Research Status of Hemingway's Works in China

Ernest? m？ Ernest hemingway (1899 ~ 196 1) is an American novelist. 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature winner.

He was born on1July 2, 8991day, ranking the second among six children in a family. His mother asked him to practice playing the cello; His father taught him to fish and shoot. There seems to be no trauma in childhood. Middle school is 19 17. He is a passionate and competitive American boy. Good academic performance, all-round development of sports (swimming, football, shooting, and secretly going to the local gym to learn boxing), participating in debate groups, playing cello in the school band, editing the hanger of the school newspaper, contributing to the literary magazine board, writing short stories (which have begun to take shape in the future) and writing poems. Sometimes he hitchhiked to travel. Once I hunted herons in a game reserve, and then I hid to avoid legal punishment. Some critics believe that Hemingway's trip away from home shows that he lived a normal life in his childhood; But in the eyes of other critics, it symbolizes his early rebellion against the lifestyle of Oak Garden and reflects the tension in his family life.

The interests of his father and mother must be diametrically opposed, which caused mutual reaction and some hostility in him. Sister Roach Mazer Ni Lin? Sanford is two years older than him, but grew up with Hemingway, saying that his parents "love each other deeply", but admitting that they "often get tired of each other". His mother Grace? Hall? Hemingway is a believer in the congregational church and has a strong religious concept (she named her four daughters saints), but she is also an artistic woman. She decorated her family environment like a cultural salon organized by the church. His father Clarence? Ed Gardez? Hemingway is an outstanding doctor, an enthusiastic and well-trained athlete, and a professional who studies nature. He aroused his son's interest in outdoor activities. In summer, they live in a house near Lake Toschi in northern Michigan. Dr Hemingway sometimes makes house calls with his son, crossing Hualong Lake, and going to the residence of Chinese Indians in Ojeb. They often go fishing and hunting together. They are closely related, although his father is strict with himself, even more strict and puritanical than Mrs Hemingway.

The influence of his parents on him is at least obvious. His interest in outdoor activities, as an athlete's training and courage, has never diminished. He likes music (although he hates learning cello) and art, as always. He cherished Bach and Mozart, saying that he learned writing methods from "research and acoustics and counterpoint"; He also said, "what I learned from painters is the same as what I learned from writers." Judging from the data of Hemingway's childhood and adolescence in Oak Park, nothing can explain that he will not be a normal adult in the future. However, if we look at the autobiographical writer's works, we will find that those are related to Necker? Adams' stories about that period (Indian Tent, Doctor and Doctor's Wife, The End of Something, Three-Day Gale, Fighter and Black Boy) are all about violence and fear, confusion and disappointment-and loneliness. His classmates pointed out that loneliness and versatility are the most prominent characteristics of Hemingway's life.

Two months before he graduated, the United States entered the war. Carlos. Becker wrote: "The road he faces is to go to college, fight and work." Hemingway chose a job. He has a problem with his left eye (he accidentally injured his left eye while practicing boxing, and his vision dropped, so his left eye vision never recovered), so he is not suitable for fighting. 19 17 10 month, he began to work as a trainee reporter in Kansas city's Star, which was one of the best newspapers in the United States at that time. In six months, he interviewed hospitals and police stations, and also told G? g？ Wellington learned excellent business knowledge there. Hemingway learned for the first time in The Star that style, like life, needs training. Print out the list of famous styles of stars: "use short sentences" and "the first paragraph should be short." Use lively language. Say it positively, not negatively. " Hemingway learned to turn the rules of writing news into literary principles in a relatively short time.

However, the attraction of war attracted Hemingway more and more, and he began his expedition in the second half of May 19 18. Two months ago, he volunteered to go to Italy as a driver of the Red Cross, and only stayed at the front for a week. Late at night on the last day of this week, Hemingway was hit by an Austrian mortar shrapnel while distributing chocolate to Italian soldiers in the village of Fu Salda on the Piavi River in northeast Italy. A soldier next to him was killed and another soldier in front of him was seriously injured. When he dragged the injured soldier to the back, he was hit by a machine gun in the knee again; When they arrived at the shelter, the wounded soldier was already dead. Hemingway got more than 200 shrapnel on his leg, and his left knee was interrupted by a machine gun, so he was forced to have platinum knee surgery. He stayed in a hospital in Milan for three months and had more than a dozen operations. Most of the shrapnel was taken out, and a few shrapnel remained on him until he died. When he was injured, it was two weeks before his 19 birthday.

