How many types of officials were there in the Ming Dynasty? What do they do?

In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang stipulated that officials above the third rank in Beijing were allowed to ride in sedans, while officials below the fourth rank in Beijing and those abroad could only ride horses and were not allowed to ride in sedans. The entourage of officials is also more or less different, with 10 dukes, 8 marquises, 6 counts, 6 first- to third-grade officials, 4 from fourth- to sixth-grade officials, and 2 from seventh- to ninth-grade officials. When soldiers and civilians in the market, doing business, or traveling on donkeys and horses meet a prince or a first- to fourth-grade official passing by, they must immediately dismount and give way; when officials meet, lower-ranking officials must stand sideways, avoid, and other methods to give way.

The levels of officials in the Qing Dynasty were divided into "nine grades and eighteen grades". Each grade was divided into Zhengcong. Those who were not within the eighteenth grade were called Weirui, and their levels were attached to the ninth grade.

First grade:

Civilian officials: Taishi, Taifu, Taibao, Grand Bachelor

Civilian foreign officials: None

Military Beijing Officials: Minister of Internal Affairs and Security Affairs

Military Foreign Officials: None

Congyipin:

Civilian Capital Officials: Young Master, Shaofu, Shaobao, Prince Taishi, Prince Taifu, Prince Taibao,

Assistant bachelor, minister of various ministries, left and right governor of the inspectorate

Civilian foreign official ：None

Military position Beijing official: Admiral, commander of the fifth battalion of nine infantry patrols, internal minister

Military position foreign official: general, governor, admiral

Second grade :

Civilian officials in the capital: Prince Shaoshi, Prince Shaofu, Prince Shaobao, ministers of various ministries, general manager of the Ministry of Internal Affairs

Civilian foreign officials: governors-general of provinces

Military positions in the capital: Commander of the left and right forward battalions, commander of the Eight Banners Guards, Luan Yi envoy

Military positions in the capital: deputy commander, chief soldier

Second rank:

Civilian Beijing Officials: Bachelor of Cabinet, Bachelor of the Hanlin Academy

Civilian Foreign Officials: Governor, Chief Envoy, Chief Envoy

Military Beijing Official: Sanzhi Minister

Military foreign official: deputy general

Second grade:

Civilian imperial official: left and right deputy governor of the Supervisory Council, censor, clan minister, general affairs envoy Si Tongzhengshi, Dali Temple Qing,

Zhan Shifu Zhanshi, Taichang Temple Qing

Civilian foreign officials: Shuntian Fu Yin, Fengtian Fu Yin, Ancha Envoy Secretary Inspection envoy

Military imperial officials: first-class bodyguard, firearms battalion wing commander, Jianrui battalion wing commander, forward officer officer, guard officer officer,

valid cavalry officer officer, royal palace officer History

Military foreign officials: city guard, staff general, commander

From the third rank:

Civilian capital officials: Guanglu Temple Qing, Taipu Temple Qing

Civilian foreign official: Transfer salt transport envoy to Siyun envoy

Military official in Beijing: Coated guard army officer, coated heroic cavalry officer, first-class bodyguard of the palace

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Foreign military officer: guerrilla, five-banners leader, co-leader, propaganda and comfort envoy, commanding comrades

Fourth grade:

Civilian Beijing official: general political envoy Deputy envoys of the Si, Shaoqing of Dali Temple, Shao Zhanshi of Zhan Shifu, Shaoqing of Taichang Temple,

Shaoqing of Taipu Temple, Minister of Honglu Temple, and the head of the Sixth Section of the Inspectorate gave Shizhong

Foreign officials in the capital: Shuntian Prefecture, Fengtian Prefecture, provincial patrol officers,

Military officials in the capital: second-class bodyguards, Yunhui envoys, deputy military commanders, Deputy Forward Officer, Deputy Cavalry Officer,

General Manager of Taipu Temple Horse Factory and Camel Factory, Chief of Ceremonies of Baylor Mansion, Foreman of Guards

Military Foreign Officers: Defense Lieutenant, Assistant Leader, Dusi, commanding minister, and secretary of the Xuanzhi Envoy Si Tongzhi

From the fourth grade:

Civilian Beijing officials: Bachelor of Cabinet, Bachelor of Imperial Academy, and Bachelor of Imperial Lecture , Imperial College sacrificial wine

Civilian foreign officials: magistrate, local magistrate, salt transport envoy Si Yuntong

Military imperial officials: city gate leader, coat deputy guard army officer, Bao Coat deputy, heroic cavalry collar, coat collar,

Fourth grade ceremony, second-class guard

Military foreign official: Xuanfu envoy, Xuanwei envoy and deputy envoy

Fifth grade:

Civilian officials in the capital: Zuo Chunfang concubine, counselor of the General Affairs Department, Guanglu Temple Shaoqing, Ji Shizhong,

Director of Zongren Mansion , doctors in various ministries, envoys of imperial hospitals

Civilian foreign officials: Tongzhi, Tutongzhi, Zhili Prefecture magistrate

Military officials in the capital: third-class bodyguards, upright governance, and steps Military deputy lieutenant, infantry academy, supervisory officer, and assistant leader in charge

Military foreign officers: pass guard, defense, garrison, Xuanfu envoy Si Qianshi, Xuanfu envoy Si Tongzhi, Qianhu

From the fifth grade:

Civilian officials in the capital: Imperial Academy attendant, Imperial Academy attendant lecturer, Honglu Temple Shaoqing, Secretary Economics Bureau's horse wash,

Vice-Director of the Zongren Mansion, Imperial Envoy, and Foreign Ministers of various Ministries

Civilian Foreign Officials: Prefectural Governors, Local Governors, Deputy Envoys of the Salt Transportation Department,

Salt class promotion department promotion

King officials with military positions: fourth-class bodyguards, commissioned forward staff officer, commissioned officer guard officer, commissioned shotgun guard officer officer,

Commissioned forward bodyguards, lower five flags coated ginseng collars, fifth-grade ceremony, seal seals,

Third-class bodyguards

Foreign military officers: General Qian of the garrison, He Deputy envoy of the camp, co-organizer of garrison, pacification envoy, recruitment envoy, and propaganda envoy,

Deputy Qianhu

Sixth grade:

Civilian Beijing official: cabinet Shidu, Zuo Chunfang Zhongyun, Imperial College Secretary, Hall Director, Principal,

Duchayuan Dushi, experience, Dali Temple Zuo Si Cheng, Zong Renfu experience,

Taichang Temple Manhan Temple Prime Minister, Qintianjian Supervisor, Qintianjian Han Spring, Summer, Mid-Autumn and Winter, five senses are upright,

The Shenle Department is upright, the Senglu Division is left and right, and the Daolu Division is upright. 1

Civilian foreign officials: Jingfu Tongpan, Jingxian magistrate, Tongpan, Tutongpan

Military Jingguan: Lan Ling bodyguard, Zhengyi Wei, pro-military academy, forward School, Guard Military Academy, Shotgun Guard Academy,

Xiao Cavalry School, Commissioned Infantry Military School

Foreign military officers: Men Qianzong, Yingqianzong, Xuanfu Envoy Si Qianshi, Anping Envoy Si Tongzhi, Deputy Recruitment Envoy,

Chief Envoy, Chief, Hundred Households

From the sixth rank:

Civilian Beijing Official: Left and Right Chunfangzan Compiled by Shan, Hanlin Academy, Guanglu Temple,

Qin Tianjian, Manchuria and Mongolian facial features, Han Army Autumn Officials, Harmony,

Seng Lusi and Zuo Interpretation of teachings and the left-right performance of Daolu Division

Civilian Foreign Officials: Chief Secretary’s experience, rationale, judgment, Zhili Prefecture Tong, Prefecture Tong, Tuzhou Tong

Military position Beijing official: Rank 6 Lan Ling Chief of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, sixth rank Dian Yi

Foreign military official: General Wei Qian, deputy envoy of the Department of Appeasement

Seventh rank:

Civilian officials in the capital: editor of the Hanlin Academy, commentator on the left and right of Dali Temple, doctor of Taichang Temple, Prime Minister of the Imperial College,

Cabinet classics, experience of the General Secretary, governor, Taichang Temple classics, Taipu Temple Lord Bo,

Treasurer of the Ministry of Finance, Deputy Commander of the Military and Horse Department, Manchurian Reading Officer of Taichang Temple, Zanli Lang,

Manchurian Chanting of Honglu Temple

Civilian Foreign Officials: Jingxian County Magistrate, Shuntian Prefecture Manchu Professor, Tutor, County Magistrate, Chasi Experience, Professor

Military Jingguan: City Gate History, Taipu Temple Horse Factory Co-Leader

Military foreign officials: Commander-in-chief, pacification envoy Si Qianshi, and deputy chief official

From the seventh grade:

Civilian Beijing officials: Hanlin Academy review, Luan Yiwei’s experience , Zhongshu Ke Zhongshu, Cabinet Zhongshu, Zhanshi Mansion Lord Bo,

Guanglu Temple Commissioner, Dian Bo, Guozijian Doctor, Assistant Teaching Assistant, Qintianjian Lingtai Lang,

