The second Chinese lesson in the second volume of the seventh grade is divided into six paragraphs.

Lesson 1: Prosperity is temporary,

Sui unification

158 1, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty established the outline of historical review of Chang 'an and Luoyang, the capitals of Sui Dynasty. Sui Wendi, Sui Wendi.

2589 CT Chen and Sui were damaged and returned to the north and south.

Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal opens

Objective: To strengthen the north-south traffic, so as to consolidate their own rule.

2. 3 o'clock: With Luo Yang as the center and Yuhang and Zhuo Jun in the north and south, the total length is 2,000 kilometers.

It consists of Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal and Hangou Jiangnan River.

4. Significance: Promote the economic and cultural exchanges between the north and the south of China.

Lesson: "The Last Romance"

The emperor's tyranny triggered a peasant uprising and the Tang Dynasty was founded. In 6 18, the emperor killed the sui dynasty and perished.

26 18, the establishment of Chang' an city in Tang Dynasty, Li Liyuan had high resistance.

After the Xuanwumen incident, the emperor ascended the throne, and the emperor was in the first year of Zhenguan.

① People-oriented in Sui and Jin Dynasties; (2) Minimum tax burden, public affairs (3) Develop production and be diligent and studious; (4) Abolish outdated politics, make social and economic prosperity, political clarity, social stability and economic clarity; (5) Reuse talents.

The historical law of "last romance" in order to improve people's living standards through rapid development and gradual enhancement of national strength.

In the history of our country, the only female emperor, Wu Zetian, continued the strategy of chastity during her reign, emphasizing production and selecting talents and appointing talents. Qingming (her rule) opened up the Yuan Dynasty politically and ruled macro chastity.

Lesson 3: Kaiyuan Shi Sheng "

The rule of the first century

Reasons: ① Reuse talents ② Officialdom 3) Advocate frugality BR />20. Prosperous economy.

Agriculture: ① Improved tools: Qu Yuan's plough and irrigation tools-trolleys.

② the agricultural production of "tea" by Miss Jiangnan Tea God BR/> Technology: ceramics, kiln porcelain and Yue kiln celadon, tri-colored in Tang Dynasty.

3 commerce occupies an important position-Tang metropolis: Chang 'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou and Chengdu.

An Shi Rebellion, the turning point of the prosperity and decline of Tang Dynasty, 907, Tang Dynasty.

Lesson Four: Establishing the Imperial Examination Birth System

1 year, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty began to take examinations in different subjects and chose the imperial examination system for officials, and the imperial examination system was born. Emperor epigraphy, China's imperial examination system was born.

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1, a large number of Tang dynasty, standing on the examination subjects, two subjects Jinshi, tomorrow's most important imperial examination system is perfect.

2. Emperor: ① Large-scale expansion? China culture; 3. Wu Zetian: ① The court examination system was established; Tang Xuanzong Wu Ju Group 2:( 1)

Jinshi Examination of Poetry and Fu in Imperial Examination System

Lesson 5: "Same"

The relationship between the Tang Dynasty and Tubo was established in today's Xinjiang regional governor.

164 1, Princess Wencheng Songzan Gambo and pro-military institutions, promoting economic and cultural exchanges between the two countries and the western regions.

2. In the 8th century, Princess Jincheng's foot bead Dan and pro-Tang Fan "He" Tang Xuanzong sealed the Uighur leader: Huairen Khan sealed Mohe Bohai County, and sealed Nanzhao royal prince Yunnan.

Lesson 6:

Tang Dynasty and Sino-Japanese relations were friendly, and Japan sent more than 65,438+00 ships to inspect and visit the Tang Dynasty.

2. Japanese culture in Tang Dynasty:

(2) (1) According to the example of China characters, in the reform of the Tang Dynasty, a Japanese character was created to study social life and customs.

③。

After half a year's efforts, Xuanzong Jian Zhen succeeded in Japan, which promoted the cultural exchange and development between China and Japan. The relationship between Tang and Silla

Trade: Silla Hotel, the first import in the Tang Dynasty.

