Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Hotel franchise - Tree knowledge
Tree knowledge
The trunk is divided into five layers. The first layer is bark. Bark is the surface layer of the trunk, which can protect trees and prevent the invasion of diseases. Below the bark is phloem. This fibrous tissue carries sugar from the leaves. The third layer is the cambium. This layer is very thin and is the growth part of the trunk. All other cells come from this layer. The fourth layer is sapwood. This layer transports water from the roots to all parts of the tree. This layer is usually lighter than heartwood. The fifth layer is heartwood. Heartwood is an old sapwood called xylem. Most trunks are heartwood.
The role of trees
Trees can adjust the climate, purify the air, prevent wind and reduce noise, and are the best friends of mankind.
Trees are oxygen factories. L hectares of broad-leaved forest can absorb carbon dioxide 1 ton in 1 day and release 0.73 ton of oxygen.
Trees are dust filters. When the airflow with large dust content passes through the forest, with the decrease of wind speed, the dust with large particles in the air will fall rapidly. In addition, some trees have fur on their skin or can secrete grease, which can stick dust to their bodies, thus greatly reducing the dust content in the airflow through the forest.
Trees are experts in sterilization. Many trees secrete fungicides during their growth, killing all kinds of germs brought by dust. According to the survey, there are 4 million bacteria per cubic meter of air in department stores, 580,000 in boulevards, 100 in parks and only 55 in forest areas. The difference of bacterial content in the air between forest areas and department stores is more than 70 thousand times.
In addition, trees are natural reservoirs and natural air conditioners.
The relationship between strange tree kingdom and human beings
Between heaven and earth, between man and stars, there is a strange kingdom of trees.
In the tree kingdom on earth, there are thousands of different kinds of trees. As far as its height is concerned, there are giant fir trees (122m) higher than Freiburg Cathedral (15m) in Germany, and Australian eucalyptus trees (146m) higher than the Egyptian pyramids (137m). There are also recumbent rhododendrons, the plant height is only 5 ~ 10 cm. As far as annual growth is concerned, some trees, such as kapok trees, can grow more than 2 meters a year in suitable places; Bamboo shoots are buds on the underground stems (bamboo whips) of bamboo, which usually grow on the ground in spring. Some bamboo shoots can grow 2 ~ 3 meters high in one night, and "like mushrooms after rain" is a vivid portrayal. As far as the trunk diameter is concerned, the trunk diameter of baobab in tropical Africa can reach more than 12 m, which is 2 m more than that of giant sequoia. Giant sequoia, also known as the "master of the world", originated in the United States, with fast growth and long life. The height of the giant fir tree can reach more than 100 m, and the trunk diameter can reach more than 10 m; The bark alone is 60 cm thick, and the total weight of a tree exceeds 6000 tons. It is said that there is a road passing through the center of the trunk of giant sequoia, and cars shuttle back and forth, which is very spectacular. But some trees won't get thicker in their lifetime. For example, bamboo, the maximum thickness of the grown bamboo pole is the thickness of the bamboo shoots, and it will not become thicker.
The oldest tree in the world is Ginkgo biloba, which originated in China. Ginkgo trees in Ding Lin Temple in Juxian County, Shandong Province are said to have grown for more than 3700 years. There is an ancient ginkgo tree in Fuquan City, Guizhou Province. According to expert research, it is 4440 years old, the longest in the world. Trees older than 1000 years include Sabina vulgaris, Platycladus orientalis, Taxus chinensis, Cinnamomum camphora, Mulberry, Dracaena draconis, redwood, Lebanese cedar, etc.
The leaf shape of trees is even more strange and ubiquitous. As far as the size of its leaves is concerned, a leaf length of 1 m to several meters includes cycads, palms, mallows, coconuts, oil palms and so on. The longest leaf length of Brazilian brown can reach more than 20 meters; There is also a kind of small leaves only a few millimeters, such as Platycladus orientalis, Tamarix chinensis, Casuarina equisetifolia and other trees with scales.
The flowering period of trees is full of four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. The colors and flowers of trees are really colorful; The size of flowers and the length of flowering period are even more colorful.
