to meet their own operation and maintenance needs. However, if ordinary commercial chips are used in the terminal, it will be difficult to achieve this and can only provide protection for basic functions.

360 Router

Collapse and edit the main features of this paragraph

The router has the function of determining the network address and selecting the IP path. It can be used in a multi-network interconnection environment. Establish a flexible connection and use completely different data packets and media access methods to connect various subnets. The router only accepts information from the source station or other routers and is an interconnection device at the network layer. It does not care about the hardware devices used by each subnet, but requires running software that is consistent with the network layer protocol. Routers

Routers are divided into local routers and remote routers. The local router is used to connect network transmission media, such as optical fiber, coaxial cable, and twisted pair; the remote router is used to connect remote transmission media and requires Corresponding equipment, such as telephone lines must be equipped with modems, and wireless must be equipped with wireless receivers and transmitters.

The router is the main node device of the Internet. Routers decide the forwarding of data through routing. The forwarding strategy is called routing, which is where the name of the router comes from (router, forwarder). As a hub for interconnection between different networks, the router system forms the main body of the Internet, an international Internet network based on TCP/IP. It can also be said that routers form the skeleton of the Internet. Its processing speed is one of the main bottlenecks of network communication, and its reliability and stability directly affect the quality of network interconnection.

Therefore, router technology has always been at the core in campus intranets, regional intranets, and even the entire Internet research field, and its development history and direction have become a microcosm of the entire Internet research. At a time when my country's network infrastructure and information construction are in the ascendant, this paper discusses the role, status and development direction of routers in interconnection networks, as well as the domestic network technology research and network construction, as well as the clear understanding of routers and network interconnection in the network market. Various specious concepts have important significance.

In recent years, switching router products have appeared. In essence, it is not a new technology, but to improve communication capabilities and combine the principles of switches into routers to make data transmission capabilities faster and better. .

Collapse and edit the functions of this paragraph

Connecting different networks

From the perspective of filtering network traffic, the role of routers is very similar to switches and bridges. . However, unlike switches that work at the physical layer of the network and physically divide network segments, routers use specialized software protocols to logically divide the entire network. For example, a router that supports the IP protocol can divide the network into multiple subnet segments, and only network traffic directed to special IP addresses can pass through the router. For each received packet, the router recalculates its checksum and writes a new physical address. Therefore, using a router to forward and filter data tends to be slower than a switch that only looks at the physical address of the packet. However, for those networks with complex structures, using routers can improve the overall efficiency of the network. Another obvious advantage of the router is that it can automatically filter network broadcasts. Generally speaking, the entire installation process of adding a router to the network is much more complicated than a plug-and-play switch.

Choose the line router for information transmission

Some routers only support a single protocol, but most routers can support the transmission of multiple protocols, that is, multi-protocol routers. Since each protocol has its own rules, completing the algorithms of multiple protocols in one router will inevitably reduce the performance of the router. The main job of the router is to find an optimal transmission path for each data frame passing through the router, and to effectively transmit the data to the destination site. It can be seen that the strategy for selecting the best path, that is, the routing algorithm, is the key to the router. In order to complete this work, data related to various transmission paths - the routing table (Routing Table) - is stored in the router for use in routing selection. The path table stores subnet identification information, the number of routers on the network, and the name of the next router. The path table can be fixedly set by the system administrator, or dynamically modified by the system, automatically adjusted by the router, or controlled by the host.

Static routing table: A fixed path table set in advance by the system administrator is called a static (static) path table. It is usually preset according to the network configuration during system installation. It will not change with future network structure changes.

Dynamic routing table: The dynamic (Dynamic) path table is a path table that the router automatically adjusts according to the operating conditions of the network system. The router automatically learns and memorizes network operation conditions based on the functions provided by the Routing Protocol, and automatically calculates the best path for data transmission when needed.

Collapse edit this section router level

Collapse usage level

Routers can be found everywhere in various levels of networks on the Internet. Access networks allow homes and small businesses to connect to an Internet service provider; routers in corporate networks connect thousands of computers on a campus or enterprise; router end systems on backbone networks are usually not directly accessible and they Connect ISPs and corporate networks on long-distance backbone networks. The rapid development of the Internet has brought different challenges to backbone networks, enterprise networks, and access networks. The backbone network requires routers to perform high-speed routing and forwarding on a small number of links. Enterprise-level routers not only require a large number of ports and low prices, but also require simple and convenient configuration and provide QoS. Enterprise-level routers such as Feiyuxing provide SmartQoSIII.