In the early 1950s, Hemingway said, "For writers, war experience is valuable. But this kind of experience is too much, but it is harmful. " The explosion that destroyed Hemingway's body also penetrated into his thoughts, which had a longer and far-reaching impact. A direct consequence is insomnia, and I can't sleep all night in the dark. Five years later, Hemingway and his wife lived in Paris, and he still couldn't sleep without turning on the light. In his works, people with insomnia can be seen everywhere. Jack in The Sun Also Rises? Frederick bernice in A Farewell to Arms? Henry, Nick. Adams and Mr. Fletcher in The Gambler, Nuns and the Radio, Harry in Snow in Kilimanjaro and the elderly waiters in Clean and Bright Places all suffer from insomnia and are afraid of the night.

The old waiter said, "After all, it's just insomnia. There must be many people who have this disease. " Insomnia is a symptom of this painful complication. Hemingway, his hero and ("there must be many people suffering from this disease") his compatriots are suffering. Philip? Yang made a wonderful and reasonable psychological analysis of Hemingway's personality, and put forward the argument that the emotions caused by the trauma he caused were beyond his rational control. Hemingway searched for this kind of similar experience repeatedly and obsessively in his later years to drive away that kind of mental trauma; If he can't do it, he will constantly reproduce the incident through creative thinking to control the anxiety caused by it.

Yang wisely pointed out that Hemingway was ultimately concerned with art, not trauma. But in a local scope, Yang's personality theory can unify Hemingway's personality with his works. Moreover, for Hemingway to observe the war and for this artist, this theory has given special significance. A Farewell to Arms and some short stories describe the social, emotional and moral significance of war. However, it is not only this description that makes his war experience "valuable": it forged his view on human destiny in his mind, which influenced almost all his works. Mortar fragments have become a symbol of the destructive power of the cruel world, and Hemingway and his hero have become symbols of the injured human beings seeking a way to survive. He is almost ready to turn that perception of life into a literary work.

In the five years after he won the Red Medal of Courage, he slowly went to his destination and worked hard for his writing career. Oak Park warmly welcomes its hero back, but Hemingway's parents-especially his mother-are bored with it, because the young man has no ambition except writing and is very willing to accept the support of his family. He has written features for Toronto's Daily Star and Star Weekly. His sister Roach Mazer Ni Lin wrote that just after his 2 1 birthday, his mother issued an ultimatum: either find a permanent job or move out. Hemingway moved out and spent a year in Chicago as an editor of Cooperative Welfare, an organ newspaper for promoting cooperative investment. That winter, he met Sherwood, his first important friend in the literary world? Anderson, and through him, met with other members of the Chicago School. At the same time, he knew and fell in love with Hadley? Richardson, she has beautiful red hair and is eight years older than him. 192 1 In September, Hemingway married Hadley, spent their honeymoon in their country house, and then went to Toronto to be a special correspondent for several months.

However, what he really needs is Europe and time for writing. Mr. and Mrs. Hemingway are determined to accept a job as a part-time reporter abroad. In the following two years, Hemingway became a mobile reporter of the Star in Europe, living in Paris, writing reports on international conferences between Geneva and Lausanne, including concise and dramatic telegrams of the Greek-Turkish war. Occasionally, he will write some relaxed but keen impressions about Swiss skiing, Spanish bullfighting and post-war life in Germany. His early journalism training, coupled with his natural love for simplicity, has become a style, and the telegrams he writes now-concise and compact-make this style more powerful.

