Industry loan risk

Bank loan risk of hotel industry in 2022

Banks have four major risks.

The first is the risk of default. The risk of default includes compulsory default and rational default. Compulsory breach of contract refers to the passive behavior of the borrower, and the theory of ability to pay holds that compulsory breach of contract is caused by insufficient ability to pay. This shows that the borrower has the willingness to repay, but has no ability to repay. Rational breach of contract refers to the borrower's active breach of contract. According to the equity theory, in a perfect capital market, the borrower can only make a decision whether to breach the contract by comparing the unique rights and interests in his house with the size of mortgage debt. When the real estate market price rises, the borrower can pay off the loan, recover the cost and earn a certain profit by transferring the house. When the real estate market price drops, in order to pass on the loss, even if he has the ability to repay, the borrower voluntarily defaults and refuses to repay.

The second is liquidity risk. Liquidity risk refers to the risk that short-term deposits and long-term loans are difficult to realize, and liquidity is an important principle for banks to ensure asset quality.

The third is the economic cycle risk. When the economy is depressed, the mortgage risk is transformed into the bad creditor's rights and losses of banks, and banks are faced with a large number of "bad debts", which can easily lead to the credit crisis or even bankruptcy of banks.

The fourth is interest rate risk. Interest rate risk refers to the risk brought by the change of interest rate level to the value of bank assets, which is determined by the capital structure of short-term deposits and long-term loans. Fluctuations in interest rates, whether rising or falling, will bring losses to banks.

What risks should enterprises consider when preparing bank loans?

What risks should enterprises consider when preparing bank loans are as follows:

1, unable to repay normally.

Non-repayment of loans means that after taking all possible legal measures and all necessary legal procedures, the principal and interest of commercial banks cannot be recovered or only a small part can be recovered.

2. Mortgage cannot be realized.

Mortgage can't be realized, that is, mortgage can't be realized. It means that when the creditor's rights secured by the mortgaged property have expired and the debtor fails to perform the debt, the mortgage can't be exercised because the collateral is damaged or seriously missing, and the debtor's illegal behavior leads to the confiscation or requisition of the collateral, and the mortgage is invalid or revoked.

3. The promise cannot be fulfilled.

Pledge can't be realized means that the creditor's rights have not been paid off due to maturity, and the creditor can't exercise the pledge right or the pledge is lost because the pledge is damaged, lost or returned to the pledgee.

4. Ensure the virtual home

Guarantee means that a third party other than the debtor promises to the creditor that when the debtor fails to perform the debt, the third party will perform or bear joint liability on his behalf. False guarantee is because the guarantor's qualification is unqualified, which makes the guarantee untenable, or the guarantor has no ability, that is, there is not enough property guarantee to perform when the debtor fails to perform the debt, which makes the guarantee a mere formality.

5. The guarantee is invalid

Guarantee refers to a legal system or legal measure stipulated by law or agreed by the parties to ensure the performance of debts and the realization of creditor's rights. Invalid guarantee means that the guarantee loses its legal effect or is revoked by the competent authority because the guarantor's subject qualification is unqualified or the guarantee content is illegal.

When an enterprise chooses a bank, it is important to choose the appropriate type, borrowing cost and borrowing conditions. In addition, it should also avoid risks from the following aspects:

1. Banks have different policies on their loan risks, and some tend to be conservative and are only willing to bear smaller loan risks; Some are pioneering and dare to take on greater loan risks.

2. Bank's attitude towards enterprises: Different banks have different attitudes towards enterprises. Some banks are willing to actively provide advice to enterprises, help analyze the potential capital problems of enterprises, and provide good services, and are willing to issue a large number of loans to enterprises with development potential to help enterprises tide over difficulties when they encounter difficulties; Some banks rarely provide consulting services, and when they encounter difficulties, they put pressure on enterprises to pay off their loans.

3. Special procedures for loans: Some big banks have different specialized departments to handle loans of different types and industries. Enterprises will benefit more from cooperation with these banks with rich professional loan experience.

4. Stability of banks: A stable bank can guarantee that the loans of enterprises will not change in the middle. The stability of a bank depends on its capital scale, fluctuation of deposit level and deposit structure. Generally speaking, the capital is abundant, the fluctuation of deposit level is small, and the stability of time deposits is better than that of major banks, and vice versa.

Explain in detail the risks of personal venture loans.

Explain in detail the risks of personal venture loans.

situation

The year before last, Mr. Zhang, a self-employed man in Guangzhou, started a clothing wholesale business with 200,000 cash in his hand. Later, the business grew bigger and bigger, and the liquidity became tight. Therefore, consider applying for personal working capital loan from Guangdong Development Bank. After investigation, the bank believes that the self-employed person is operating well and can give business loan support. However, in order to ensure the safe recovery of loans, self-employed individuals are required to provide guarantees. Mr. Zhang has no fixed assets mortgage, so the bank has to recommend a guarantee company to guarantee him.