4 Xuanzang's Journey: In the Tang Dynasty, Xuanzang traveled westward to Tianzhu Flower.

Buddhist scriptures and Buddhist records are the history of studying Buddhism in Central Asia, Indian subcontinent and Xinjiang in China.

Lesson 7: Sui and Tang Dynasties (1)

A building

1, architectural features of Sui and Tang Dynasties: large scale, rich and splendid culture, neat but not rigid, and China and the United States are not small.

2. Among them: ① Li designed and built one of the oldest stone arch bridges in the world; Chang 'an: the largest city in the world (3) the magnificent Daming Palace temple.

1, Sui Dynasty, Tang Dynasty, Diamond Sutra, printing invented the oldest block printing with exact date in the world. One side of the basic currency of Sun Simiao, the drug king in Tang Dynasty. "

Function: Poetry

A talented person with diverse styles in Tang Dynasty.

2. "Poet Fairy of Li Bai, a poet in the Tang Dynasty" represents the road that "Baidicheng arrives early" and is difficult to bypass: bold, fresh and elegant.

The declining period of the Tang Dynasty is called "great poet", and the poet's poems have the characteristics of "three officials": bold and powerful depression.

4, Tang Bai Juyi's "Three Masterpieces" in the new Yuefu poetry, such as easy to understand, but also easy to understand.

Lesson 8: splendid culture, Sui and Tang Dynasties (B

Calligraphy (2) represents the tablet of Yan Temple, which provides strong honesty. Yan Zhenqing is known as the "Yanzhaomen" public right.

(3) Liu Mystery Tower Monument, which is representative, is characterized by North Korea Times Square, glucose, golden mirror, and "Liu Ti".

Painters in the Tang Dynasty: ① Emperor Yan squinted at the ribs in the Tang Dynasty and painted this story very well. A character is a masterpiece. "Walker Figure 2 Wu Daozi in the Tang Dynasty, named" Watson ",is the masterpiece of" He pioneered freehand brushwork "and is the king of all dynasties."

Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, Thousand Buddha Cave Grottoes, Sui and Tang drill bits and the biggest artistic features in the world.

Dance: a magnificent treasure house, also known as the golden age of different styles, beautiful, harmonious and sonorous warmth. Hu Xuanwu, Gorgeous Feather of Qin Broken Array

Lesson 9:? The creator of the era of coexistence of minority regimes.

& ltBR/ State power of systematic state-owned capital

Baoji City and Beijing are in Qidan, Liaoning Province.

Zhao Han binge drinks 960.

Tokyo12nd century, Tang Dynasty, Northern Song Dynasty, Xixia Tangut Li Yuanhao Xingqing BR/ Golden Nuzhen Akuta began in 1 1 century, like; Opera 4 Yuan Qu, poetry playwright Guan Hanqing's masterpiece Dou Eyuan.

Calligraphy and Painting: Painting in Song and Yuan Dynasties reflects landscapes, flowers and birds, and genre painting "Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival" (1). Painter Zhang Zeduan of Northern Song Dynasty (this picture reflects the prosperity of rivers near Tokyo in Northern Song Dynasty # 92). Painter Zhao Mengfu of Yuan Dynasty; Drinking horses in the countryside in autumn, Zhao Meng # 92; "divine product" project

2. Su Shi's calligraphy: Song, Yuan, Ting Jian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang were popular running scripts, and they were called "the four great masters in Song Dynasty". Zhao Mengfu # 92 in Yuan Dynasty; Her husband's calligraphy, fresh expression, full of vitality and profound skills.

Biology:

The ancestor of modern apes, the outline of the seventh grade book review

Summarize the origin and evolution of human beings, ancient forest apes.

Modern apes, gorillas, chimpanzees, gibbons and orangutans.

Activities: Walking upright-the development and evolution of making and using tools, the further development of human brain-language generation. The basis of evolution and development of upright walking.

