On the Tourism Development of Pan-Yandi Cultural Relics in Hunan

On the Tourism Development of Pan Yandi Cultural Relics in Hunan

Emperor Yan left many legends across the country, especially in Hunan. The Yuchanyan Site, Gaomiao Site, and Chengtoushan Site are the most important Neolithic cultural relics in Hunan. They respectively represent the earliest rice farming, religious culture and urban civilization of the Chinese nation. These sites coincide with the legend of Emperor Yan and can jointly constitute the Pan-Yan Emperor culture. We should construct tourism development projects according to the different contents of the sites so that they are unique and integrated.

Keywords: Pan Yandi culture; Yuchanyan ruins; Gaomiao ruins; Chengtoushan ruins; tourism development

Hunan has the Yan Emperor Mausoleum, the Shun Emperor Mausoleum, the Lei Zu Tomb, The Tomb of Erfei and the Tomb of Shanjuan have legends about Nanyue and Zhurong, one of the Five Mountains. However, they have been regarded as barbaric places since the Western Zhou Dynasty. From recent archaeological excavations and research results on documents and legends from past dynasties, it can be seen that the origins of Chinese civilization are diverse but integrated, and Hunan is the earliest source of the integration of Chinese culture. From an archaeological perspective, there are the Yuchanyan site in Dao County, the Hongjiang Gaomiao site in Huaihua, the Chengtoushan ancient city in Li County that dates back more than 6,200 years, and the earliest rice field discovered in China that dates back 6,500 years. This series of archaeological cultures constitute the source of Chinese civilization, and are all related to Emperor Yan. They can be called pan-Yan Emperor culture. These potential ancient cultural tourism resources cannot sleep underground or in warehouses. We should promote it vigorously and develop it as a tourist attraction.

1. Leading Hunan’s ancient cultural relics and tourism resources with the culture of Emperor Yan

Emperor Yan Shennong is said to be the ancestor of Chinese civilization. The ancestor of business and music, and the founder of tea culture. According to Chinese literature, many ancient inventions and creations were attributed to Emperor Yan, and they were condensed into a spirit called the Spirit of Emperor Yan. It is an important part of the traditional Chinese spirit. Promoting Yandi culture in places related to Yandi is conducive to carrying forward the spirit of Yandi and enhancing national cohesion.

It is said that Emperor Yan had seventeen generations, or eight generations, or seventy generations. He traveled from the north to the south in search of food and medicine, and finally discovered primitive rice in Hunan and established the Guli Mountain Kingdom. From then on, China began the process of agricultural civilization. Therefore, there are legends of Emperor Yan everywhere from Shaanxi to Hubei and Hunan. This is normal. His tribe has lived in Hunan for a long time, so it is normal for there to be legends about Emperor Yan in various parts of Hunan. The Mausoleum of Emperor Yan in Zhuzhou Yanling County has been initially developed into a tourist attraction.