Fortunately, Mr. Zhang persevered and ran for several times, and finally got a guarantee from the guarantee company and finally got a loan of 500 thousand from the bank. With the support of the bank, Mr. Zhang's business has developed rapidly, with an average annual operating income of 5 million yuan and an average annual net profit of 800,000 yuan. In fact, Mr. Zhang's experience is lucky. More entrepreneurs are either rejected by banks or fail to operate because of the huge guarantee fee after lending. Venture loan provides a gun for small and medium-sized investors who want to start a business to cross the world. This gun is extremely powerful but also hot and hurtful?

In August, 2003, China Bank, China Everbright Bank, Guangdong Development Bank, China CITIC Bank and other financial institutions successively launched the "personal venture loan" project, while China Agricultural Bank launched the "Management Measures for Personal Production and Operation Loan" as early as September, 2002, and it has been in operation. However, since the implementation of these loan measures, it has been unable to become the mainstream of the market.

However, banks are commercial organizations after all, and the first consideration in granting loans is the safety of funds. For the safety of loan funds, the threshold is often raised a little, or stricter. Strict loan evaluation is one of the characteristics of venture loans. Banks generally need three conditions to provide loans to individuals or enterprises: pledge, mortgage and guarantee. The Detailed Rules for Personal Employment Loans issued by GDB stipulates that loans must be mortgaged, and the scope of mortgage includes movable and immovable property mortgage, time deposit certificate pledge, securities pledge, movable property pledge with strong liquidity and guarantor guarantee that meets the requirements.

Moreover, the amount of compensation is determined according to the specific guarantee method. It is this kind of mortgage that discourages entrepreneurs. Pledge and mortgage are usually difficult to obtain a loan of 100%, and a large sum of money has to be paid to the guarantee company for guarantee. In addition to stable operating income and the ability to repay the principal and interest of the loan on time, the applicant must also be able to provide mortgage guarantee recognized by the bank. In fact, many individuals and small and medium-sized private enterprises applying for loans generally failed the bank evaluation. Guarantee companies are not "life-saving straws". The initial loan amount is 50,000 yuan. The loan term shall not exceed 3 years at the longest, and the working capital loan shall not exceed 1 year at the longest. The interest rate is based on the benchmark lending rate of the People's Bank of China for the same period, and fluctuates within the range of minimum downward fluctuation 10% and maximum upward fluctuation of 30% (inclusive)?

Although these conditions are a bit harsh, capital is a shot in the arm for entrepreneurs.

It is not difficult to get a loan if you can provide the information stipulated by the bank and provide appropriate mortgage. Generally, funds can be obtained within one month after providing complete relevant information and supporting materials. However, among many proof materials, the proof of collateral, that is, the proof of guarantee, is more difficult. If you have equivalent property as collateral, the problem can be easily solved. But the point is, for entrepreneurs, I'm afraid there is not so expensive collateral. To solve this problem, we can only find a professional guarantee company.

But there is no such thing as a free lunch. The guarantee company that provides guarantee for you will not let you go easily, and the guarantee company will charge you a huge guarantee fee, because according to the relevant regulations, the guarantee institution will charge the lender a fee not exceeding 50% of the bank loan interest rate in the same period, which undoubtedly increases the burden on entrepreneurs. In real life, due to the great responsibility of guarantee companies, many companies will charge some risk compensation in other names, which has also become an important factor hindering personal business loans. Not everyone is suitable to take the road of starting a business loan. Some people think that loan financing is not suitable for everyone. We visited relevant experts of Guangdong Development Bank for this purpose. According to experts, they think this view is correct, especially since they have just started a business and have no entrepreneurial experience in this industry, it is inevitable that there will be business risks. For those industries with certain operating experience, good operating efficiency and business scope encouraged by the state, banks may consider giving loan support.

Expert advice: for an entrepreneur, if he wants to take the road of loan financing, he should first consider whether the profit of loan operation exceeds the interest expenses and other expenses of bank loans; Whether the loan period of the bank matches the cycle of commercial loan recovery, so that the normal operation of the bank will not be affected when the loan is recovered; Bank loans need to determine an appropriate loan amount. Too big or too small is not conducive to entrepreneurship. In addition, the guarantee cost of the guarantee company should also be included in the operating cost to effectively avoid operating risks.

Small data

Venture loan refers to the loans provided by banks to individuals in order to support the development of private economy, private enterprises and individual operators, and to help individuals in urgent need of development achieve their goals as soon as possible.

Bank's requirements for loan applicants

(1) has reached the age of 18, and has a legal and valid identity certificate and a legal residence certificate where the loan bank is located, and has a fixed residence or business premises;

(2) Hold the business license issued by the administrative department for industry and commerce and the business license of related industries, engage in legal production and business activities, and have stable income and the ability to repay the principal and interest;

(3) The borrower has certain self-owned funds for investment projects;

(4) The loan shall be used in accordance with relevant national laws and bank credit policies, and shall not be used for equity investment;

(5) Open a settlement account in the bank, and the operating income will be settled by the bank.