For example, the biosphere

Whether forests are recorded indiscriminately in Sri Lanka leads to natural disasters such as soil erosion and sandstorm, which is easy to waste people.

Excessive wastewater discharged from the lake leads to acid rain, which leads to rich nutrition of algae and other plankton in the lake, and the towering water affects the life of other organisms;

Excessive emission of sulfur dioxide and other harmful gases in the atmosphere has caused great new harm to biology and buildings. Excessive emission of carbon dioxide leads to global temperature rise, forming a "greenhouse effect".

Mourn for solid waste, industrial wastewater, silver and cadmium, which lead to various diseases: water disease and hate disease.

Design an action plan to protect the local ecological environment

* Overview of the structure and function of male reproductive system (completed on the right)

Structural Urinary Tract, Semen and Urine: Functional Structure and Function of Testis (Male Organ)

The epididymis and vas deferens transport, store and transport sperm.

Women produce sperm and secrete male hormones.

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Ovary (female genitalia) The structure and function of the reproductive system that produces eggs, and the structure and function of estrogen secretion.

& lt/ Fetal embryo in uterus? The fallopian tube is the place where eggs are transported.

Sperm enters vagina

Describe the fetal output channel and the process of fertilization.

Testis produces sperm and germ cells, and ovary produces egg cells. Sperm and fertilized eggs are in the fallopian tube.

Development: The formation from fertilized egg to embryo is a long process.

The embryonic development process of becoming a sexually mature individual and dividing a fertilized egg describes the transferred uterus, which develops to the blastocyst and later to the uterus, and endometriosis, which is called pregnancy;

2. Material exchange between fetus and mother's placenta.

3. At 40 weeks of pregnancy, the fetus secretes from the mother's vagina, which is called the mature period of delivery.

(2) The development of nervous system and the characteristics of heart, lungs and other organs suddenly increase during adolescence.

(3) The sexual organs develop and mature rapidly, accompanied by some physiological phenomena. The rapid development of sexual organs, the role of pituitary gonadotropin secretion, the menstrual phenomenon of nocturnal emission in boys and girls, sex hormones, the second feature, such as the role of boy's Adam's apple.

Development, healthy living habits of teenagers and nocturnal emission are normal phenomena. "Semen overflow, excessive spermatorrhea.

Only by cultivating lofty ideal girls' menstrual period and insisting on proper physical exercise can we maintain a good attitude and pay attention to personal hygiene. Normal interpersonal relationships, so self-esteem.

Human nutritional needs

Six nutrients: carbohydrate, protein, fat, water, inorganic salts, vitamins and others.

Fat: the main energy storage substance of the body

The main materials are sugar, fatty foods: peanuts, animal (plant) oil, butter, soybeans: sugary foods: sugar, rice, wheat, bread is rich in people, potatoes and sweet potatoes.

Protein's growth and development, the repair and renewal of damaged cells, raw food: milk, eggs, fish, meat and other water rich in protein, the main part of cells, also reduced the weight by about 60%-70%.

Vitamins: people's needs are not energy, but the basic substances of life activities.

Food sources of inorganic salts, inorganic salts and calcium rickets, symptoms of osteoporosis, symptoms of vitamin deficiency, night blindness, a type of vitamin deficiency, liver, dairy products, fish, tomatoes, carrots, etc.

Phosphorus, inorganic anorexia, anemia, myasthenia, vitamin B 1 neuritis, beriberi, vitamin c? Endemic goiter iron brown rice, peanuts, lean meat, yeast and bayberry

Leukemia fruits, vegetables and other iodine-containing inorganic salts, vitamin D rickets, osteoporosis animals, iron deficiency anemia, inorganic salts, liver milk.

Zinc inorganic salts in digestive tract and digestive gland of human digestive system describe the economic growth of the poor.

1, and then through digestion

(From top to bottom:

(1) Chew the ground food and stir it with your tongue. The peristalsis of pharynx and esophagus-diet channel, the mixing of food and gastric juice with digested food and saliva.