At the same time, he wrote novels and poems and wanted to find a publisher to publish one of his things, but he never found it (since 19 18). 1922 A series of events happened quickly, which accelerated his hopes, and then he was disappointed. He depends on Sherwood? Hans Christian Andersen's letter of introduction, taking his works to see Gertrude? Stan, her salon on Flores Road is Ezra? Bond and James? Jones and maddox? An art center for people living abroad like Ford. Stan likes this young man. He looks like a mainlander and his eyes are "curious and emotional". She encouraged him to become a writer, but suggested that he give up his job as a journalist completely and revise his prose more concisely: "There are many descriptions here, but they are not well written. Start from scratch and write better. " Pound also liked the new writer, walked and boxed with him, and encouraged him to continue writing poems. In May and June, Hemingway published his works for the first time-a two-page satirical fable "Strange Posture" and a poem "The Last" with only four lines. Is this poem fill in the blanks, William? The blank left by Faulkner's six poems. A magazine in New Orleans, Two-faced, published these two works, and he owes his luck to Sherwood? Anderson helped.

The disaster happened at the end of 1922, when he was attending the Lausanne Peace Conference. He agreed to let Hadley bring a suitcase to see him. Hadley put almost all his manuscripts in this box (some of them were sent by mail). At Lyon station in Paris, she put the suitcase in the suitcase. After a while, she came back and found that the suitcase was gone. A few years later, Hemingway gave it to Carlos. Becker's letter said: This incident made him so miserable that he "couldn't wait to have an operation at once so as not to think about it." Hemingway had no choice but to start over, and this time he achieved amazing success. 1923, several of his works were adopted by publications. Harriet? Munro published his first short poem in Poetry Journal (1924 1 month). Margaret. Anderson and A Cheng? Heep published six short stories (* * * eighteen short stories) in Little Review (1 April, 923), which was originally planned to be published in the following year1month, with the overall title "In Our Time"; 1summer of 923, Robert? Michael Carmen published Hemingway's first work, three stories and ten poems (three stories in Michigan, my old man and untimely).

Although the future seems certain, there are real obstacles on the road. Hadley is pregnant and the couple have little money. They agreed to live in Toronto for two years and come to Paris after earning enough money, then he could devote himself to writing. They left Paris on August 1923. John? Hadley ("Bumby")? Hemingway was born in 10, but by 1924 1 0, Hemingway and his wife had returned to Paris and Mont panas and settled down in an apartment in Notre Dame de Deschamps. Hemingway's success was delayed again because he had to spend part of his time working to support his family. He hasn't been to the vagrant life in martel, and he doesn't have enough to eat, which is recorded in The Flowing Banquet, but he insists on writing. As Stein observed, "He writes very seriously and wants to be a writer." The breakthrough occurred in 1925, perhaps with the help of two influential supporters. Scott. Before Fitzgerald knew Hemingway, Edmund? Wilson showed him Hemingway's works, and Fitzgerald was very impressed, urging Maxwell of Crist Company? Perkins went to read the manuscript. Perkins wrote a letter, but it was ten days late because of a mailing error. Hemingway once accepted the 200 yuan advance payment from Bonnie and Livwright of Antoine Publishing House, published his collection of short stories "In Our Time", including the early sketches of the novels of the same name, and also accepted the permission of the publishing company for his two books.

As far as economic income is concerned, it is a failure in our time. Next book, Sherwood's satirical simulation? Anderson's Spring Tide is also a failure, but Hemingway caused Allen? Tate, Paul? Rosenfeld and Louis? Kronberg and other important American critics have noticed that Hemingway is a new voice in American literature. However, it was Fitzgerald who talked about Hemingway's talent most convincingly. In "How to Waste Materials-Comment on My Contemporaries", Fitzgerald attacked those writers who have achieved a solid position, especially Heng. Road? Mencken and Sherwood? Anderson-It is "insincere" to think that they "emphasize the significance of discovering America" because they don't have this need themselves. Fitzgerald said that people living abroad do have this advantage. They can form a "non-corrupt style" for themselves and show their purified warm feelings. Fitzgerald takes Hemingway and In Our Time as the main examples to show that the writer "has a new temperament" and has the above two characteristics. Fitzgerald's article was published in May. Five months later, Hemingway confirmed that Fitzgerald's praise was very reasonable.