It is said that Emperor Yan was the ancestor of agriculture. Therefore, the artificial rice unearthed in Daoxian County is somewhat related to Shennong’s invention of agriculture. There is Jiahe County near Dao County, and literature records are related to Shennong. "Guiyang Prefecture Chronicle" says: When heaven descended to Jiagu, Shennong picked it up and taught farming in the north of Qitian Ridge. The land was called Hecang, and later the county was established. ?"Heng Xiangji Ancient Records":? The emperor's craftsman Chi Zhishi made grass in Leishan, Chenzhou. ?So Shennong opened the first page of the vast history of Chinese agriculture. Jiahe County was called "Hecangbao" in ancient times. Li Yuandu of the Qing Dynasty re-edited "Nanyue Zhi" in Volume 10 and quoted "Xiangheng Jigu" as saying: "Today's Guiyang County has Qijiang River in the north and Jiahe County in its Yangtze." According to legend, during the reign of Emperor Yan, a harvest of good crops descended from heaven, and the emperor picked it up to teach farming and used the land as a barn for harvesting. The county was later named Jiahe. The Gaomiao ruins are also related to Emperor Yan. Recently, a theory of "Emperor Yan Huitong" has appeared. Mr. Yang Guosheng and others have put forward many reasons, including many place names in Huitong County, Huaihua, such as: Lianshan, Bagua Temple, and Huitong are all related to Related to Emperor Yan. In addition, several ancient book records quoted by it are also available for study. For example: "Spring and Autumn Wei? Yuan Mingbao" of the Eastern Han Dynasty: "Shaodian Fei was traveling in Huayang, and she felt the dragon's head in Chang Yang, and she gave birth to Shennong, with a human face and dragon face, good at farming, she was called Shennong, and she became the emperor." "The Classic of Mountains and Seas - Great Wilderness Western Classic" clearly records: "Dawu Mountain, the Mountain of Gold, in the southwest, in the middle of the wilderness, there is a mountain of partial sentences and constant sheep". The "Fu Tao Collection" of the Jin Dynasty contains "A Brief Introduction to Chiseling Teeth on Qingchu Figures": "Shen Nong was born in central Guizhou", and according to the "Huitong County Chronicle", Huitong belonged to the place of "central Guizhou" in ancient times.

According to the author’s research, Emperor Yan seems to be linked to the ancient city of Chengtoushan. The Shennong clan, also known as the Lieshan clan, is said to have established the Lishan Kingdom in Hunan.

"Minutes of Reading History Fangyu": Lishui: Three miles south of the state, originating from Lishan Mountain in the west of Cili, flowing east to Huishui River, passing through Shimen County to the east to Huishui River, and east to the foot of the city city, seventy miles north of the state. Laishui, the Danshui water twenty-five miles east of the state, all flow together and flow down into Dongting. "Chu Ci": "Zhuo Yu Pei Yu Li Pu" Yu Xiyun is Lishui and Rilanjiang River. It can be seen that Lie, Li, Li and Li are connected. Today, Hunan has Li County in the west, Liling City and Yanling County in the east. They are all in ancient Changsha. "Nanyue Zhi Qianxian" quoted Wang Wanshu as saying: (Emperor Yan) [Shen Nong] was in Changsha for seven generations. ?This ancient Changsha includes Li County, and may be the Chengtou Mountain City of Li County, because the era of Emperor Yan coincides with the ancient city.

Therefore, it is entirely okay for the three major Neolithic sites in Hunan to be linked to Emperor Yan. The culture of Emperor Yan to lead these tourism resources will form a whole and make the entire Hunan antique.

2. Development of Yuchanyan Site and Tourism Cultural Circle in Dao County

(1) Yuchanyan Site and Development Value

Yuchanyan (commonly known as The Toad Cave site is located in Shouyan Town, 16 kilometers northwest of Dao County, Hunan Province. It is a prehistoric cave site with simple cultural nature and rich cultural connotations, showing the transition from Paleolithic culture to Neolithic culture. The time is 12,000 years ago. The most important ones were the remains of rice and primitive pottery sherds discovered. Four rice grains were unearthed (it is reported that more pieces have been discovered in recent years), and Oryzae silicates were analyzed in cultural accumulation soil samples. After expert analysis and identification, the rice unearthed from Yuchanyan is the most primitive type of ancient cultivated rice that has the comprehensive characteristics of wild, indica and japonica, and evolved from ordinary wild rice to cultivated rice. This is the earliest artificially cultivated rice specimen discovered in the world. It is a rare physical material for exploring the time and place of the origin of rice agriculture and the evolution history of rice. The original pottery sherds were heated very low, contained a large amount of coarse sand, and were loose in texture. They were restored into a cauldron-shaped vessel with an open sloping wall and a pointed bottom. This is one of the earliest known pottery products in China and is of great value in exploring the origin and development of Chinese pottery technology. In February 1996, the Yuchanyan site in Daoxian County was selected as one of the top ten archaeological discoveries in the country in 1995; in March 2001, the Yuchanyan site was listed as one of the 100 major archaeological discoveries in China in the 20th century; in July 2001, It was approved as a national key cultural relic protection unit. Jade Chanyan is becoming the focus of attention in the scientific and historical circles at home and abroad. Therefore, it is of great significance to open up Yuchanyan ancient rice culture tourism in Hunan. It can attract tourists from China and even the world and has broad development prospects.