Loan applicants need to provide application materials.

(1) Identity documents of the borrower and spouse (including the original resident identity card, household registration book or other valid residence permit) and proof of marital status;

(2) Proof of repayment ability such as personal or family income and property status;

(3) Business licenses and business licenses of relevant industries, relevant agreements, contracts or other materials for loan purposes;

(4) Guarantee materials: the ownership certificate and list of the mortgaged property or pledge, the certificate that the person who has the right to dispose of it agrees to mortgage (pledge), and the appraisal report of the mortgaged (pledged) property issued by the appraisal department recognized by the bank.

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What are the risk points and preventive measures of credit business?

Risk point: (1) External factors from commercial banks: (1) Influence of economic system. The transformation of government functions is not yet in place, the pattern of indirect investment as the main body is far from being broken, and the relationship among banks, governments and enterprises has not been fundamentally straightened out. All these will cause institutional risks of bank loans. (2) the impact of macro policies. First, the lack of industrial policies. Second, the adjustment of national industrial development policy orientation may bring vitality and risks to commercial bank loans to a great extent. (3) The influence of market supply and demand. The weak market will first cause business risks to enterprises, and then lead to bank loan risks through enterprises. (4) affect the borrower's operating conditions, leading to or aggravating the risk of bank loans. (5) The influence of social credit status. China's social credit situation is not ideal: first, administrative intervention loans. Second, the borrower's credit concept is weak.

Measures: (1) Correctly understand and grasp the law of loan risk growth, and improve the appropriateness and effectiveness of loan risk prevention countermeasures and measures. The growth of loan risk goes through three stages: risk germination, risk growth and risk outbreak, highlighting five growth nodes: loan issuance risk, concern category, subcategory, suspicious category and loss category. Only by correctly understanding and grasping its characteristics and taking effective measures can we ensure the effect of preventing risk growth. (2) Pay attention to correctly distinguish controllable and uncontrollable risk factors, and take different appropriate countermeasures and measures. Among a series of factors that affect the growth of loan risk of commercial banks, commercial banks have obvious uncontrollable external factors, but they have strong controllable internal factors. First, for uncontrollable external risk factors, commercial banks can urge and help borrowers improve their management. Speed up and strengthen the sense of honesty. For loan types and loan objects that are deeply affected by external risk factors, loan guarantees or loan insurance are needed to transfer loan risks. If no loan guarantee or loan insurance is provided, no loan will be issued to avoid unnecessary loan risks. Secondly, for controllable internal risk factors, commercial banks can improve loan policies, procedures, systems and internal control mechanisms, strictly supervise the implementation, and strengthen the legitimacy, standardization, risk and efficiency of loans.

How do enterprises avoid the risks brought by bank loans?

When enterprises choose bank loans, it is important to choose the appropriate loan types, loan costs and loan conditions. In addition, they should avoid risks from the following aspects:

1. Banks have different policies on their loan risks, and some tend to be conservative and are only willing to bear smaller loan risks; Some are pioneering and dare to take on greater loan risks.

2. Bank's attitude towards enterprises: Different banks have different attitudes towards enterprises. Some banks are willing to actively provide advice to enterprises, help analyze the potential capital problems of enterprises, and provide good services, and are willing to issue a large number of loans to enterprises with development potential to help enterprises tide over difficulties when they encounter difficulties; Some banks rarely provide consulting services, and when they encounter difficulties, they put pressure on enterprises to pay off their loans.

3. Special procedures for loans: Some big banks have different specialized departments to handle loans of different types and industries. Enterprises will benefit more from cooperation with these banks with rich professional loan experience.

4. Stability of banks: A stable bank can guarantee that the loans of enterprises will not change in the middle. The stability of a bank depends on its capital scale, fluctuation of deposit level and deposit structure. Generally speaking, the capital is abundant, the fluctuation of deposit level is small, and the stability of time deposits is better than that of major banks, and vice versa.

Bank loan risk of reclaimed rubber manufacturing industry

The bank loan risks of reclaimed rubber manufacturing industry are as follows:

1. After the bank issues the loan, after taking all legal measures and all necessary legal procedures, the principal and interest cannot be recovered or only a part can be recovered.

2. The creditor's rights secured by the mortgaged property have reached the final repayment period, but the debtor can't pay off the debts, and the collateral is damaged or lost, resulting in unrealizability.

3. The previous guarantor cannot be used as an effective guarantee because the subject qualification is unqualified or the guarantee content is illegal.

4. When the debtor fails to perform the debt, the guarantor cannot or does not have enough property to guarantee the performance.

5. The pledged property is damaged, lost or returned, which makes the creditor unable to exercise the pledge right or cancel the pledge right.

The introduction of industry loan risks ends here.