1. Access Router

Router Access router connects small business customers within a home or ISP. Access routers have begun to offer more than just SLIP or PPP connections, supporting virtual private network protocols such as PPTP and IPSec. These protocols need to be able to run on every port. Technologies such as ADSL will soon increase the bandwidth available to households, which will further increase the burden on access routers. Because of these trends, access routers will in the future support many heterogeneous and high-speed ports and be able to run multiple protocols on each port while avoiding the switched telephone network.

2． Enterprise-level routers

Enterprise or campus-level routers connect many end systems. Their main goal is to interconnect as many endpoints as cheaply as possible, and are further required to support different qualities of service. Many existing enterprise networks are Ethernet segments connected by hubs or bridges. Although these devices are cheap, easy to install, and require no configuration, they do not support service levels. In contrast, a network involving routers can divide machines into multiple collision domains and thus control the size of a network. In addition, the router also supports certain service levels, at least allowing it to be divided into multiple priority levels. However, routers are more expensive per port and require a lot of configuration work before they can be used. Therefore, the success or failure of an enterprise router depends on whether it provides a large number of ports at a low cost per port, is easy to configure, and whether it supports QoS. Enterprise-class routers are also required to effectively support broadcast and multicast. Enterprise networks also have to deal with various LAN technologies left over from history and support multiple protocols, including IP, IPX and Vine.

They also support firewalls, packet filtering, and a host of management and security policies and VLANs.

3． Backbone-level routers

Backbone-level routers realize the interconnection of enterprise-level networks. The requirements are speed and reliability, and the cost is secondary. Hardware reliability can be achieved by using technologies used in telephone switching networks, such as hot backup, dual power supplies, dual data paths, etc. These technologies are pretty much standard for all backbone routers. The main performance bottleneck of backbone IP routers is the time it takes to find a route in the forwarding table. When a packet is received, the input port searches the packet's destination address in the forwarding table to determine its destination port. When the packet is shorter or when the packet is sent to many destination ports, the cost of route lookup will inevitably increase. Therefore, placing some frequently accessed destination ports in the cache can improve the efficiency of route lookup. Regardless of whether it is an input buffer or an output buffer router, there is a bottleneck problem in route lookup. In addition to performance bottlenecks, router stability is also an issue that is often overlooked.

4. Terabit router

Among the three main technologies used in the future core Internet, optical fiber and DWDM are already very mature and readily available. Without routers corresponding to the original bandwidth provided by existing fiber optic technology and DWDM technology, the new network infrastructure will not be able to fundamentally improve performance, so the development of high-performance backbone switches/routers (terabit routers) has become a An urgent request. Terabit router technology is still mainly in the experimental development stage.

5. Multiple WAN routers

Dual WAN routers have two physical WAN ports for external network access, so that computers on the internal network can pass through the load balancing function of the dual WAN routers. Using 2 external network access lines at the same time greatly increases network bandwidth. Currently, dual WAN routers mainly have the application advantages of "bandwidth aggregation" and "one network, two lines", which traditional single WAN routers cannot achieve.

Functional level

1. Broadband router

Broadband router is an emerging network product in recent years. It emerged with the popularity of broadband. The broadband router integrates router, firewall, bandwidth control and management functions in a compact box, and has the characteristics of fast forwarding capability, flexible network management and rich network status. Most broadband routers are optimized for China's broadband applications, can meet different network traffic environments, and have good power grid adaptability and network compatibility. Most broadband routers adopt a highly integrated design, integrating 10/100Mbps broadband Ethernet WAN interfaces and built-in multi-port 10/100Mbps adaptive switches to facilitate multiple machines to connect to the internal network and the Internet. They can be widely used in homes, schools, offices, and Internet cafes. , community access, government, enterprises and other occasions.