(2)), stomach-preliminary digestion by mixing

(4) Small intestine

(5) Digestion and absorption of large intestine (small intestine and duodenum)-food residues are pushed into anus (cecum at the beginning of large intestine) /(6) anus.

(1) Salivary gland-secretes saliva and primarily digests starch (starch sugar) through salivary amylase.

(2) Gastric adenocarcinoma-gastric juice secretion,

(3) Primary secretion of midgut gland-intestinal juice, digested carbohydrate, protein and fat/a >; (4) Pancreas-secretes pancreatic juice and digests carbohydrates, protein and fat.

(5) Liver-bile secretion, including digestive enzymes that can digest emulsified fat through protein.

Note: Salivary glands are located in pancreas, liver and gastrointestinal tract. Digestive juice secreted by pancreas and liver contacts with food in digestive tract. Salivary glands are located in external duodenum, intestinal glands and liver.

1, summarizing food digestion and nutrient absorption, digestion, stomach strengthening, and finally.

The food digested by protein is digested into amino acids.

Sugar is the largest digestive gland in human body. Digest, start the port, and finally digest into glucose.

Fat is digested in the small intestine, and finally the nutrients absorbed by the intestine are absorbed and digested into glycerol and fatty acids.

2 principal organs

Functional structure determines function: 1) The adult small intestine is 5-6 meters, which is the longest section in the digestive tract; 2) Small intestinal villi are predicted many times, which greatly increases the absorption area? "Small intestine wrinkle, as claimed, is absorbed, and nutrients such as amino acids and glucose are transported on the inner wall of capillary absorber. Reasonable design of early formula

* The energy of dinner should account for 30%, 40% and 30% respectively. Three meals a day.

It is reasonable to supplement five kinds of food. You can balance the dietary pagoda visually. watch out for

For food safety, eat fruits and vegetables, soak, rinse or cut the skin.

When buying food, pay attention to the compliance inspection of deterioration;

Do not eat sprouted potatoes, poisonous food and poisonous mushrooms;

Describe the human respiratory system (right side of the complete picture)

Composition of respiratory tract and pulmonary respiratory system.

Top-down breathing: clean, warm and humid air in the airway and lungs of otolaryngology department.

The formation of sputum, trachea and bronchial cilia, dust particles, bacteria and mucus on the surface can prevent the pharynx from being excreted by coughing.

The gas exchange in the lung is in the lung lobe, left lung, right lung, clover and alveolar unit. The respiratory rhythm is about 16 times that of human lung tissue cells in one minute, and gas is exchanged between alveolar wall and capillary wall.

1, overview.

BR/>； Alveolar exchange gas in squamous epithelial cells. When the inhaled air reaches the alveoli, oxygen in the air enters the blood.

Carbon dioxide in the blood of alveolar wall and capillary wall enters the alveolar wall of alveolar capillary wall air body.

Gas exchange of blood, oxygen in blood and tissues is transported to tissue cells and provided by diffused gas and oxygen. At the same time, carbon dioxide gas entering the vascular wall of tissue cells through fine carbon nanotubes can also diffuse oxygen in blood cells into cells, and finally the respiration of mitochondria decomposes organic matter to provide energy for cell life activities.

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/3, lung cancer and gas exchange process > 1) Diaphragm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

2) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Composition of human blood circulation system

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Blood components of the heart, blood vessels and blood circulation system

Blood, plasma and blood cells, there are mainly three kinds of blood cells: red blood cells (hemoglobin transports oxygen and carbon dioxide), white blood cells (swallowed by bacterial cells) and platelets (coagulation), which play a role in stopping bleeding and accelerating.

2, blood vessels:

(1) The function of all arterial blood in the body comes from the blood of the heart and blood vessels: thick-walled lumens are large or small, and flexible and rapid blood flow is maintained in the branches.

