Wang Zhihuan's Liangzhou Ci and Liu Yuxi's Creation Background of Langtaosha

Edit this passage of Liangzhou Ci (Wang Zhihuan)

The Ring of Wang Tang (688-742)

The Yellow River is getting farther and farther away, because it flows in the middle of the Yellow River, and Yumenguan is located on a lonely mountain.

Why use the elegy of willow to complain about the delay of spring, old Yumenguan, a spring breeze is not blowing!

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On the vast plateau, the Yellow River runs down, and from a distance, it seems to flow out of white clouds. A lonely city located in the frontier fortress, standing tall by mountains and waters. Since the spring breeze outside Yumenguan can't blow, the willow outside Yumenguan naturally won't spit leaves. What's the use of complaining about it?

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1, Liangzhou Ci: also known as Liangzhou Song. The lyrics were a popular song (Liangzhou Ci) at that time. Liangzhou Ci is a common appellation of Yuefu in Tang Dynasty, which mostly describes the life of frontier troops.

2. There are two original titles. First, there are Liangzhou songs in Guo Maoqian's Yuefu Poems (Volume 79) and Modern Quci, and Yuan Yue is quoted as saying: "Liangzhou, Gongdiao Song, commander of Kaiyuan Liangfu Guo Zhiyun". Liangzhou is located in Guzang County (now Wuwei County, Gansu Province), where Liangzhou Governance of Longyou Road was located in the Tang Dynasty.

3. "Far" means "straight".

4. The Yellow River is far away: looking at the source of the Yellow River.

5. Lonely city: refers to the lonely castle guarding the border.

6. Well: an ancient unit of length, and a well is equivalent to seven or eight feet.

7. Qiang people: The ancient Qiang people were mainly distributed in Gansu, Qinghai and Sichuan. Qiangdi is a A Qiang musical instrument, which belongs to cross-wind wind music.

8. Liu Yang: Folding Liu Yang. In ancient poetry, willow is often used as a metaphor for farewell. Poem Xiaoya Cai Wei: "In the past, I was gone, and the willows were reluctant." In the Northern Dynasty Yuefu's "Blowing the Drum Horn Across", there is "Folding Yang Liuzhi", and the lyrics say: "If you don't catch the whip when you get on the horse, you will hit Yang Liuzhi instead. Dismount and play the flute, worrying about killing travelers. "

9. Degree: crossing. The last two sentences are: Why did Qiangdi play such a sad tune as "Folding Willow", complaining that the willow didn't grow and spring came late? You know, the spring breeze outside Yumenguan can't blow!

10, Yumenguan: It was set by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and was named after the jade introduced from the Western Regions. Therefore, it is located in Xiaofang City in the northwest of Dunhuang, Gansu. During the Six Dynasties, the site moved eastward to the vicinity of Shuangta Fort in Anxi.

Specific comments: This poem describes the magnificent and desolate scene of Liangzhou in frontier fortress. The Yellow River flowing far away seems to be connected with white clouds, and Yumenguan stands alone in the mountains, looking lonely and cold. Why use Qiangdi to play sad willow songs and complain that spring is late? It turns out that the spring breeze around Yumenguan can't blow!

Edit a brief analysis of this paragraph.

"Liangzhou Ci" is the lyrics of Liangzhou Song, not the title of a poem, but the name of a popular tune in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. During the Kaiyuan period, Guo Zhiyun, the Chinese ambassador to Longyou, collected a batch of western music scores and presented them to Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty. Xuanzong handed it to Jiao Fang to translate it into China's music score, sang it with new lyrics, and took the place names produced by these music scores as the title of the song. Later, many poets liked this tune and filled it with new words, so many poets in the Tang Dynasty wrote Liangzhou Ci.

Wang Zhihuan wrote this poem about the homesickness of frontier soldiers. It is desolate and generous, sad without losing strength. Although he tried his best to exaggerate the resentment that the garrison soldiers were not allowed to go home, he did not feel depressed, which fully showed the broad-minded mind of the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

The first sentence, "The Yellow River is far above the white clouds", captures the characteristics of overlooking and depicts a moving picture: on the vast plateau, the Yellow River runs down and looks at the west as if it were flowing out of the white clouds. The second sentence, "An isolated city, Wan Ren Mountain", is about an isolated city in the fortress. A lonely city located in the frontier fortress, standing tall by mountains and waters. These two sentences describe the majestic momentum of the motherland's mountains and rivers, outline the geographical situation of this important national defense town, highlight the desolate situation of foot soldiers guarding the border, and provide a typical environment for the latter two sentences to describe the psychology of defending the army.