The fruits of the tree are coconut, grapefruit and durian as big as basketball, and even pineapple (jackfruit) with a length of more than 60 cm, a width of 40 cm and a weight of more than 20 kg, and some are as small as rice grains; Its size and shape are different, and it is really varied and varied. The fruits of some trees are human food and delicacies; There are also some trees whose fruits contain toxins that can kill people.
In the propagation of trees, in addition to asexual propagation and seed propagation such as cutting, layering, rameting and grafting, some trees also have viviparous phenomena. For example, before the fruits of mangroves growing on tropical beaches leave their mother's body, the seeds inside the fruits begin to germinate and grow like rod roots, sticking out the fruits. Once the fruit leaves the mother, it is inserted into the soil by its own weight. After a few hours, the lateral roots can grow and form new plant individuals.
It is worth mentioning that there is a tree in the tree kingdom: banyan. There are many air roots on the trunk, which grow downward and go deep into the soil, making a banyan tree form a forest year after year. The spectacular scene of "a single tree into a forest" refers to the banyan tree. Some trees also have the function of prospecting. For example, there is a kind of wild rose with red flowers under normal circumstances, which absorbs a lot of copper ions and produces blue flowers. This led geologists to discover a copper mine in the Urals.
In ancient times, there was a legend that trees were used to treat people's diseases. Now there is a tree therapy in Russia. A Russian scientist revealed the wonderful performance of wood ring (cutting a trunk and digging a hole in the middle) in treating diseases through experiments, and thus invented a "biological corrector" for rehabilitation (similar to wood ring). Biological orthotics made of different trees can treat different people's diseases. For example, birch can treat arteriosclerosis, hepatitis, gastritis, gastric ulcer, prostatitis and so on. Populus davidiana can treat influenza, pneumonia and so on.
Early humans thought that the trees in this strange tree kingdom were incredible objects beyond nature. Trees gradually "die" in autumn, stand solemnly in winter and recover in spring. All this makes people feel how mysterious trees are, just like Almighty God and Holy Spirit. In the west, people in ancient times knew the kingdom of trees with simple feelings, thinking that roots can reach hell, green crowns extend to heaven, trees, and only trees can closely connect heaven, earth and hell; Only through trees can we realize God's long-cherished wish. There was a similar legend in ancient China. In many legends, people think that human life is produced by the germination and growth of trees. So now people plant trees in cemeteries to show that life will not end with death. Trees have become the trees of fate and life. Because the tree is "a symbol of life, it represents the universe that gives life, and the universe is reborn because of it." In the west, Christmas is colorful and full of vitality because of the Christmas tree. As the representative of trees all over the world, the Christmas tree symbolizes the inexhaustible source of life. Indeed, without the tree kingdom and green plants, the world would be unimaginable.
From the perspective of modern science, what has the tree kingdom brought to people?
The tree kingdom can improve the quality of the environment on which human beings depend. The tree kingdom and green plants continue to carry out photosynthesis, consuming carbon dioxide and producing fresh oxygen; More than 60% of the oxygen in the air comes from trees and green plants on land, so people compare trees and green plants to "oxygen factories" and "fresh air treatment factories". There are many trees in the tree kingdom that can secrete fungicides to kill all kinds of germs in the air; It can also absorb toxic gases discharged in industrial production, intercept dust that pollutes the atmosphere, and eliminate noise pollution harmful to human beings.
In summer, people feel very different under the shade of trees and direct sunlight. People will feel cool in the shade of trees in summer. This is because the green leaves in the dense tree crown can block the sun and absorb the radiant heat of the sun, thus reducing the temperature in the small ring. Trees are like giant water pumps, constantly absorbing water from the soil into trees, and then diffusing most of the water absorbed by roots into the atmosphere in the form of water vapor through transpiration of leaves, thus improving and regulating the relative humidity in the air.
In addition, the tree kingdom can also play an important role in protecting the environment on which human beings depend. We know that strong wind will increase soil evaporation, reduce soil moisture and cause soil wind erosion. In severe cases, sandstorms can bury towns and farmland. According to the statistics of UN 1984, 6 million hectares of land are buried by sand every year, and 2 1 10,000 hectares of land are lost due to desertification. At present, 1/3 of the world's land is in danger of desertification, calling on the international community to fight to stop desertification in some parts of the world. "If you want to live in a sandstorm, you must plant more trees." The effective ways to prevent wind and fix sand are to plant trees, set up shelterbelts, reduce the wind speed and stop the erosion and migration of sandstorms.
