The story of Beiyang navy's total annihilation, living in the main room.

The Yellow Sea naval battle took place on September 1894 17, the third day after the fall of Pyongyang. The Japanese joint fleet finally provoked a fierce naval battle in the Yellow Sea near Dadonggou at the mouth of the Yalu River. This is the second naval battle after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and it is also a major decisive battle for the Chinese and Japanese navies. The battle took place near Dadonggou (now donggang city, Liaoning Province) at the mouth of the Yalu River. On the morning of September 15, Beiyang Navy escorted more than 4,000 reinforcements to North Korea. After returning home, he was stopped by the Japanese army in Dadonggou, and the fighting broke out. The Japanese navy put the 12 combat warship off the coast of Datong River, including all its essence, which can be said to be almost a rush. After the Afternoon War, beiyang fleet hit Japanese ships Bican, Chicheng and Xijing Maru hard, but beiyang fleet's Central Guard and Chaoyong II were also hit hard.

The Yellow Sea naval battle process:

Dingyuan, the Flagship of Beiyang Navy

On the morning of September 1894, beiyang fleet's main 10 warship and eight auxiliary ships, led by Ding, arrived in Dalian Bay.

In the early morning 1, 4,000 people from ten battalions of the Ming army took five troop carriers and headed for Dadonggou at the mouth of the Yalu River.

At noon, the fleet arrived in Dadonggou (now donggang city, Liaoning Province), and all the troops landed the next morning.

At 8: 00 am on September 17, the troop ship was unloaded.

At 9 o'clock, the dragon flag hung on the flagship of Beiyang Navy Dingyuan and began to return.

10: 23, the First Guerrilla of Japan's Joint Fleet took the lead in discovering Beiyang Navy. Hanging the signal flag of "more than three enemy ships found in the northeast".

10: 30, the sentry on the mast of Zhenyuan Ship of Beiyang Navy saw several clusters of black smoke on the southwest sea and found the Japanese fleet. Ding immediately ordered the ships to fire and shoot with live ammunition, ready for battle.

12: 05, the first guerrilla of the Japanese joint fleet was the first, and our team was behind, in a single vertical array, close to Beiyang Navy.

12: 20, Beiyang navy was changed from double longitudinal array to.

Jiyuan cruiser

In the horizontal array, the flagship is located in the center, other ships are deployed on the left and right in turn, and the fleet is in a wedge echelon. At the same time, Ding also issued an order: "All teams must act in unison; Always face the enemy with the bow; These ships are within the possible scope and move with the flagship. "

12: 50, the two fleets are 5300 meters apart, and the flagship Dingyuan ship of Beiyang Navy fires first. The first guerrilla of the joint fleet turned left 5000 meters away from Beiyang Navy and headed for the right wing of Beiyang Navy. The joint fleet sailed to the right wing of Beiyang Navy, risking the fleet being exposed to Beiyang Navy. Ten seconds later, Zhenyuan Ship also fired shells, and then, beiyang fleet's ships also fired shells and bombarded them together. Three minutes later, Japan's flagship Matsushima ship also began to fight back.

12: 53, the flagship of the joint fleet, Matsushima, began to fight back. The main mast of Dingyuan was shot, and the signal rigging was destroyed by gunfire (it is said that the flying bridge collapsed when the warship was old and fired), and Ding, who was supervising the war on the flying bridge, was seriously injured.

At the brake time, the guns of the two ships were in full bloom, the smoke was filled, and the sea was boiling.

At the beginning of the war, the strength of the two sides was compared as follows:

name

A cannon/door

Torpedo launch tube/frame

Total displacement/ton

Total strength/personnel

Average speed/knot

Northern navy

195

556

32 100

2 126

10.2

Japan's joint fleet

268

568

40840

39 16

14.5

Among them, the average speed of the first Japanese guerrilla reached 19.4 knots. According to the statistics of the British Naval Yearbook, the firing rate of rapid-fire guns at that time was six times that of the original rear-mounted guns, so it was calculated that the firepower of the Japanese fleet was actually three times that of beiyang fleet. According to the navigation order, Japanese ships are equipped as follows:

The first guerrilla:

ships name

captain

Displacement/ton

Speed/knot

Main gun/door

Yoshino

Heyuan yaoyi

42 16

22.5

150 mm rapid-fire machine gun x 4

"high thousand households"

Nomura Zhen

3709

18

260mm x2

"Autumn jinzhou area"

Hizumi Uemura's City

3 150

19

150mm rapid-fire machine gun x4

"wave velocity"

Tougou Heihachirou

3709

18

260 mm× 2

The first group of our team:

ships name

captain

Displacement/ton

Speed/knot

Main gun/door

"Matsushima" flagship

Omoto knows

4278

16

320mm x 1

Chiyoda.

Masayoshi uchida

2439

19

120mm rapid-fire machine gun x 1

"Yandao"

Heng Wei Yu Dao

4278

16

320mmx 1

The second formation of our team:

ships name

captain

Displacement/ton

Speed/knot

Main gun/door

"abutment"

The weather is crisp.

4278

16

320mm x 1

Bi Rui.

Akio Sakurai

2284

13.2

170mm x2

"Fusang"

Xin Jing oil worker

3777

13

280mm x2

Left side of the team:

ships name

captain

Displacement/ton

Speed/knot

Main gun/door

"Xijing pill"

Jinye Jinyong

4 100

15

120mm

"Chicheng"

Sakamoto Yasutaro

622

10.25

120mm

Beiyang fleet 12 warships are equipped as follows:

ships name

Captain (tape)

Displacement/ton

Speed/knot

Main gun/door

"Dingyuan" flagship

Liu

7335

14.5

305mm x4

"Zhenyuan"

Lin taizeng

7335

14.5

305mm x4

Yuan Jing.

lin yongsheng

2900

15.5

2 10/0mm x2

"Laiyuan"

Qiu baoren

2900

15.5

2 10/0mm x2

"Zhiyuan"

deng shichang

2300

18

2 10/0mm x3

close a park (according to scheduled time)

Ye Zugui

2300

18

2 10/0mm x3

"Jiyuan"

fang boqian

2300

15

2 10/0mm x2

"Plain"

Li he

2 100

14.5

260mm x 1

"super courage"

Jianxun Huang

1350

15

250 mm x2

"nourishing stomach"

Lin lvzhong

1350

15

250 mm x2

Guang Jia.

Kingyung Woo

1296

15

150mm x2

"Guangbing"

Cheng biguang

1000

17

120mm x3

The other six are gunboat Zhennan, Zhong Zhen and torpedo boat Long Fu, with one left, two right and three right.

Shortly after the battle began, beiyang fleet's flagship "Dingyuan" ship was launched 12 years, and it was not repaired for 7 years. The turret of the main gun caught fire, Ding was burned and the national flag was destroyed (it is said that it was hit by Japanese naval guns). Ding refused to lift himself into the inner cabin and insisted on sitting on the deck to bid. But he can only boost the morale of a boatload of people. The 4th Ship of the First Guerrilla took advantage of its speed to attack the right-wing "Chaoyong" and "Yangwei" of beiyang fleet, and the 2nd Ship was hit and caught fire one after another, thus quitting the battle. The Japanese ship Yoshino was also hit by beiyang fleet and caught fire, but it was quickly put out. /kloc-around 0/3: 30, Chaoyong sank and led Huang Jianxun into the water. The torpedo boat Zuo Yi approached to rescue him and threw a long rope to help him, but Huang Jianxun failed and died calmly, and most of the officers and men on board died heroically.

When the Japanese First Guerrilla attacked the right wing of beiyang fleet, our team also attacked the main force of beiyang fleet. Japanese warships Birui, Chicheng, Fusang and Xijing Maru were intercepted by beiyang fleet.

Dingyuan, Laiyuan and Jingyuan hit Japanese ships Bi Rui and Chicheng hard. The captain of Chicheng Sakamoto Bataro was killed. "Xijing Maru" was also hit hard.