2. Modular router router

Modular router mainly refers to a router whose interface type and some extended functions can be configured according to the actual needs of users. These routers are Generally, only the most basic routing functions are provided when leaving the factory. Users can select the corresponding modules according to the type of network to be connected. Different modules can provide different connection and management functions. For example, most modular routers allow users to select the type of network interface, some modular routers can provide VPN and other functional modules, some modular routers also provide firewall functions, and so on. Most routers today are modular routers.

3. Non-modular routers

Non-modular routers are low-end routers, which are usually used at home. This type of router is primarily used to connect small business customers within homes or ISPs. Not only does it provide SLIP or PPP connections, it also supports virtual private network protocols such as PPTP and IPSec. These protocols need to be able to run on every port. Technologies such as ADSL will soon increase the bandwidth available to households, which will further increase the burden on access routers.

Due to these trends, such routers will in the future support many heterogeneous and high-speed ports and be able to run multiple protocols on each port while avoiding the switched telephone network.

4. Virtual router

Virtual router is based on virtuality and reality. Recently, some new technological breakthroughs related to IP backbone network equipment have paved the way for the realization of new Internet services in the future. Virtual router is one such new technology that makes some new Internet services possible. Through these new services, users will be able to control network performance, Internet addresses and routing, and network security. Israel's RND Network Company is a manufacturer that provides solutions from LAN to WAN. The company first proposed the concept of virtual routing.

5. Core router

The core router, also known as the "backbone router", is a router located at the center of the network. The router located at the edge of the network is called an access router. Core routers and edge routers are relative concepts. They are all routers, but come in different sizes and capacities. The core router of one layer is the edge router of another layer.

6. Wireless router

A wireless router is a router with wireless coverage function. It is mainly used for user Internet access and wireless coverage. Popular wireless routers on the market generally support four access methods: dedicated line xdsl/cable, dynamic xdsl, and pptp. It also has other network management functions, such as dhcp service, nat firewall, mac address filtering, etc.

7. One-arm router

The concept of one-arm router appeared before the three-layer switch. The communication between various VLANs in the network can be realized by ISL association. In that case, The router becomes a "one-armed router". The data transmission between VLANs must be processed by the router first and then output, so that most of the packets in the network and the packets in the same VLAN will not need to pass through the router but will be exchanged directly. High-speed transmission between devices. The disadvantage of this routing method is that it is still a centralized routing strategy. Therefore, multiple redundant "one-arm" routers are generally set up on the backbone network to share the data processing tasks, thereby reducing the risk caused by routers. To solve the bottleneck problem, redundant links can also be added, but if the amount of data transmission between VLANs in the network is relatively large, a bottleneck will form at the router. One-arm routers are now largely replaced by Layer 3 switches.

8. Wireless network router

A wireless network router is a communication device used to connect wired and wireless networks. It can send and receive wireless signals through Wi-Fi technology to communicate with personal digital devices. Assistant communicates with laptops and other devices. Wireless network routers can easily establish a computer network without cables.

However, when data is transmitted over a wireless network outdoors, its speed may be affected by the weather. Other wireless networks include infrared, Bluetooth and satellite microwave.

9. Intelligent flow control router router

The intelligent flow control router can automatically adjust the bandwidth of each node, so that the network speed of each node can reach the fastest, without Limiting the speed of each node is its biggest feature. Intelligent flow control routers are often used on the main lines of telecommunications, such as Huawei and Cisco. Internet cafes, hotels, etc. commonly use Netstar routers.

10. Dynamic speed-limiting router

A dynamic speed-limiting router can calculate the bandwidth required by each user in real time, accurately analyze the user's Internet access type, and allocate bandwidth reasonably. It can achieve on-demand distribution and rational utilization, and also has the intelligent allocation function of priority channels. This function is mainly used in Internet cafes, hotels, communities, schools, etc. The most commonly used routers in Internet cafes are Orei routers.

11. Soft Router

Use a desktop or server to cooperate with software to form a routing solution. It mainly relies on software settings to achieve the functions of a router. Common ones include Xiaocao Soft Router and Haikou Router. Spiders etc.

Operation form

(1) Workstation A sends the address 12.0.0.5 of workstation B together with the data information to Router 1 in the form of a data packet.

(2) After receiving the data packet from workstation A, router 1 first takes out the address 12.0.0.5 from the header, and calculates the best path to workstation B according to the path table: R1-gt; R2 -gt;R5 -gt;B; and send the packet to Router 2.