(2) Venous blood comes from all parts of the body, that is, the blood vessels of the heart. Features: thin wall, small elastic cavity, slow blood flow, usually with venous valve.

(3) Minimum communication function among capillaries, arteries and veins: it can make the blood flow of slowly moving red blood cells in a unit epithelial cell layer.

3. The thick wall of the left ventricle of the heart.

Four cavities: the above are the atrioventricular valve artery and the blood vessels of the ventricular artery valve between atrium, ventricle and ventricle, as well as the connection between arteries and veins and atrium. Overview of ipsilateral connection

Blood circulates from atrium to ventricle; Atrium and ventricle, atrium and ventricle.

>: blood circulation, starting from the left ventricle, returning to the left atrium, right ventricle, right atrium and pulmonary circulation. Atrium → left side

→ artery

The blood flow direction of periodic heart: vein → ventricle → aorta → capillaries of whole body and organs → inferior vena cava → right atrium.

Heart-to-heart exchange of pulmonary circulation and left ventricular blood circulation.

The composition is described by urine in kidney (urine), urine transported by ureter (temporarily stored urine), bladder cancer and urine in urethra (excluding urine).

Solution formed during glomerular filtration and rejection: Except blood cells and plasma of macromolecular protein, water, inorganic salts, glucose, urea and other substances passing through the small-wall filter of glomerulonephritis, about 65,438 0.50 liters of raw urine in human body forms renal cysts every day.

Renal tubular reabsorption: mainly renal tubular glucose, most water and inorganic salts are reabsorbed into the remaining water around capillaries, and the formation of salt and urea is eliminated in urine. The daily urine output is about 1.5 liter.

3, from the urine, through the ureter, bladder, urine routine, urine stored in a certain amount of liquid to discharge urine in the bladder.

4. Waste maintains the normal physiological functions of tissues and cells, and regulates the balance of water and inorganic salts in the body.

Knowledge map, completed BR/& gt；; (1 with _ _ _ _ blood III) blood flow in alveoli, I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _； _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _;

(2) Vascular tissue _ _ _ vasoconstriction, blood flow _ _ _, ⅲ vasoconstriction, blood flow _ _ _ _.

(3) Nephron in blood vessels, I stands for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ blood and blood vessels, and the blood flow _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ II liquid filtration.

Primary excretory pathway

Excretion: carbon dioxide, urea and excess water _ _ _____ III excretion process. Sweating, breathing, urinating and excreting.

Digested food residues form feces.

Effects of components on human nervous system

Nervous system, pay attention to the difference of stool: brain, spinal cord, nerve and their release.

Central nervous system, brain and spinal cord, cranial nerve and spinal cord, peripheral nervous system.

Brain: including left and right hemispheres, surface area? The function of the cerebral cortex-the nerve center of sensation, movement, language and other important activities.

The cerebellum is coordinated and accurate, keeping the body balanced.

Spinal cord reflex and conduction function. Traditional reactions (external or internal stimuli, transmitted to the brain, spinal nerves, the connection between the brain and trunk, and internal organs)

Nerves are called trunk, skin and muscles that dominate the path of limbs. The problem brain is called cranial nerve, which is mainly distributed in the head, skin, muscles and other senses.

Nerve cells, also known as neurons, include the combination of cell body and process, which is the basic unit of cell body structure and function of nervous system neurons. They have multiple processes and have two types: long processes and short processes.

A basic overview of human neuromodulation reflex and reflex-structure basis. The reflex arc should include five parts: receptor, afferent nerve center and efferent nerve influence.

Subconscious reflex arc: afferent knee ligament (receptor) →→ spinal cord (nerve center) → efferent nerve → medial thigh muscle (function) is simple.

Reflex: human beings, such as: shrinking hand reaction, blinking and urinating, subconscious complex reflex. ....../& gt； Thinking: life, long-term, such as: through the accumulation of fantasy, hearing the bell, into the classroom. Complex reflexes related to language are unique, and Tan Mei produces saliva and fear.