Sacrifice in the Sacrifice Department, and Cheng in the Harmony Department

Foreign officials in Beijing: experience in the Beijing government, experience in the Chief Secretary General, experience in the Salt Transportation Department, Zhili Prefecture Magistrate, Prefectural Magistrate,

Tuzhou judge

Martial official in the capital: Seventh grade ceremony

Military official: Nomadic deputy lieutenant in Shengjing

Eighth rank:

Civil officials in the capital: Siwu, Doctor of the Five Classics, Imperial College Supervisor, Xuelu, Qintian Superintendent Bo, Imperial Physician of Taiyuan Hospital,

Taichang Temple Xielu Lang, Senglu Secretary and Left and Right Lecturer Jing, Daolu Temple left and right to Ling

Civilian foreign officials: Ambassador to the Chief Treasurer, Ambassador to the Treasurer of Salt Transport, Ambassador to the Salt Library, Ambassador to the Department of Salt Affairs,

Yan Yin Approval Ambassador, governor of the imperial court, government experience, county magistrate, Shixian magistrate,

Four family academic records, state Xuezheng, teaching edict

Military position and capital official: none

Military foreign officials: General Qian of the Foreign Affairs Commission

Eighth rank:

Civilian imperial officials: Hanlin Academy Dianbo, Imperial College Dianbo, Honglu Temple Master Bo, Qin Bo Tianjian Zhihuzheng,

Sicheng of the Sacrifice Department, Shucheng of the Divine Music Department, Zuojueyi of the Senglu Division, Zuo Zhiyi of the Daolu Division

Civilian foreign official: Bu Political Secretary Zhao Mo, Salt Transport Department Governor, Discipline

Military position Beijing official: Eighth-grade ceremony, commissioned to the pro-military academy, commissioned to the forward school, commissioned to the guarding military academy, commissioned to the heroic cavalry academy

>Military foreign official: None

Nine-level official:

Civilian official: Ambassador of the fourth translator of the Ministry of Rites, the eunuch of Qin Tian Jian, secretary of the Han Dynasty, Taichang Temple Hanzan Lilang

Civilian foreign officials: Yinchao Zhaomo, prefecture governor, Tongzhi governor, notification governor, county chief Bo

Military imperial officials: Lan Ling chief of each camp

Military foreign official: General of Foreign Affairs Commission

Ninth grade:

Civilian imperial official: imperial edict, Manchu Kongmu, the fourth translator of the Ministry of Rites, and the official preface class, Imperial College Classics,

Honglu Temple Han Ming Zan, Preface Class, Prison Department of the Ministry of Punishment, Si Chen of the Qintian Prison, Doctor,

Li Mu of Taiyuan Hospital, Siyue of Taichang Temple, Secretary of the Ministry of Works

Civilian Foreign Official; Director of the Government Office, State Official, Daoku Ambassador, Ambassador of the Propaganda Department, Ambassador of the Government Taxation Department,

Secretary of the Government Office Prison, department and warehouse ambassadors, inspections, soil inspections

Military official in Beijing: Co-lead officer of Taipusi Horse Factory Committee

Military foreign official: additional foreign commission

Not yet entered the mainstream:

Civilian officials in the capital: Confucius of the Hanlin Academy, Treasurer of the Imperial Academy, Ambassador of the Bureau of Engraving and Sealmaking of the Ministry of Rites, Li Mu of the Military and Horse Division,

Chongwen Deputy Minister

Civilian Foreign Officials: Dianshi, Tudianshi, Ambassador Guan, Prefectural Inspection School, Chief Official Secretary, Ambassador of Tea Yin Approval Institute,

Ambassador of Salt Tea, Yi Cheng, Tuyi Cheng, Hebosuo officer, Zhangguan, Daoxiancang ambassador