(2) Assumptions for the development of surrounding tourism resources and the ancient rice tourism cultural circle. The Yuchanyan site can be compared with the legend of Shennong Yandi in nearby Jiahe County, the Mausoleum of Emperor Shun in Ningyuan County, the Xiang Temple in Dao County and Neo-Confucianism. The hometown of ancestor Zhou Dunyi, Jiangyong Nushu and Yao ethnic culture form an ancient cultural relics tourism and cultural circle with an inner diameter of about 40 kilometers.

The following tourism projects can be considered in the Yuchanyan ruins tourist area:

1) Ancient residential villages: In the ruins area, including the caves of the ruins and the nearby mountain and rice field landscapes , an ancient residential village can be set up to recreate the life scenes of primitive residents 10,000 years ago. Such as farming garden, living room, pottery making field, collecting slope, fishing and hunting place, etc. The environment of ancient times should be created as much as possible.

2), Shennong Jiahe Hall: Set up an exhibition hall somewhere near the site to display the deeds of Emperor Yan Shennong, as well as the entire process from primitive rice to artificial rice and related agricultural tools, seeds, grains, and vegetables. Agricultural history knowledge such as the original cultivation techniques of crops such as vegetables, melons and fruits.

3) Experience Hall: Set up interactive projects for tourists and provide interactive facilities. The projects include: fishing, hunting, animal taming, stone making, pottery making, rice pounding, fire making, cooking, etc.

4) Ancient Rice Culture Research Center: An academic research building can be built to provide venues and materials for research and exchange of ancient rice culture.

3. Development of Hongjiang Gaomiao Cultural Site and Huaihua Tourism Circle

(1) Gaomiao Cultural Site Tourism Resources and Development Value

Gaomiao Site is located in Yanli Village, Chatou Township, about 5 kilometers northeast of Anjiang Town, Hongjiang City, Hunan Province (formerly the county seat of Qianyang County).

The Hunan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology actively excavated it twice in 1991 and 2004, and finally revealed an area of ??530 square meters.

Archaeologists have discovered a large-scale sacrificial site in the late Gaomiao Culture, which dates back to about 7,000 years ago. It has complete facilities for hosting ceremonies, animal sacrifices, human sacrifices, storage rooms and meeting rooms, which is extremely rare among the sites of the same period in southern my country.

Images dating back about 7,800 years ago were discovered, featuring phoenix birds, fanged beasts, sun patterns, and eight-pointed star patterns. They appear to be supernatural objects. With reference to the discovery of large-scale sacrificial sites at the site, it can be confirmed that these pottery decorated with the above images are of the nature of sacrificial vessels. These sacrificial vessels come from such an ancient period, opening a new chapter in tracing the origins of prehistoric religious art in my country. The fanged animal mask pattern appears in the Hemudu Culture, Liangzhu Culture and later Xia and Shang cultural relics, but they are all thousands of years later than the Gaomiao site. The composition pattern of this "tusked god of agriculture" has influenced agricultural areas all over China, such as Liangzhu Culture, Dawenkou Culture, Longshan Culture, Yangshao Culture in the Central Plains, Bronze Culture in the Central Plains, Sanxingdui Bronze Culture in Sichuan, Jiangxi's Xingan bronze culture, etc., all of these are the inheritance and development of the composition mode of Gaomiao, fang-fanged god of agriculture. Today, the Nuo mask patterns used by ethnic minorities in the Wuxi area for worshiping gods, the composition of the animal-faced fangs is surprisingly similar to the "tusked farmer statue" of more than 7,000 years ago, which shows that ancient customs are still preserved in this area.