In this environment, I suddenly heard the sound of Qiangdi, and the tune I played happened to be "Folding Willow", which aroused the sadness of the garrison. The ancients had the custom of parting and giving gifts. "Liu" and "Liu" are homophonic and presented to Liu as a souvenir. In the Northern Dynasty Yuefu's "Blowing the Drum Horn Across", there is "Folding Yang Liuzhi", and the lyrics say: "If you don't catch the whip when you get on the horse, you will hit Yang Liuzhi instead. Dismount and play the flute, worrying about killing travelers. " It is mentioned in the song that pedestrians break willows when they walk. This kind of farewell wind was very popular in the Tang Dynasty. Thus, there is a close relationship between willow and parting. Nowadays, when the foot soldiers guarding the border pass hear the sad tune of "Folding Willow" played by Qiangdi, it is inevitable that they will feel sad and not hate it. Therefore, the poet explained in an open-minded tone: Why does Qiangdi always play the sad tune of "breaking willow"? You know, outside Yumenguan is a place where spring breeze can't blow, so there are no willows to fold! To say "why complain" is not to complain, nor to persuade the guards not to complain, but to complain is useless. The use of the word "why complain" makes poetry more economical and meaningful.

Three or four sentences, which Yang Shen thought contained irony: "This poem is not as good as frontier fortress, and the so-called military gate is far more than Wan Li." China's ancient poetry has always had a tradition of "happiness", not to mention "poetry fails to express its meaning". We think readers can't help but understand it, but we are not sure whether the author really means it. Since the spring breeze outside Yumenguan can't blow, the willow outside Yumenguan naturally won't spit leaves. What's the use of complaining about it?

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Liangzhou (now Wuwei, Gansu) is located in Hexi Corridor. This poem describes a vast and desolate scene in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. This poem has an open realm, a heavy atmosphere and a sad mood. The phrase "The Yellow River is far above the white clouds" refers to seeing the Yellow River from a distance, and its source seems to come from the white clouds. "Qiangdi" is a musical instrument in the western regions, and "Complaining about Willow" refers to the elegy "Broken Willow" played by Qiangdi.

The first sentence is a strange idea, looking back at the present. This is contrary to the visual direction of "How the water of the Yellow River moves out of the sky, into the ocean and never returns" in Li Bai's Into the Wine, and the emphasis is different. Shi Li emphasized the imposing manner, while Wang Shi emphasized the noble origin. In such a broad background, an isolated city stands alone in the mountains of Wan Ren, and the Yellow River is like a silk belt, which binds the blue sky and white clouds, isolated city and mountains together. This is a freehand painting of frontier fortress. The poet described a city as a city, and thought that the viewpoint highlighted loneliness: an isolated city is like a boat in the Han Sea, like a white cloud drowning between heaven and earth, like the loneliness and helplessness of the defenders. This leads to a theme of "resentment": this remote and desolate frontier fortress is refused by the spring breeze, but people have to leave their homes and endure the suffering of years here. Such a long and helpless complaint is said in a relieved tone of "why complain", which is tortuous and easy to express. Think about it carefully, the song "Folding Willow" really doesn't help to dispel the bitterness. So who is to blame? The poet didn't say anything, but another poem on the same topic complained slightly: "The son of heaven of the Han family is here now and doesn't go home with his relatives." But the son of heaven is not good at complaining, so he has to complain gently about the "spring breeze" Wu Yi commented on The True Voice of Tang Poetry: "Full of grievances and subtlety." Tang Xian's Samadhi Collection notes: "Liangzhou is a sinister state. There is a "willow-bending song" in the flute, but spring has not come yet, so why complain about willow? Obviously, the border is bitter and cold, and the sun is not harmonious. The wording is full of people's ideas. "

According to Xue Yongwei's Collection of Legacies in the Tang Dynasty, during the Kaiyuan period, Wang Zhihuan, Gao Shi and Wang Changling went to the hotel to drink, and when the actors in the pear garden sang and feasted, they privately agreed to name the poems according to their singing. As a result, all three people's poems were sung, and the most beautiful woman in Zhu Lingzhong sang "The Yellow River is far above the white clouds". Wang Zhihuan is very proud, and this is the famous story of "painting a wall and hanging a flag pavilion". It may not be true. However, it shows that Wang Zhihuan's "Liangzhou Ci" has become a famous piece widely sung at that time.

The first sentence of the poem captures the special feeling of looking at the Yellow River from the bottom (swimming) to the top (swimming) from near and far, and depicts the moving picture of "the Yellow River is far above the white clouds": the surging Yellow River flies to the clouds like a ribbon. Writing is really a leap of thought, and the weather is open. Another famous poem of the poet, "And the Ocean Drains Gold River", is viewed from the opposite angle, from top to bottom; Li Bai's "How the Yellow River Water Moves Out of the Sky" is different from this sentence. Although it is also about looking at the upper reaches, the line of sight is from far to near. "All rivers run into the sea" and "How the water of the Yellow River moves out of the sky" are deliberately exaggerating the style of the Yellow River, showing dynamic beauty. "The Yellow River is far above the white clouds", the direction of which is opposite to that of the river, which is intended to highlight its long-standing leisure state and show a static beauty. At the same time, it shows the vast and magnificent scenery of the border, which is worthy of being a strange sentence throughout the ages.

