Seismic analysis of Quanzhou earthquake

All four materials show that Lingxingmen in Fu Xue was renovated once during the thirty-five to thirty-seven years of Wanli, but the specific time and reasons are different, which needs to be verified. The first theory is that it was destroyed by a hurricane in August of the lunar calendar 1607. The second statement is that it was damaged in the 1609 earthquake. The third one said that it was repaired by 1609, without explaining the reason. The comprehensive records compiled in "County Records, Local Records and Xiangyi", including Luoyang Bridge and Dongyue Temple, are said to have been damaged by hurricanes in August of the lunar calendar 1607, but we know from the inscriptions that Luoyang Bridge and Dongyue Temple were actually damaged by hurricanes in the autumn earthquake of 1607. According to this inference, Lingxingmen was actually destroyed by the autumn earthquake hurricane of 1607. It must be inferred that Lingxingmen was also damaged by the hurricane in the earthquake. Second, although it is recorded that it was caused by an earthquake, the time is said to be 1609 earthquake. It happened that another aftershock happened in Quanzhou on May 6th, the lunar calendar 1609. So, was the Star Gate damaged by this aftershock or by the 1607 earthquake? We should find out. According to Thirty-four Years of Wanli (1606), Jiang Zhili was appointed (Official History, Volume 26) and Zhang Yingtai ... Thirty-six Years of Wanli Renchen (1608), he was promoted from Nanjia Division to Quanzhou Secretariat (Official History, Volume 30, Ming Guan II) According to documents, he was promoted to deputy envoy of Guangdong Province in 1608. A year later, he went to Beijing on business, specially passing through Quanzhou, modeled on Luoyang Bridge, which was first built in Cai Xiang in the Northern Song Dynasty, and set up the famous "Wan 'an Bridge" one year after leaving office. If the Star Gate in Fu Xue collapsed in the aftershock of 1609, and Jiang Zhili had left his trip to the prefecture, it would not be listed as a restoration. So the second statement should be wrong. Thirty-five years of Wanli was wrongly recorded as thirty-seven years. Thirdly, it is known that Lingxingmen was built in 1608. Although it is not explicitly said that it was damaged by the earthquake, it can be inferred that it collapsed in the autumn epicenter of 1607 the year before last. Li, the county magistrate who repaired Lingxingmen, also listed the temples damaged by the 1607 earthquake.

Lingxingmen, built in the Ming Dynasty, is a five-row building. 1974 moved to Kaiyuan Temple, which was still very strong before the move. If there had not been a strong earthquake at that time, it would not have collapsed at once. Almost all the streams in Quanzhou from northeast to southwest collapsed. The huge stone archway on the street also partially collapsed.

1. "(thirty-five years of Wanli) broke down ... Shifang ... The North Gate Tower was completely destroyed from northeast to southwest" ("Fu Zhi Volume 73 Xiangyi").

2. "In the thirty-five years of Wanli, six stone workshops in the city were driven down ... The north gate tower was half full, and the city arrived in the southwest from the northeast, and the shacks were exhausted ("County Records "Volume 15" Magazine ").

3. "In the thirty-fifth year of Shang Yang, the city wall was stripped and destroyed by a major earthquake" (Jiang Zhili's "Rebuilding Luoyang Bridge" monument).

4. "The thirty-five-year autumn earthquake in Wanli ... other relics of the altar were repaired and treated with inferior quality" (Volume 30 of Biography of Fu Zhi and Jiang Zhili).

5. "Thirty-two years of Wanli earthquake, many buildings. Yao is the deputy envoy and Jiang Zhili is the magistrate. Bricks are useful in the old city, so it is easy to use stones at this time "(Fu Zhi, Volume 11, City).

6. "In November of the thirty-second year of Wanli, there was a big earthquake and the building was completely destroyed. Yao and Jiang zhili, the deputy envoys, asked for repairs. Zhan Yang, the imperial envoy, had more than a thousand Zhang Zhenzong Dong, and it was completed in ten days. Bricks are useful in the old city, so it is easy to use stones at this time "("County Records "Volume II" Regulating the City "). six

During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Quanzhou City was a magnificent city with a circumference of about 30 miles, a wall height of 2.6 feet and a bottom width of 2.4 feet, seven city gates, all with gatehouses and 65,438+040 nests, most of which were made of granite. Such a strong building turned out to be "many buildings" in an earthquake, and the intensity of the earthquake can be imagined. There are stone archways in Quanzhou, which used to stand in rows, very spectacular, all made of granite tenons, and even "knocked down six" in the earthquake. The damage of city walls and stone squares is really serious. However, Fang Cheng's destruction was caused by the 1604 earthquake or the 1607 earthquake. The above data are different, so we should distinguish who is right and who is wrong. We think it was caused by 1607 autumn earthquake. One of the reasons is that when the document is different from the inscription, the document may have typos or copying errors, and the inscription was made by the parties at that time to avoid mistakes. We should take Jiang Zhili's inscription "Ding Wei (1607) earthquake, the city wall was torn down, which made him depressed" as the main basis. The second reason is that if it was the 1604 earthquake, Jiang Zhili had not been appointed as the magistrate of Quanzhou at that time. Damage to the city wall is a national defense event. Quanzhou was repeatedly invaded by Japanese invaders during Jiajing period, and the lesson is still fresh in my memory. It is impossible to repair the damaged city wall after a few years. It should be repaired immediately to ensure safety. Therefore, it is difficult to determine that the city wall was damaged in the 1604 earthquake and was repaired after Jiang Zhili took office in 1606. The third reason is that Jiang Zhili entrusted Zhan Yangxian to take charge of all the restoration work after the 1607 earthquake. It seems that Zhan was the chief engineer at that time. The city wall was also built by Zhan Yang first, and it was "completed in ten days" in a short time. The funds were "invited", that is, approved by the state. All these can prove that the Ming Dynasty attached great importance to repairing the city, and it was impossible to collapse and let it lie idle for two years before repairing it. Therefore, the stone workshops on the city wall were all destroyed in the autumn earthquake of 1607. Kaiyuan Temple and its annex buildings were also affected by the 1607 earthquake.