1926 10, the scribe Turner Company published The Sun Also Rises, and Hemingway, who was less than 30 years old, became a critical writer. As a writer's first novel, it sold well and won favorable comments. In his later years, Hemingway recalled his dreams, hard training and disasters when he recalled the life scenes from192 to 1926 in his book The Flowing Banquet. Dreams are idyllic: pure love for Hadley, beautiful places such as Paris and Warrab, friendship between friends. Hard training-writing yourself as a hungry person, eager for success, and relentlessly restraining yourself is also to form your own literary style. Disaster is a nightmare reality that comes with success. It shattered dreams and destroyed training, leaving only desire, indulgence and disappointment. When Hemingway wrote this book, physical and psychological diseases may aggravate the sweetness and pain of remembering the old people. However, in a sense, it also shows that Hemingway finally understood that his early years in Paris were the most integrated time for him as a person and an artist. He published In Our Time and The Sun Also Rises, especially A Farewell to Arms published by 1929. He has enough experience to form his views on human destiny and his style of expressing this view. Although his artistic development is not over yet, what he wrote later is more exquisite and brilliant at most, which changed the theme of his writing.

His performance in the next twenty or thirty years can be sung-except for a series of almost legendary anecdotes-to some extent because Hemingway flexibly adapted his image among the masses to the requirements of the times. It is for this reason that his personal charm among the masses-whether it is the friendly nickname "Dad" or the combative title "Champion". However, what is more attractive is the drastic changes in the heart. When his fame has changed from a trickle to a trend, his sensory ability seems to be rolling in the sink. In early works, fear and beauty are inextricably linked: they can only be conveyed through extremely subtle feelings. Artists control people's image. In later works, the nuances of repressed feelings are often written too far, almost becoming a mockery of feelings. The inner dramatic power is here. Because Hemingway seems to want to make up for his artistic failure and overreaction in life. What he did in the real world still reflects his tragic experience, and he urgently needs to face the hostile world and affirm his self-image. However, because the heroic spirit is too conspicuous and too determined, the actions of the characters are too obvious. Therefore, it has been reduced to the point of being funny, embarrassing and often boring. If he explored art in the 1920s, the artist himself became an adventurer in the 1930s and 1940s. His outlook on life has not changed, but his works of art have relaxed.

Between The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway divorced Chudleigh and Pauline, the former fashion editor of Vogue. Pa Fafe got married, and they returned to the United States and settled in Kivis Island. 1927, Hemingway completed and published his second collection of short stories, Men Without Women. 1928, when he wrote the first draft of A Farewell to Arms, Pauline gave birth to their first child (she gave birth to two sons); When revising the first draft, he learned that his father had diabetes and committed suicide because of financial difficulties, using the pistol his father used during the civil war. Twenty years later, Hemingway recalled in the preface of the illustrated book A Farewell to Arms: "There were good times and bad times that year", but he said that he "lived in a book" and "was happier than I ever was." In the early 1930s, he was rich in economy, happily married and taking risks everywhere. Over the years, he went to Wyoming and Montana to hunt wild ducks and elk, hunted large animals in Africa, and boarded the customized yacht "pilar" to fish off Kivis Island and Bemini Island. These years were the Great Depression. The economic crisis plunged the country into depression, but Hemingway was more like an avid boy scout. From 1934 to 1936, he wrote 23 vivid but not very valuable articles for Master magazine, describing hunting and fishing, providing a spiritual refuge for victims in cities during the Great Depression. They saw the face of a hero in an unfortunate period in Hemingway's rough and arrogant face and strong body; His implicit prose and concise dialogue show a typical "elegant demeanor under heavy pressure". His two non-fiction works published over the years have strengthened this image. One is Death in the Afternoon (1932), which praises the ceremony of bullfighting, and the other is Castle Peak in Africa (1935), which describes a hunting trip and previews the tragedy of man and beast, but almost screams at the dignity of human courage.

In the early 1930s, for whom the bell tolls was written relatively little. In the 1920s, Hemingway published two novels, thirty-five short stories, a model work of harmony, some poems and a considerable number of communication reports. In the first half of 1930s, his main work was Winner Get Nothing (1933), which was a collection of 14 short stories. 1936, he published Snow of Kilimanjaro, one of his best short stories. The protagonist is a writer who laughs at himself because he can't write what he should write.