In mountainous areas with few trees, it is easy to form a miserable scene of "drought makes rain come, rain rushes in, takes away fertilizer and soil, and leaves stones and eggs". The uneven crown and branches of trees can intercept and block rainwater, slow down the intensity of showers, and effectively prevent soil erosion to conserve water. People often say that "beautiful scenery" and "green mountains and green waters" are the truth. However, if human beings violate the laws of nature, they will be punished by nature. Six thousand years ago, the Shaanxi-Gansu region of China was a beautiful and vibrant place, full of beautiful scenery, towering trees, green grass and flowers. However, in the Tang Dynasty, the green hills here had disappeared and the clear water had dried up, leaving only an endless desert in front of people. The reason why the green mountains and clear waters here are turned into deserts is because we humans have cut down forests excessively, reclaimed grasslands indefinitely, destroyed vegetation for a long time, and unreasonably developed and utilized natural resources. 1983 In July and August, Sichuan Province was hit by a rare flood, which flooded more than 250,000 mu of crops in 53 counties/kloc-0, reduced grain production by 3 billion Jin, and1600,000 houses collapsed, resulting in direct economic losses of more than 2 billion yuan. An important reason is that the forest resources in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River were destroyed in the Cultural Revolution, and the flood control ability was greatly weakened, resulting in serious soil erosion.
It can be seen that the tree kingdom and green plants are indeed of great value to human life, and they are indeed important events related to our human life and death. How important the existence of the tree kingdom is to us human beings! We must upgrade to a higher level to look at the benefits brought by the tree kingdom. The tree kingdom not only brings us food, wood, housing and work, but more importantly, it has great ecological benefits to the environment on which human beings depend. This is something that nothing else can do; Nothing can replace it. If humans destroy trees, it is destroying their homes.
What is the actual value of a tree? A professor at the University of Calcutta, India, made a scientific calculation. If a medium-sized tree grows for 50 years, its direct and indirect values are:
The value of producing oxygen is $365,438+0,250.
The value of preventing air pollution is $62,500.
The value of soil and water conservation is $37,500.
The value of preventing brain drain and increasing fertility is $3 1250.
The value of providing a shelter for livestock is $365,438+0,250.
The value of manufacturing protein is $2,500.
The total amount is $ 196250.
Although, due to different national conditions and different calculation methods, it may be difficult for people in China to truly understand the full value of the tree kingdom, we should clearly realize that many values of the tree kingdom are intangible through the above calculation, and its ecological and environmental values far exceed the value of its wood. It is enough to see how close and important the relationship between the tree kingdom and human beings is. Especially in today's industrialization and serious pollution, it is more important. This view has been gradually accepted in China. In Beijing, China, people who destroyed trees were fined 9900 yuan, and cadres of relevant departments were punished. In Hefei and Tianjin, they spent 50,000 yuan and 80,000 yuan respectively to move trees. These are concrete manifestations of our love for the tree kingdom.
For the sake of our human survival, let's love trees, tree kingdom and nature!
Climate and trees: There are many kinds and shapes of trees in the world. There are many "craftsmen" who shape them, and one of them is an important craftsman called climate.
Temperature and trees
Generally speaking, if the average temperature in the hottest month of the year is lower than 10℃, local trees cannot grow. The lower the temperature, the shorter the shrubs, so that only grass can grow. China is located in the middle and low latitudes. Even in Mohe County, Heilongjiang Province, the hottest monthly average temperature 18.4℃ is still a vast forest. In China, the low temperature in summer only affects the growth of trees on high mountains, about 2000 meters in the northeast, 3000 meters in the north and 3500-4500 meters in the mountainous areas of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Near this height, the average temperature in the hottest month is slightly higher than 10℃, and the trees are obviously shorter. I have seen this small and exquisite and very beautiful tree near the main peak of Wuyi Mountain and the top of Yunling Mountain in Hengduan Mountains of Yunnan Province.