The Phoenix is ??a legendary divine bird with totemic connotations. The historical and archaeological circles have always recognized that the ivory carving of "Two Birds Facing the Sun" discovered at the Hemudu site is the earliest "Phoenix Totem" in my country. The white clay pots unearthed from the Gaomiao site have patterns of Eastern sacred birds (including animal faces and suns) stamped on their necks and shoulders. One is facing the front, and the other is looking back from the side. Although it has been soaked in time, it is still lifelike. . Experts have determined that the Yuanshui Phoenix is ??400 years older than the Hemudu Phoenix. The "Sun" painted pottery excavated at the Gaomiao site is more than 7,400 years old and is an early Neolithic pottery craft. According to research, the animal face patterns attached to the Gaomiao pottery are thousands of years older than those of the same family in Liaoning. It has a long history and is unique in the country. In addition, the earliest white pottery products ever seen were unearthed. This may be the original birthplace of white pottery in my country. A large number of important relics including the tombs of tribal leaders and their wives were revealed on the upper level of the Gaomiao. The appearance of this kind of monogamous tomb is about 2,500 years earlier than that in Dawenkou and other places in the past. This indicates the approximate time of the emergence of patrilineal clans.

In addition, domesticated pig teeth were unearthed from the Gaomiao site, indicating that animal domestication had occurred in the area nearly 8,000 years ago. A bamboo mat underneath a 7,400-year-old female human skeleton was unearthed. The film is so thin that there is no visual difference from similar items today, indicating that the production process is very sophisticated. According to expert determination, Miaodi is more than 2,000 years older than the bamboo mats, bamboo baskets, bamboo baskets, etc. found in the Liangzhu Cultural Site in Zhejiang. As a result, Gaomiao Miao has become the earliest known bamboo handicraft in the country so far.

The exquisite jade articles such as jade huangs and jade blocks in the tombs of ancient tribal leaders and their husbands at the Gaomiao Cultural Site are astonishing for their exquisite drilling technology. The holes on these jade objects are so thin and smooth that only an embroidery needle can pass through them.

The development of this site should fully reflect the highly developed ancient civilization of the Huaihua area 7,000 years ago, and its leading position in the country in religious culture, white pottery, and handicrafts. In particular, the comprehensive patterns composed of phoenix, Taotie, octagon, sun pattern, etc. are the source of Chinese religious culture.

(2) Development ideas for the Gaomiao Cultural Tourism Circle and surrounding tourism resources

Huaihua City has a very unique and superior location advantage, with a good ecological environment, beautiful mountains and rivers, and many historical sites. , with charming folk customs, is one of the key tourist cities in Hunan Province. The city currently has 9 national-level key cultural relics protection units, 1 national-level nature reserve, 5 provincial-level scenic spots, and 3 provincial-level forest parks. The Huaihua area is also the place where the ancient legendary Panhu has many records. It can be developed together with historical sites.

This area is mainly developed as a heritage museum. In addition to protecting important heritage sites, the museum can also set up the following exhibition halls:

1) Exhibition Hall on the Source of Chinese Religious Culture.

It mainly displays the sacrificial traces, sacrificial vessels and various phoenix patterns, animal face patterns (Taotie patterns), octagonal patterns, sun patterns and other cultural relics unearthed from this site. It also displays the Hemudu, Liangzhu Culture and Xia Reproductions of similar decorative patterns from the Shang and Zhou dynasties illustrate the origin of mainstream Chinese religions in Hunan.

2), the tomb of men and women buried together and the patrilineal clan culture exhibition hall.

It mainly displays the multiple tombs of men and women unearthed at this site and their burial objects, revealing the social and cultural development status of this culture. At the same time, the tombs of men and women buried in Dawenkou Culture and other places and their funerary objects, as well as Tao Zu (male genital pottery) that appeared in various places, are also on display to reveal the sequence and level of the development of patrilineal clans in various places.