From 1937 to the end of World War II, the artist Hemingway remained an adventurer, only changing his costume. Yes or no (1937)? Lee? Morgan's words-"one person can't do it ... he is too good to have an accident"-at first, Hemingway and his hero sacrificed their private affairs and turned to the collective responsibility caused by the world crisis. At least on the surface, the Great Depression and the Spanish Civil War shattered Hemingway's belief that the main task of a writer is to "write people directly and sincerely" and that "anyone who takes politics as a way out is cheating." Left-wing critics have always laughed at Hemingway's isolationism in his mind, and now welcome his transformation. In fact, Hemingway did not turn left in his novel creation. The characters in his novels all took the old road-adventure and loneliness, and the result was a dead end. They re-entered this world, because democracy may be better than fascism, but although they are mixed with the people, they are not a member of the people. So did Hemingway. No matter what war he took part in, it became his war. As always, he used his own conditions and reasons to fight.

Hemingway went to Spain at the beginning of 1937. Officially, he is a reporter of the Arctic American Newspaper Union, but he is not an impartial bystander. He lent money to the troops loyal to * * * and the government to buy an ambulance service, spoke at the second national writers' conference in the United States to attack fascism, helped to film the pro-* and government film Land of Spain (1938), and published his only long drama "The Fifth Column" describing the conflict. 1939, he bought a property in the "lookout farm" on the outskirts of Havana. In the house on top of the property, he wrote a novel about fascism, democracy and individuals, For whom the bell tolls.

A few days after the novel was published, Pauline? Paavo divorced him on the grounds of being abandoned. Less than a week later, Hemingway married his third wife, Martha? Gail Horn, a native of St. Louis, is a novelist and journalist. They lived together for five years. In the first two years of their marriage, they went to China as war reporters. Hemingway wrote a report for the now closed new york newspaper Afternoon. Hemingway believes in these reports that it is unlikely that war will break out between Japan, Britain and the United States, but it is not impossible. He foresaw that if Japan attacked American bases in the Pacific or Southeast Asia, war would be inevitable.

1942 to 1944, he was sent by Corriere magazine to the third army of General Patton as a journalist without military status. During this period, Hemingway patrolled the sea with the pilar, and the pilar was funded by the government, equipped with communication and blasting facilities, and became an anti-submarine warship in disguise. Although "pilar" didn't encounter submarines (if it did, Hemingway would have ordered himself to throw grenades and incendiary bombs at the control tower), Hemingway's report may have helped the navy detect the positions of some submarines and sank them, and Hemingway was commended for these achievements. 1944 Hemingway cooperated with the Royal Air Force and took part in several battles by plane. He was not injured, but in a car accident during the blackout in London, his head and knees were injured. Several newspapers published his obituary, but not long after, on the day when the allied forces landed in Forks, Normandy? Hemingway watched the battle for a few minutes on the green beach before returning to the boat.

Although he nominally belonged to General Patton's army, he acted together with the Fourth Infantry Division of the First Army and participated in the Battle of the Liberation of Paris and the Battle of the Convex Land. His bold description is exaggerated or distorted, but he acts more like a soldier than a reporter. He patrolled and inquired about a post outside the Paris elementary school very effectively, gathering information for the advance of General Leclerc's troops. During the German counterattack, he risked his life and took part in fierce fighting with short weapons in the forest of Hertmann. Soldiers have a better impression of him than journalists. Perhaps his colleagues were angry because of his arrogant attitude, or perhaps he exaggerated how he personally led a small guerrilla liberation travel club and Ritz Hotel. A group of reporters accused Hemingway of violating the Geneva Convention that war correspondents are not allowed to take part in combat. Hemingway appeared in court, escaped conviction after a short trial, and later won a bronze star medal. Hemingway was forty-six years old when the war ended. The image he described for himself as a war-torn and indomitable veteran is no longer a pencil sketch, but a full-length portrait painted with gloomy pigments. What else is there? Hemingway explained through his words and deeds that he wanted to have a new start in life and art. During the war years, he only published a report on the Sino-Japanese war written for Afternoon and a telegram written for Corriere and brought back from the European war zone. Now he generally claims to be writing a work, a novel about "land, sea and sky". Hemingway seems to strengthen his feeling of a new life. At the end of 1945, he and Martha? Gail Horn returned to "Lookout Farm" on March 1946 after his divorce, accompanied by his fourth and last wife, Mary? Another reporter, Wilsh, is from Minnesota.