At around 14: 00 and 15: 00, the Japanese fleet went around the rear of beiyang fleet and formed a double attack with the first guerrilla. Beiyang fleet between Scylla and Charybdis, the formation is more chaotic.

deng shichang

Chaos. In the scuffle, the former Zhiyuan ship that beiyang fleet had been robbing and killing was bombarded by Yoshino and Takahashi, with many injuries and tilted hull. Ito Sukeyuki ordered the First Guerrilla to rescue Chicheng and Bi Rui. "Yoshino" rushed to the front and was encountering the "Zhiyuan" ship on fire. When Deng Shichang saw that Yoshino was being bullied by his ship, he said angrily, "Japanese ships only rely on Yoshino. If it is a ship, then our army can collect things." Determined to collide with it and die together. Deng Shichang resolutely crashed into the starboard side of the Japanese capital ship Yoshino at full speed. When the Japanese officers and men saw it, they were shocked and concentrated their fire on Zhiyuan. The torpedo tube on the right side of Zhiyuan was hit, causing a big explosion. At 3: 30, it tilted to starboard and sank in the Yellow Sea at east longitude 123 degrees 34 minutes and north latitude 39 degrees 32 minutes. From Deng Shichang down, except for seven people who were rescued, all the officers and men of the ship died heroically. This statement is the closest to the truth at present. Zhiyuan ship rushed to Yoshino, probably for torpedo attack. There is also a saying that the Zhiyuan ship was sunk by Japanese artillery fire, and the Beiyang Navy had already thrown the torpedo into the sea before the war. )

"Jingyuan" continued to fight against "Yoshino" and was besieged by four ships: Yoshino, Su Lang, Qiu jinzhou area and Qiu Gao Qiu. A cluster of bullets caught fire in the middle, and the whole ship bravely resisted. The officers and men of the Jingyuan ship "fired at the enemy, stirred the water to put out the fire, and there was still order." After one enemy and four long-distance ships, they refused to fight for a long time. In the fierce battle, Lin Yongsheng, the captain of the pipeline, was unfortunately hit by a shell, his brain ruptured and he died. Chen Rong, the first mate of the pipe chief, and Chen Jingying, the second mate, also died of gunfire. Finally, under the siege of Su Lang, Yoshino, Qiujinzhou and Gao Qiu Hill, the long-distance ship suffered heavy losses. Soon, "the bow of the port ship sank into the water", and in the sea area of east longitude 123 degrees 40 minutes and 7 seconds and north latitude 39 degrees 5 1 minute, the bow turned east, and the port side capsized and sank. More than 200 officers and men of the whole ship were killed except 16 who were rescued.

After Zhiyuan sank, Fang Boqian and Kingyung Woo, led by Ji Yuan and Guang Jia, escaped from the chicken (Fang Boqian and others have different opinions on whether to escape from the chicken). "Jingyuan" and "Laiyuan" quit the battle because of too many bullets, and took refuge near Dalu Island to repair the damaged machine urgently.

Dingyuan and Zhenyuan fought bloody battles, were shot many times and caught fire several times.

At 3: 30 pm, Zhenyuan 30.5 cm cannon hit the Japanese flagship "Matsushima" twice in a row. After the No.4 turret on the back deck of Matsushima was shot, the flame caused an explosion and a big explosion occurred. Matsushima's ship's shaft tilted 5 degrees, emitting white smoke and blazing fire.

Soon, Jingyuan and Laiyuan completed emergency repairs and re-entered the battle. Japanese warships Chicheng, Birui and Xijing Maru were injured, and the situation of the flagship Matsushima was not optimistic. "Yoshino" and "Fusang" were also injured. Seeing beiyang fleet regrouping, Ito Sukeyuki ordered to retreat around 17: 40.

The Flagship of Japan's Joint Fleet-Matsushima

battlefield

Beiyang fleet short pursuit, also closed back to Lushun. The naval battle in the Yellow Sea, which lasted more than five hours, ended here.

The Yellow Sea naval battle lasted more than five hours, and its scale and time are rare in the Far East theater in the history of modern world naval battles.