(3) Router 2 repeats the work of Router 1 and forwards the data packet to Router 5.

(4) Router 5 also retrieves the destination address and finds that 12.0.0.5 is on the network segment connected to the router, so it directly delivers the data packet to workstation B.

(5) Workstation B receives the data packet from workstation A, and a communication process ends.

Usage Classification

Routers can be found everywhere on the Internet at all levels of network. Access networks allow homes and small businesses to connect to an Internet service provider; routers in corporate networks connect thousands of computers on a campus or enterprise; router end systems on backbone networks are usually not directly accessible and they Connect ISPs and corporate networks on long-distance backbone networks. The rapid development of the Internet has brought different challenges to backbone networks, enterprise networks, and access networks. Backbone networks require routers to perform high-speed routing and forwarding on a small number of links. Enterprise-level routers not only require a large number of ports and low prices, but also require simple and convenient configuration and provide QoS. Enterprise-level routers such as Feiyuxing provide SmartQoSIII.

Access

The access router connects small business customers within a home or ISP. Access routers have begun to provide more than just SLIP or PPP connections. Technologies such as ADSL will soon increase the bandwidth available to households, which will further increase the burden on access routers. Because of these trends, access routers will in the future support many heterogeneous and high-speed ports and be able to run multiple protocols on each port while avoiding the switched telephone network.

Enterprise-level

Enterprise or campus-level routers connect many end systems. Their main goal is to interconnect as many endpoints as cheaply as possible, and are further required to support different Quality of service. Many existing enterprise networks are Ethernet segments connected by hubs or bridges. Although these devices are cheap, easy to install, and require no configuration, they do not support service levels. In contrast, a network involving routers can divide machines into multiple collision domains and thus control the size of a network. In addition, the router also supports certain service levels, at least allowing it to be divided into multiple priority levels. However, the cost of each port of the router is more expensive, and a lot of configuration work is required before the router can be used. Therefore, the success or failure of an enterprise router depends on whether it provides a large number of ports at a low cost per port, is easy to configure, and whether it supports QoS. In addition, enterprise-class routers are required to effectively support broadcast and multicast. Enterprise networks also have to deal with various LAN technologies left over from history and support multiple protocols, including IP, IPX and Vine. They also support firewalls, packet filtering, and a host of management and security policies and VLANs.

Backbone level

Backbone level routers realize the interconnection of enterprise-level networks. The requirements are speed and reliability, and the cost is secondary. Hardware reliability can be achieved by using technologies used in telephone switching networks, such as hot backup, dual power supplies, dual data paths, etc. These technologies are pretty much standard for all backbone routers. The main performance bottleneck of backbone IP routers is the time it takes to find a route in the forwarding table. When a packet is received, the input port searches the packet's destination address in the forwarding table to determine its destination port. When the packet is shorter or when the packet is sent to many destination ports, the cost of route lookup will inevitably increase. Therefore, placing some frequently accessed destination ports in the cache can improve the efficiency of route lookup. Regardless of whether it is an input buffer or an output buffer router, there is a bottleneck problem in route lookup.

In addition to performance bottlenecks, router stability is also an issue that is often overlooked.

Terabits

Among the three main technologies used in the future core Internet, optical fiber and DWDM are already very mature and readily available. Without routers corresponding to the original bandwidth provided by existing fiber optic technology and DWDM technology, the new network infrastructure will not be able to fundamentally improve performance, so the development of high-performance backbone switches/routers (terabit routers) has become a An urgent request. Terabit router technology is still mainly in the experimental stage of development.

Multiple WAN

The dual WAN router has 2 physical WAN ports for external network access, so that the intranet computers can use 2 at the same time through the load balancing function of the dual WAN router. An external network access line greatly increases network bandwidth. Currently, dual WAN routers mainly have the application advantages of "bandwidth aggregation" and "one network, two lines", which traditional single WAN routers cannot achieve.