The low temperature in summer determines whether trees can survive, and the low temperature in winter determines the kinds of trees that can survive. From Northeast China to South China, from high mountains to low altitude areas, due to the gradual increase of the lowest temperature in winter, tree species have evolved from cold-tolerant cold temperate coniferous forests to temperate broad-leaved deciduous forests, subtropical broad-leaved evergreen trees and even lush equatorial rainforests. The distribution of economic trees requires stricter temperature. Generally, apple trees in temperate zone can't stand the cold below MINUS 30℃, so apples in northeast China are generally only distributed along the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea. Subtropical citrus is afraid of the low temperature of minus 7 ~ 9℃. If the minimum temperature is high? At the temperature of ~ 1 1℃, citrus orchards will suffer devastating freezing damage. Therefore, planting citrus in the north of the Yangtze River has no economic value; Rubber, a tropical crop, will be frozen when the temperature is 5℃, which is why tropical crops cannot be planted in tropical latitudes in China.
Observing the street trees in major cities in China, we can also find the relationship between many trees and climate. The north has a temperate climate, and broad-leaved and deciduous trees are mostly used as street trees, even in the middle and lower reaches of the subtropical Yangtze River. Because the height and temperature of the sun in these areas are relatively high and the sun is relatively hot in summer, street trees just play the role of shading passers-by at this time. By the time the cold wave rolled south in winter and the temperature plummeted, the trees had lost all their leaves and generously let the warm sunshine fill the sidewalk.
But in the tropics, the hot summer is very long, even in winter, the temperature is very high, so most street trees are evergreen and cool all year round. In Guangzhou, Nanning and other big cities in South China, the tree crowns on both sides of the road are often connected together, making the road a pavilion. There grows a kind of tree called banyan, which can survive in tropical and subtropical warm areas in winter. In the rainy season, due to the high temperature and humidity, the air roots hanging on the branches are full of vitality. Once they reach the ground, they take root in the soil and gradually become real trunks. Thanks to the support of these secondary trunks, the branches of banyan trees can continue to grow horizontally. After a few years, a big banyan tree can be unique and become a forest, even covering several acres.
Precipitation and trees
If the temperature conditions can meet the needs of tree growth, then whether trees can grow and what they look like depends on the amount of precipitation. Here are a few examples.
First, the tropical, subtropical and temperate arid areas in the world are all deserts, and it is impossible to plant trees and grass because of extreme water shortage.
Secondly, in the tropics, there is only one rainy season (summer) a year. If there is little rainfall in rainy season, for example, the area with annual rainfall of 500 ~ 1000 mm in Africa is Savannah. There are some short trees scattered on the grassland, which generally have umbrella-shaped crowns, and the most famous is baobab. The trunk of this tree is thick and loose, and a lot of water is stored in the trunk. Fruit often weighs several kilograms, and starch pulp is edible, so it is called "monkey bread".
Third, the west coast of the mainland with a latitude of 30 ~ 40 degrees north has a Mediterranean climate. The winter here is still warm and the trees are still growing. The influence of precipitation on trees is mainly due to the improper seasonal matching of precipitation and heat. The rainy season in Mediterranean climate is in winter, but summer is dry season. In order to spend the long and dry summer, the trees are not dense, the trees are not tall, the leaves are hard and leathery, and some often have many fine hairs, which are called hard-leaf evergreen forests. Olives are the most important economic trees in the Mediterranean climate.
Fourthly, in mountainous areas with high altitude and large scope, vegetation landscape can change greatly. This is mainly due to the huge difference in precipitation caused by different topography and altitude. Rainfall usually increases with the elevation. Therefore, in the most typical cases, the miracle of the desert at the foot of the mountain and the forest on the mountain can appear, such as the northern slope of Tianshan Mountain and Qilian Mountain in China. The rainfall on windward slopes is often much more than that on leeward slopes, so the vegetation landscape on windward slopes in mountainous areas can also be very different. For example, located in the southwest of Cambodia in the tropical monsoon region, the annual rainfall on the southwest slope of the Cardamom Mountains facing the southwest monsoon can be as high as 3,000 mm, and the rainy Buge Mountain can even exceed 5,000 mm. Therefore, the southwest slope is a tropical rainforest landscape, with layers of trees overlapping and a large number of vines and climbers in the forest. However, due to the influence of topography, the annual rainfall on the leeward northeast slope (including the capital Phnom Penh) is greatly reduced, only 1000 ~ 2000mm, so the forest is sparse and the tree species are single. Moreover, in the late dry season, in order to protect themselves and reduce the huge evaporation under high temperature, plants all lose their leaves (that is, trees are not winter but spring), but they are still trees! In Xishuangbanna, China, I have also seen that in the dry season of winter and spring, the leaves of rubber forest fall all over the ground, and the leaves on the branches are sparse. When the precipitation on the leeward slope decreases below the critical value, the vegetation landscape will also change qualitatively. For example, Dongpo, Daxing 'anling, China, welcomes the Taiping Chivalrous Man. Shu? Warm? 50 ~ 500 mm, the temperate forest is full of slopes, but the annual rainfall on the leeward west slope is reduced to 250 ~ 300 mm, so the grassland is boundless and drowns the cattle and sheep, so there is a landscape of "the sky is grey, the wild is boundless, the wind blows grass and the cattle and sheep are low". There are even windward slopes in the world that are forests, and leeward slopes are extreme situations of desert and semi-desert, such as the west coast mountains in North and South America.