3), Handicrafts and Production Tools Exhibition Hall

The main exhibits include jade huangs, jade blocks, ivory and other exquisite jade articles, bamboo mats under the female human body skeleton, white pottery and other cultural relics. And elaborate on the development trajectory of various handicrafts. Display similar items from the same period across the country to reflect their level of development.

4), New and Paleolithic Cultural Relics Exhibition Hall

Many Paleolithic and Neolithic sites have been unearthed near Hongjiang District. The cultural relics are rich and colorful and can be collected here for people to visit. It is reported that the clues to the development of the Neolithic culture here are clear, so the sequence of the development of the archaeological culture here can be displayed at the same time.

5). Ancient Resident Living Garden

The display design is similar to that of Yuchanyan.

IV. Li County Chengtoushan Ancient City Ruins and Its Tourism Development

The Chengtoushan Ancient City Ruins are located in the middle of Liyang Plain, 10 kilometers northwest of Lixian County, in Nanyue Village, Chexi Township. . From 1991 to 1999, the Hunan Provincial Institute of Archeology organized experts from inside and outside the province to conduct scientific excavations on this site nine times, confirming that it is the oldest (about 6,200 years ago), the most complete, and the richest ancient site. The city site contains residential areas, pottery making areas, tombs, and sacrificial areas. The design of Chengtoushan ancient city and the construction of city walls are quite grand. The city is circular in plan, with four gates in the east, south, west and north. The area within the city wall is about 80,000 square meters. The outer ring of the city wall is surrounded by a moat 30 to 40 meters wide. The 100,000 square meters of soil dug out of the river were rammed to build a grand city wall with a length of more than 1,000 meters, a bottom width of more than 30 meters, and a height of 4.5 meters. The city wall and moat cover a total area of ??150,000 square meters. Excavated in the city are large foundations of platform-style housing complexes, well-equipped pottery workshops, wide city avenues, and dense and overlapping public tombs. According to Japanese scholars participating in the research, the earliest fired bricks in China have also been discovered. The ancients used these bricks to lay on palace floors and roads. The world's earliest ancient rice fields (6,500 years ago) were also excavated on the north side of the east gate of the ancient city. These prove that the city is the earliest ancient city in China and is truly the "first ancient city in China".

The Chengtoushan ancient city ruins are of extremely important academic value. It is not only recognized by domestic experts and scholars, but also recognized by the world. The city site was announced as a national key cultural relic protection unit by the State Council in 1996. It has been rated as one of the top ten archaeological discoveries in the country twice, and it is the only one in the country to win this honor. In recent years, scholars from Japan, South Korea, the United Kingdom, Germany, Taiwan and other countries and regions have visited here. Domestic and foreign news media and academic journals have made extensive reports. In March 1995, President Xi Jinping came to Li County for inspection and personally inscribed "Chengtoushan Ancient Cultural Site". The Lixian People's Government has planned to raise 30 million yuan to start building a "Chengtoushan Ancient Cultural Heritage Museum" at the original site. After the museum is completed, it will be adjacent to Dongting Yueyang Tower in the east, Wulingyuan, Zhangjiajie and Jiashan Temple in the west, Peach Blossom Spring in the south, and the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River and other scenic spots in the north. By then, tourists from all over the country and at home and abroad will be able to experience the ancient Chinese civilization of more than 6,000 years ago.

In addition to displaying the contents excavated at the site, the Chengtoushan City Site Museum should also focus on displaying the overall process of the origin of civilization and display elements of civilization from all over the country together, so that people can have a more complete understanding of the origin of ancient civilization. impression.

Currently, the Chengtoushan Cultural Site Management Office in Lixian County, Changde City, Hunan Province has launched an online search for developers and plans to build a "humanities-nature" complex in and around the Chengtoushan Site in Lixian County. The theme park covers an area of ??320 hectares. It has built 60 antique settlements and life experience areas, 1 large water amusement park, 1 Sheji Temple, 1 ancient city museum and 7 cultural relics protection halls. The total building Area 17,000 square meters. After completion, it will be a tourist attraction.