The damage of the East Tower of Kaiyuan Temple (namely Zhenguo Tower) in the 1604 earthquake has been seen above. There is no record that Kaiyuan Temple was damaged in the 1607 earthquake, because 1606 reinforced it once in time. According to Zhan Yangpi's "Repairing the East Tower of Kaiyuan Temple", "The first year of Wanli (1604) earthquake ... materials were used to repair damaged stones, including 100 easily damaged stones and 192 pieces of silver donated. It started in the first month of Wanli Bingwu (1606) and was completed in August. "

Ziyun Hall, the main building of Kaiyuan Temple, was built in the Tang Dynasty and rebuilt during the reign of Hongwu Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1368 ~ 1424). It was rebuilt twice before the earthquake. Once in the 22nd year of Wanli (1594), Tan Yueling initiates in the temple (a record of the construction of Kaiyuan Temple); Another time was in the 28th year of Wanli. According to the stone tablet of Huang Fengxiang's Rebuilding Kaiyuan Temple, which was engraved by Quanzhou Cultural Management Association in August of the lunar calendar, it read: "The calendar was destroyed in Japan, and Sun Xianfu and Tong Anjun spent a little money to repair it. However, Ziyuntang has a huge workload and it is difficult for one person to complete it. ..... Every eight months, reading the moon is over. "It can be seen that about ten years before the two strong earthquakes 1604 and 1607, Ziyun Temple has been rebuilt twice, one of which was a large-scale construction, which consumed huge labor costs. After the construction, it should be stronger. But 1637, Chongzhen was ugly for ten years and suddenly rebuilt. " "A Record of the Construction of Kaiyuan Temple" said: "During the Chongzhen period, Ding Chou, Zeng Gongying and Zheng Gongzhi's dragon were rebuilt, and the temple pillars were easy to learn with stones, which made them majestic. "The existing iron incense burner cast in Zheng Zhilong during the reconstruction of Ziyuntang proves that the reconstruction is indeed true. After an expensive overhaul, only 30 years later, why do you still need to rebuild it all? There is no other explanation except its accelerated injury. In the past 30 years, there has been no fire, flood or military disaster in Ziyuntang, and there is no direct record of sudden collapse due to earthquake in the data. We believe that Ziyun Temple was damaged in Quanzhou 1604 and 1607 two strong earthquakes, which accelerated its damage, so that it had to be rebuilt in a short time. If this speculation can be established, then the damage degree of the 1607 strong earthquake to Kaiyuan Temple can be imagined.

1607 Quanzhou earthquake surrounding areas, because of our local location, has not been clear. Therefore, in addition to the records of Quanzhou Prefecture Records and Jinjiang County Records, we also have a preliminary look at the Xiangyi series of Yongchun County Records, Dehua County Records and Xianyou County Records (Yongchun and Dehua belonged to Quanzhou Prefecture in the Ming Dynasty; In the Qing Dynasty, Quanzhou Prefecture only took five counties, namely Jinjiang, Nan 'an, Hui 'an, Tong 'an and Anxi, so the Quanzhou Prefecture in Qianlong only recorded the events of these five counties. There is no data for 1607 or 1604. But judging from the buildings, the following three pieces of information may be related to the earthquake. We're not sure it's for your reference:

1. Anxi Jinlong Bridge "Thirty-five years of Wanli, magistrate of a county in Wang Xianqing, still building the old site of Yu Jinlong, and then lost in the water" (Quanzhou Prefecture, Volume 10, Anxi County). Although Anxi is an earthquake-prone area, many bridges span narrow valleys and are sometimes washed away by mountain torrents. The Jinlong Bridge rebuilt by 1607 is at the same time as the Quanzhou earthquake in time, but it is not clearly remembered that it was "falling into the water" because of the earthquake, perhaps it was damaged by rainy flash floods.

2. Anqiao in Tongan "Thirty-five years of Wanli, Chen sentenced to repair, Chen rebuilt" (Volume 10 of Quanzhou Fuzhi, Tongan County). From the time point of view, the Bian 'an Bridge was built in 1607, but I don't know whether it was before or after the earthquake.

3. The Jing Jing Pavilion in Gong Xue, Yongchun County, "Jing began on November 10th and will be completed in autumn and July next year" (Volume 7 of the Annals of Yongchun County and Jing Jing Pavilion by Yan Tingyi). Yongchun Zunjing Pavilion was just built after the Quanzhou earthquake in autumn of 1607.

According to the data from the above eight aspects, there was a strong earthquake in Quanzhou on August 28th in the autumn of 1607, that is, in the solar calendar 10+08, so almost all the large buildings in Quanzhou were damaged.