Wind and tree
Generally speaking, the wind does not affect the survival of trees, but mainly affects their appearance.
I saw some trees in Yunnan Botanical Garden (Menglun, Mengla County, Xishuangbanna). Their DBH is not much thicker than the average person's arm, but they can grow to about 20 meters high. Obviously, they must grow in a windless or windy environment. Indeed, the annual average wind speed of Jinghong weather station, which is only 96 kilometers nearby, is only 0.5 m/s, and Xishuangbanna is one of the lowest wind speeds in China.
With the increase of wind speed, if all kinds of wind directions have equal opportunities, generally speaking, it will not have a significant impact on the tree shape. Compared with the static wind environment, the crown of the tree is only slightly reduced to a certain extent. However, when the wind direction is relatively simple, that is, there is only one prevailing wind direction in the local area, the situation is different: the side of the tree facing the prevailing wind direction is often hit by a large wind speed, and the water evaporation is greatly accelerated, which makes the new branches and buds grow slowly or even wither; However, the leeward side can continue to grow, thus making the tree asymmetric, which is called windward tree in climatology. Some tilted trees are like brooms placed upside down, and their tips point in the direction of prevailing wind, becoming a living weather vane. I saw this crooked tree in front of Kunming Airport Terminal in June1987+1October. It should be noted that in Kunming, although the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean prevails in summer and the southwest westerly wind from southwest Asia prevails in winter, that is, the westerly wind prevails all year round, there are generally no deformed trees in the city. Because the average wind speed in Kunming is not large (the annual average wind speed is only 2.2 m/s), and the annual average wind direction frequency from the south wind to the west wind (according to azimuth 16) is only 43%. Besides the annual average static wind frequency of 30%, there are 27% other wind direction frequencies. However, in the plant community in front of the terminal building of Kunming Airport, the wind speed from the west increases here and becomes a single westerly direction because it is backed by a huge east-west terminal building, which is equivalent to half a narrow tube, making most trees in the plant community become deformed trees. There is such a skewed tree on both sides of the road leading to the airport in front of the terminal building, because they are close to the building, so they are the most skewed.
But generally speaking, except for some areas in the trade winds and westerlies where the wind frequency is particularly high, there are only crooked trees in narrow valleys or tuyeres in other areas. For example, when I visited Hengduan Mountain in 1982, I found that there were many deformed trees in the southern suburbs of Xiaguan City facing the Xiyangbi Valley. In addition, on the highway from Xiaguan City to Dali County 10, the roadside trees on both sides of the highway are also skewed at all passes of Cangshan Mountain. The crooked tree trunk here is not bent, but there are few or no branches on the windward side. The southern suburbs of Xiaguan City are facing the Yangbi estuary, and even the forest leaves on the leeward side of the area with the highest wind speed are difficult to grow, so that they gradually dry up and die. During the investigation in Hengduan Mountain area, I also saw that there were serious deformed trees with their trunks bent to the north in the north-south Lancang River Basin (Rizui Village, Deqin County).
The best tree
The most trees in the world
The oldest tree species in China: Ginkgo biloba. This tree first appeared in the world in the Jurassic period1.600 million years ago.
The tallest tree: eucalyptus in Australia. Up to 155 meters, equivalent to the height of 50 floors. At present, no tree taller than it has been found in the world.