Folding 3G wireless

The 3G wireless router adopts a 32-bit high-performance industrial-grade ARM9 communication processor and uses the embedded real-time operating system RTOS as the software support platform. The system integrates a full range of Logical link layer to application layer communication protocol, supporting static and dynamic routing, PPP server and PPP client, VPN (including PPTP and IPSEC), DHCP server and DHCP client, DDNS, firewall, NAT, DMZ host and other functions. Provide users with a safe, high-speed, stable and reliable wireless routing network with routing and forwarding of various protocols.

With the development of 3G wireless networks, people are increasingly enjoying the value that wireless networks bring to people. There are many types of 3G wireless routers on the market, including Xiaohei A8 series and Xiaohei Huawei e5 wait. 3G wireless routers are changing people’s lives

Structural principles

Power interface (POWER): The interface connects to the power supply.

Reset button (RESET): This button can restore the router’s factory settings.

Mode and router connection interface (WAN): This interface uses a network cable to connect to the home broadband modem.

Computer and router connection port (LAN1~4): This interface uses a network cable to connect the computer and the router.

It should be noted that the WAN port and LAN port must not be connected reversely.

The IP address of home wireless routers currently on the market is generally: 192.168.1.1

The IP address of wired routers is generally: 192.168.0.1

IP address and login The name and password are usually marked on the bottom of the router.

Collapse and edit the development history of this section

Discussions on routing technology began more than 40 years ago, but it was not until the 1980s that routing technology gradually entered commercial application. The reason why routing technology was not widely used when it first came out is mainly because the network structure before the 1980s was very simple, and routing technology had no place to play. It was not until the past decade or so that large-scale Internet networks gradually became popular, providing a good foundation and platform for the development of routing technology.

Development History

As the Internet gradually reaches the public, Internet cafes are also springing up in the streets and alleys. But as the number increases, competition among Internet cafes becomes increasingly fierce. Optimizing the business environment by expanding scale and reducing costs has become an inevitable trend in the development of Internet cafes. In the past, the mainstream size of most Internet cafes in China was that the number of PCs was 60-100, and they were connected to the Internet through SOHO routers. The network connection had the advantages of simple architecture and low cost. However, as the number of network PCs increases, the original network access system often encounters problems such as network disconnections, game lags, hacker attacks, and virus proliferation. Faced with these, Internet cafe owners have considered that it is time to upgrade the Internet cafe router.

The access bottleneck that limits the healthy operation of Internet cafes

Routers

For Internet cafe networks with 60-100 PCs, SOHO routers can basically meet the network access requirements need. However, after the number of PCs exceeds 100, if SOHO routers are still used for access, the entire network system will be relatively fragile. This is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

First, the performance is low. In order to save costs, SOHO routers generally use CPUs with average performance and relatively slow memory speeds. In specific use, the download speed will be slow and the game will freeze, which are all manifestations of low performance.

The second is poor stability and easy disconnection, which is the most taboo among gamers. Some SOHO routers can maintain a stable connection when the number of users is small; but if the scale increases slightly, the stability of the network will be difficult to guarantee. When the network traffic increases, it will restart frequently. Moreover, the SOHO router uses an ordinary external power supply. When the voltage fluctuates, the power supply of the SOHO router cannot be guaranteed.

The third is poor heat dissipation. Generally speaking, SOHO routers are small in size and there is no reasonable heat dissipation design in the machine. Internet cafes are usually open 24 hours a day, so heat dissipation of SOHO routers becomes a problem. The most direct impact of router overheating is unstable operation.

Finally, the number of PCs supported is small. SOHO routers have small memory capacity (generally 2M-8M), small FLASH capacity (generally only 1M), and a limited number of supported users. Basically, the maximum number of NAT processes is within 1024. You can calculate it. It takes about 10-50 NAT processes to open a web page. Therefore, the number of PCs supported by the SOHO router is small, and it is difficult to expand and upgrade functions.

The solution to the problem is to upgrade the SOHO router to a dedicated router for Internet cafes

The key to the good operation of Internet cafes is to have a safe and stable network system that can provide Internet users with a satisfactory online entertainment and leisure experience. . Web browsing, QQ, video chat, video playback and high-capacity online games occupy too many resources of the network system and have strong user visits. Therefore, Internet cafes need router products that are professionally positioned for Internet cafe applications and can support a large number of users, high access rates, fast processing speeds, strong compatibility and scalability, and are not high in price and suitable for the operating costs of Internet cafes.