These ideas are good. I think there should be two major exhibition areas: city ruins and park. The city ruins area displays the dissected ancient city walls, moats, central terraces, buildings, roads and city gates. In addition to the above items in the park area, two large exhibition halls should be opened in the museum exhibition area. The first one is the exhibition hall of the city site and nearby cultural relics, which displays the Daxi and Qujialing cultural relics of the city site and many nearby sites; the second one is the exhibition hall of ancient Chinese city sites and the origin of civilization, displaying nearly ten Daxi excavated in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. , Qujialing ancient city model and related cultural relics, displaying models and cultural relics or replicas of nearly 50 prehistoric ancient city sites across the country.

5. Integrated publicity and development strategy

Based on the analysis and research on the legend of Emperor Yan and ancient cultural relics, we believe that tourism development should be strengthened from the following aspects.

(1) Strengthen integrated publicity to attract all types of tourists

We should take Yandi culture as a clue to promote Hunan's ancient relics as a whole, so that people? First of all, Hunan people themselves, Change the barbarian concepts and realize that in ancient times, Hunan (Jingchu, to be precise) was the leading culture in the country during the period of about 8,000 years from 12,000 to 4,000 years ago, and it was the source of Chinese culture. This makes tourists full of curiosity and strengthens their determination to visit here. It can also attract tourists who conduct research and inspections on ancient culture. It is also a good place for patriotism and ideological education.

(2) Supporting development and integration

In addition to the Yandi Mausoleum and the above three sites, Hunan also has many ancient cultural tourism resources that can be developed as a whole. For example, Huangling Temple in Xiangyin County, Yao Ling and Yu Ling in You County, the Tomb of Erfei in Junshan, the Tomb of Lei Zu in Nanyue, the Shanjuan Tomb in Changde, as well as the Panhu ruins in western Hunan, and the tombs in eastern and northern Hunan. The historical relics of Rong Chengzi, Wan Xiong, Xiong Yi, Lao Laizi and others. Together with the Longshan Liye Qin Slips, they can be developed and publicized as a whole to form a series of cultural relics and characteristic brand tourism resources in Hunan. In addition, according to "Road History", there are more than 200 tombs of Emperor Yan's family in Lushui Town, Chaling County. It can be turned into a high-grade tourist attraction. To enhance confidence in promoting and developing Hunan ancient cultural tourism.

(3) Distinct features and highlights

When developing Hunan’s ancient cultural relics and historic sites tourism resources, the characteristics of each scenic spot should be highlighted to make them unique and more individual. . The Mausoleum of Emperor Yan focuses on finding roots and worshiping ancestors, Yuchanyan in Daoxian County focuses on ancient rice culture, Hongjiang Gaomiao focuses on ancient religion and productivity levels, Chengtou Mountain in Lixian County focuses on the origin of civilization and urban culture, and Emperor Yao can focus on ancient astronomy and calendar culture.

(4) Develop a series of tourism products to promote overall economic growth

We should make a fuss about ancient culture and create a series of characteristic tourism products. Such as: books promoting the spirit of Emperor Yan, statues of Emperor Yan, handicrafts with decorative patterns on high temples, astronomical calendar tools, Hetu Luoshu, replicas of cultural relics for commemoration, etc.

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The above cultural relics and tourism resources we want to develop are all national-level key cultural relics. They can all be used to lay eggs and receive state funding and people's sponsorship. The local investment is small and the results are quick. They are all located in remote and poorer areas of Hunan, so they should do everything possible to seize opportunities, build momentum and accelerate development. While developing tourism, road construction, civil engineering, etc. will promote local economic development and drive the development of the tertiary industry. After the development of these attractions, they will attract tourists from home and abroad and promote the overall economic growth of Hunan.