The biggest tree: it is the world grandfather of America. Its hometown is in California, USA. It grows on high mountains, is not afraid of cold, and has a huge trunk. The circumference of the lower part of the trunk is 46 meters, the largest in the world.
The shortest tree: it is a short willow growing in the permafrost layer of the mountain. Due to the influence of climate, its stems crawl on the ground, and the height is no more than 5 cm.
The thickest tree: the big chestnut tree of Mount Etna in the Mediterranean. The circumference is 55 meters, and there is a hole under the tree, which can be used as a warehouse and dormitory. Hardest tree: Betula platyphylla, which grows on the border between North Korea and China. Bouncing on wood is like hitting a thick iron plate. It is three times harder than an oak tree and the hardest tree in the world.
The heaviest tree: Dalbergia nigra. 1 m3 ebony Dalbergia wood weight exceeds1100kg.
The slowest growing tree: It is the Erweizga tree in kalahari desert. Its growth rate is surprisingly slow, only 30 cm long in 100.
Lightest tree: Basha wood in tropical forest of America, its wood weight per cubic meter is only 0.17g. This kind of tree is 10 meter high, and one person can easily carry it down. (Li Dongsheng)
There are the most trees in our country.
Hardest Tree-Birch Tree: In the border area between China and North Korea, there is a tree with the hardest wood, called Birch Tree. It has a large proportion, wood will sink in water, and no matter how long it is soaked in water, it will not rot inside.
Lightest tree-Bashamu: There is a kind of Bashamu that grows in China, such as Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan and Hainan. It is the lightest tree in the world, so it is also called "Balsa". It's twice as light as a cork.
The tallest tree-Eucalyptus: In Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian and Yunnan, there is a kind of giant tower "Eucalyptus". It not only grows fast, but also is quite tall. The height of eucalyptus globulus in China can reach about 70-80 meters.
The Saltiest Tree-Wood Salt Tree: At the junction of Heilongjiang and Jilin, there is a salt-producing tree called "Wood Salt Tree". Every spring, a layer of snow-white salt frost condenses on the trees, and people can eat it as salt by scraping it off with a knife.
The most poisonous tree-Jatropha curcas: In the dense forest of Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, there is a kind of tree whose sap is highly toxic, called Jatropha curcas. Its white milk will cause poisoning and death when it comes into contact with human and animal wounds.
Dream of climbing a tree-healthy. I ate heavily because I had a good appetite, and as a result, I became fat and couldn't wear my original clothes.
Duke of Zhou-trees
Dreaming of Wandering in the Forest-Dreaming of Wandering in the Forest The analysis results are as follows: Lovers are infatuated with other opposite sex, leaving you and so on. There is only one way to prevent it, and we should care for each other with more love.
Dreaming of planting trees-a precursor to the rise of material transportation. Maybe a long-lost elder will give you a pen when he visits, or draw a lottery for a computer in a department store, and so on. In this way, you need to study harder!
Dreaming of withered trees-bad fortune. You look happy on the surface, but in fact you are either forced to cancel your appointment or lose your monthly ticket, and you are very upset. Don't be discouraged, work harder.
Dreaming of walking in the bamboo forest-will have a good performance in performing arts. Maybe I got a place in the school singing competition, won an award, or wrote a novel, which was appreciated by the teacher.
I dreamed of walking in the yard with trees and ponds-making friends is good. You can organize a group trip for friends. This must be a pleasant trip.
I dreamed that ginkgo orchards were scattered all over the place-there would be misfortune in love. Your love will be unrequited love, so turn your attention to sports or other interests as soon as possible and heal the wounds in your heart as soon as possible.
I dreamed that the grapes were full of fruits-something unpleasant was about to happen. For example, I overslept in the morning and hurried to school. At noon, I opened the lunch box and saw that there was only rice and no food. ...
Dream that the fruit trees are full of fruits-you will be loved by the old man and you will fall in love with him. Be sure to pay attention to your behavior and don't get too involved.
Dream that pine trees grow sparsely-disease will come. Try to be brave and don't trust your physical strength too much. At this time, health is more important than anything else!
Dreaming of willow branches swaying in the wind-there will be unpleasant things in love. The gossip star will pass over your head. Be careful not to get involved in the relationship between triangle and quadrilateral.
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