The result of naval battle: beiyang fleet lost five warships, namely Zhiyuan, Jingyuan, Chaoyong, Yangwei and Guang Jia (Guang Jia ran aground after fleeing the battlefield and self-destructed a few days later), killing and injuring more than a thousand officers and men; Japanese fleets Matsushima, Yoshino, Bi Rui, Chicheng and Xijing Maru suffered heavy losses, with more than 600 casualties. Beiyang navy suffered heavy losses in this battle, but it was not completely defeated. However, in order to preserve his strength, Li Hongzhang ordered beiyang fleet to hide in Weihai Port and not to patrol the sea to meet the enemy. Japan seized the sea power of the Yellow Sea.

The naval battle in the Yellow Sea further exposed the corruption and incompetence of the Qing Dynasty. At the beginning of the establishment of Beiyang Navy, the fleet far surpassed the Japanese Navy in firepower and overall tonnage. The Japanese navy has made plans to expand its navy. In order to raise funds, the emperor even allocated funds from the harem funds to the navy, while the Qing court did not add one ship and one gun for ten years. The warships of the Qing navy are outdated and backward. Although the training level of the navy is not low, the ordnance is increasingly backward. The Japanese navy stepped up training to maintain warships. While building its own ships, it bought new ships from the Royal Navy to learn from its experience. Before the start of the naval battle, the warships of Beiyang Navy were old, the boilers were damaged, and the naval guns used armor-piercing projectiles, which had slow firing rate and insufficient power. The Japanese navy is well-trained, equipped with a large number of new warships, using large-caliber guns, equipped with rapid-fire guns, and developed new artillery shells, which also surpass the Beiyang navy in overall tonnage and have great advantages in naval battles.

The duration of the Yellow Sea naval battle. 1894 September 17 The naval battle starts at 12: 50 and ends at 5: 30 pm. The self-improvement achievements of China's 30-year Westernization Movement went up in smoke in these four hours.

The Battle of Weihaiwei is a defensive battle to defend the Beiyang naval base area, and it is also the last battle of beiyang fleet. At that time, there were 26 Beiyang Navy ships in Ahava Port. 189565438+1October 20th, under the command of General ōyama Iwao, the Second Japanese Army, including Lieutenant General Mita's Second Division and Lieutenant General Heimuweizhen's Sixth Division, with 25,000 men, began to land on Rongcheng Longxu Island under the cover of Japanese ships, and all of them landed on the 23rd. On 30th, the Japanese army concentrated on attacking Nanbangbao in Ahava. There are only six battalions of the Qing army in Nanbangbao, with 3,000 people. Zhou Jiaen, the camp official, resisted tenaciously to defend the Motianling position and was finally annihilated. The Japanese army also suffered heavy casualties, and its left-wing commander Major General Kang Chengdaxi was killed by the shells of the Qing army. This is the only general killed in the Sino-Japanese War. Due to the disparity in strength, Nanbangbao was finally captured by the Japanese army. On February 3, the Japanese army occupied Weihai Acropolis. Weihai was completely occupied by the Japanese army, and Ding's command became an island. The commander of the Japanese joint fleet, Ito Sukehiro, wrote to Ding to persuade him.

Wax Statues of Historical Figures in Liu Gongdao China War Museum, Weihai

Jiankang turned down Ding. In the early morning of the 5th, the flagship Dingyuan ship Zhong Lei ran aground and is still used as a "water battery". At 438+00 on June 5, Dingyuan ran out of ammunition and Liu committed suicide. On June 1 1, Ding refused to commit suicide under the threat of foreign military officers and major generals such as Niu Chang transferred from Weihai Commercial Office. Yang Yonglin, the governor of Zhenyuan, finally committed suicide under the pressure of foreign officials and Niu Chang, who presided over the surrender. In June, 5438+02, the surrender was drafted by Hao Wei, a foreign member of the United States, and in the name of Ding, Guangzhou Automobile Pipe was sent to the Japanese flagship. 14, Niu Chang and Ito Sukehiro signed the Weihai Surrender Treaty, which stipulated that all ships in Ahava Port, Liu Gongdao Fort and all ordnance materials on the island should be handed over to the Japanese army. 1895, 17 In March, the Japanese army landed in Liu Gongdao, the naval base in Ahava fell, and beiyang fleet was wiped out.