The second sentence "Isolated City, Wan Ren Mountain" appears as an isolated city on the frontier, which is one of the main images of this poem and belongs to the main part of the "picture scroll". "The Yellow River is far above the white clouds" is its background, and "Wan Ren Mountain" is its near background. Against the background of the mountains in Yuanchuan, it is helpful to see that the city is in a dangerous terrain and lonely situation. "Pian" is an idiom in Tang poetry, which is often associated with "loneliness" (such as "a lonely sail" and "a lonely cloud"). Here it is equivalent to "a seat", but this word has an additional meaning of "thin". A lonely city like Mobei is certainly not a residential area, but a fortress guarding the border, which also implies that readers have husbands in their poems. As a vocabulary of classical poetry, "Lonely City" has a specific meaning. It is often associated with the sadness of leaving people, such as "The sunset in Kuifu ancient city is oblique, and every Beidou Wangjing is in China" (Du Fu's Autumn Prosperity), "Knowing the Han people far away makes Xiao Guan go out and worry about seeing the sunset in the old city" (Wang Wei's Send Wei to Comment on Things) and so on. Firstly, the image of "lonely city" in the second sentence is introduced to prepare for further describing the psychology of husband recruitment in the next two sentences.

The poem begins with the vastness and desolation of mountains and rivers, and the loneliness and danger of the bearer. The third sentence suddenly turns, introducing the sound of Qiang flute. The tune played by Qiangdi is "Folding Willow", which can't help but arouse people's sadness. This sentence is translated into Yuefu's "Blowing Words". Fold willow songs ","don't catch a whip on the horse, fold Yang Liuzhi. Playing the flute on the bench and worrying about killing travelers is very poetic. The custom of breaking willows to bid farewell flourished in the Tang Dynasty. "Liu" has a more direct relationship with parting. Therefore, people will feel sad not only when they see willow trees, but also when they hear the flute sound of "breaking willow trees". The sentence "strong enemy" is not about "smelling willow", but about "resenting willow", which is particularly wonderful. This avoids directly using the title of the song, and turns the board into life, which can trigger more associations and deepen poetry. Outside Yumenguan, the spring breeze is not strong, the willow is not green, and people can't leave a willow to send their feelings, which is more embarrassing than breaking the willow to bid farewell. When people listen to songs in this mood, it seems that the flute is also complaining about the willow. The resentment revealed is strong, but it is euphemistically expressed in the broad explanation of "why complain", which is deep, implicit and intriguing. This third sentence conveys such rich poetry in the question, and the last sentence "Spring breeze is not enough to pass Yumenguan" is logical. Entering the poem with the word "Yumenguan" is also related to making people think. Book of later Han dynasty Ban Chao said, "I dare not look at Jiuquan County, but at Yumen Pass." So the last sentence was written in the biting cold, implying infinite homesickness. If we compare this poem "Liangzhou Ci" with some frontier poems after the middle Tang Dynasty (such as Zhang Qiao's "Old Soldiers of Hehuang"), we will find that although this poem is extremely expressive of the resentment that people guarding the frontier can't return to their hometown, it is tragic and desolate, and there is no mood of decline and depression, which shows the broad-minded mind of poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Even if you write sad grievances, you are strong in sadness and generous in sadness. The word "Why complain" not only shows the euphemism and implication of its artistic technique, but also shows that the frontier guards at that time realized the great responsibility of defending the country and the frontier when they were homesick, so they could forgive themselves. Perhaps it is because of the sadness of Liangzhou Ci that it can become a typical representative of "Tang Yin".

Edit this anecdote

Legend has it that Jie Jin of the Ming Dynasty was resourceful and got out of trouble.

A Chinese Odyssey, a gifted scholar in Jie Jin, is very cultured, but he often makes rude remarks and offends Emperor Yongle. Ming Chengzu once asked him to write an inscription on the folding fan, so he wrote Wang Zhihuan's "Liangzhou Ci". However, the gifted scholar accidentally left out "space" in the first sentence.

Emperor Yongle found out and said nothing but told him to read what he had written. Jie Jin looked at it and understood, but he was very clever. He read a long and short sentence unhurriedly: "The Yellow River is far away/there are white clouds/Wan Ren Mountain is an isolated city/why bother to complain about Qiangdi/Yangliuqingfeng/Yumenguan." Enough to reflect Jie Jin's intelligence.

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