1940 years later, Hemingway once published the novel Crossing the River into the Forest (1950), which is not a heavy work expected by readers. He almost died of erysipelas a year ago. The actual reason is that dust got into his eyes and his eyes became inflamed after rubbing, but Hemingway exaggerated this little thing, saying that when he was shooting wild ducks near Venice, a little bullet was stuffed into his eyes. When he was in hospital, he decided to write this little work. The objective situation can't change the opinions of the critics, and this work has been badly criticized. Moderate critics call it "emotional boredom" and think Hemingway still has potential; Most critics rudely attacked it as a poor imitation of self-pity. In Richard? In Colonel Cantwell, Hemingway's autobiographical image is very prominent, and he nags about the unavoidable themes-death, loneliness, love and courage-which is the embodiment of his experience in the 1940s. Since then, he has been deeply involved in past experiences, as if nostalgia can make up for artistic incompetence. He has changed from an artist's right to an explorer and an adventurer who pursues art, and this cycle is coming to an end.

He first returned to the 1930s, when hunting and fishing were risky. 1953, he and Mary went hunting in Africa. He was already covered with scars, and this time he met a series of plane accidents and almost died. In the first car crash, Mary broke two hypochondriac bones, Hemingway's liver and waist were broken, and his lower spine was seriously injured. The next day, the plane crashed again, and Hemingway suffered a dozen concussions in his life. This is the most serious one (the engine room caught fire, the door was caught, and Hemingway knocked the door open with his head), plus internal injuries. Although he began to have bad luck, he was lucky enough to read his obituary when he was recuperating in Nairobi Hospital (Hemingway was the only famous writer who saw his obituary in his lifetime). He wrote a long report describing his experience in Africa, but only two second-rate news reports were published in Outlook magazine.

Fishing yields better results. 15 years ago, he published a communication about a Cuban fisherman in Grandfather magazine. Now he wrote The Old Man and the Sea (1952) based on this material to make up for his literary loss. At the same time, he won the Pulitzer Prize and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954, which may also be the help of the old man and the sea. At this time, he worked harder to clear the stubborn obstacles to the past and went to the 1920s, when he had already described the matador Anthony? Odonez and Louis? The match between dominguez was written into another "Death in the Afternoon". As a result, two consecutive reports, called Dangerous Summer, were published in Life magazine (the rest were never published), and they were also pale and boring to read.

Then there was Paris, where he studied art in the early 1920s. Before Hemingway came back from Spain, he looked for it in a big box of notes he wrote that year. He told his wife that he planned to "write a biography backwards and recall a biography." When Hemingway and his wife returned to Cuba, they told Fidel? Student Luo couldn't grasp the situation after the victory, left the "lookout farm" and moved to a big villa in Kaiqin, Idaho, where Hemingway processed and revised his notes. After he died, Mary? Hemingway found this typed manuscript in a blue box in his room. She said in an article in The New York Times: "He must think that the book has been written and only needs editing and processing." 1964, this book was published, titled "The Floating Banquet".

1960, Hemingway's writing enthusiasm must have brought him great pain. He is weak, tall, shriveled, gaunt and suffering. When he lived in Mayo Sanatorium, the diagnosis was not good: hypertension, possibly diabetes (which had tortured his father), iron metabolism disorder, a rare disease that endangered major organs. Psychologically, he is worse, he can hardly speak clearly, and his anxiety and depression are very serious-Seymour? Becky and Leslie. 1960 1 1 month, Federer visited him and wanted to invite him to give a speech at the University of Montana. Afterwards, he wrote that he looked like a "primary school student without ideas". 196 1 spring, he had 25 times of electrotherapy to relieve depression. He spent a month in Mayo Sanatorium and soon returned to Kaito. 196 1 On the morning of July 2, 2008, he put the muzzle of a silver-inlaid shotgun at the corner of his mouth, and the two triggers were locked together.

In Island in Torrential Water, Hemingway's wounded and dying hero says, "Don't worry, man ... this is the road you've been walking all your life." Of course, Hemingway's exploration of life and art is full of the temptation of death. But remember, Hemingway was equally persistent in life. When he wrote about Paris at the end of The Floating Banquet, he made an analogy, which is applicable to his own life and the lives of the characters in his book: "Paris is always worth visiting, and what you bring will always pay off."