Military official in Beijing: none

Military foreign official: Baichang, Tushe, Tumu

Governor

One of the local military and political officials in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Also named Futai. It is famous for "touring the world, pacifying the army and picking up the people". The establishment of governors in the Ming Dynasty began in the 24th year of Hongwu (1391) when Prince Yiwen was sent to Shaanxi for a trip. In the 19th year of Yongle (1421), twenty-six people including Jian Yi, the Minister of Civil Affairs, visited various provinces to appease the soldiers and civilians and inquire about curative diseases, thus the governor system was born. However, before Xuande, governors were not specially appointed officials. They were dispatched when necessary and returned as soon as they were completed. There was no fixed scope for patrols. In the fifth year of Xuande (1430), six people including Yu Qian, the imperial censor, and Zhou Chen, the chief minister of the Yue Prefecture, were promoted to ministers and were assigned to govern Zhili, Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Jiangxi, Huguang, etc. in the north and south. From then on, the system of permanent governors in each province gradually became established. During the Tianshun and Zhengde years, imperial edicts were issued twice, but they were immediately reinstated. When the governor was first established, he was only responsible for supervising taxation and grain management, supervising rivers, tending refugees, and rectifying border customs. Later, he focused more on military affairs. Most of the governors in the Ming Dynasty were Jinshi, and few were promoted to the position. At first, the governors of the interior were elected by the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of Husbandry, and the governors of border areas were elected by the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of War. In the 14th year of Jiajing (1535), no distinction was made between the interior and the military. The border areas were pushed by Jiuqing Ting. The governor's additional officers are generally the Censor of the Capital, the Censor of the Deputy City, and the Censor of the Qiandu; those who are also in charge of military affairs are also given the title of Admiral of Military Affairs (where there is a general military officer, the title of Military Affairs Supervisor or Counselor of Military Affairs is added). There are also governors and governors who are collectively called "governors". In the Ming Dynasty, although the governor was not a formal local military and political officer, he actually controlled the local military and political power because he went out to control the local area and controlled the three departments (the Department of Proclamation and Envoys, the Department of Punishment and Prosecution, and the Department of Capital Command and Envoys). To avoid the disadvantages of lack of coordination and poor operation caused by the three divisions standing at the same time. At the same time, the governor went to the capital every year to discuss matters, which also reflected the court's strengthening of local jurisdiction. In the late Ming Dynasty, the change of governors was often influenced by the imperial court, and the final decision-making power returned to the power eunuch. Therefore, the changes in various political forces in the court often affected the changes of governors.

Due to the Ming system, the Qing Dynasty established governors in each province, including one each for Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou. Among them, there are one governor-general each from Zhili, Gansu, Fujian, and Sichuan. In the 32nd year of Guangxu (1906), the three eastern provinces of Fengtian, Jilin, and Heilongjiang were restructured into provinces, each with a governor.

The official rank of governors in the Qing Dynasty was generally Cong second rank, and both had the titles of minister of the Ministry of War and deputy censor of the capital. He is the highest military and political officer of a province. It has the power to handle the province's civil affairs, justice, supervision and military command. In the province, everyone from the chief envoy to the inspector-general to the following are subordinate officials.

Quansi is the "Jingcha envoy"

Zetai

The common name for Jingcha envoy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Official name.

Beginning in the early Tang Dynasty, Zong Zai went to various provinces to inspect and assess the administration of officials. In the second year of Emperor Ruizong Jingyun of the Tang Dynasty (711 AD), ten inspectors were appointed and became permanent official positions. Later, he was renamed as the interview envoy and the investigation and disposal envoy. He was actually the superior of the governor of each state. His power was second only to the Jiedushi envoy. Wherever there was a Jiedushi envoy, he was also the Jiedushi envoy. In the Song Dynasty, there was no Jiedushi envoy. At first, they were transport envoys who also received punishments. Later, they set up Tidian prisons. They became the predecessors of the inspection envoys in later generations, and their duties were different from those of the Tang Dynasty observers. In the fourth year of Cheng'an (AD 1199) of Emperor Zhangzong of Jin Dynasty, the punishment envoy was changed to the inspection envoy, who was in charge of the judicial, prison and official evaluation. In the Yuan Dynasty, it was called the "Incorruptible Visiting Envoy". In the early Ming Dynasty, he was renamed as the Inspector-General, and he was the chief of the Provincial Criminal Inspector-General's Department, in charge of the administration of justice in a province. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, many governors were established in various places, and the inspectors became subordinate officials of the governor. It was established in the Qing Dynasty and was subordinate to the governors and governors of various provinces. Also known as Naitai, Nasi and Lianfang. "Old Tang Book. An Lushan Biography": "In the third year of [Tianbao], Pei Kuan was replaced by Fan Yang Jiedu, and the envoys such as Hebei Zhan and Pinglu Jun remained the same." "History of the Ming Dynasty. Official Records IV": "According to the inspection envoys, The purpose of impeachment in a province is to correct official evil, punish rape and violence, vindicate injustice, and promote moral integrity and clarify the governance of officials. "Qian Qianyi of the Qing Dynasty, "Biography of Poems of Lie Dynasties. Gao Jiancha Shusi": "In the third year of [Jiajing], he still became a former official, went out to participate in politics in Shanxi, and was promoted to be an envoy to Huguang." "Manuscript of Qing History. Position Officials Three": "In the third year of the Qing Dynasty, the post of an envoy was promoted to an envoy, and there was one person from each province. The third grade... ...He promoted the moral integrity and clarified the administration of officials. He recorded the prisoners' speeches and sent them to the provincial council to listen to them and lead the provincial post office for three years. As the reviewer, Qiu Shen serves as the chief manuscript officer."