I want to learn to knead dough and ask some related questions.

Plastics can be divided into two categories according to their functions, one is flour plastics specially used for collection, and the other is edible flour plastics. Pastry used for collection is usually made of refined flour, glutinous rice flour, salt, preservatives and sesame oil, while dough used for eating is made of refined flour and raw flour. This article is about collecting dough sculptures. ?

Making dough sculptures and mixing dough is one of the keys. Making dough is different from making cakes. The former needs to consider the requirements of dough in plasticity and corrosion resistance. ?

Many people will encounter problems when making dough sculptures, such as dough is not easy to form, and works are easy to dry and crack. The main reason is probably that the producers have not fully mastered the know-how of dough modeling and dough making. ?

Because there are many schools of dough figurines, the formulas and techniques of dough figurines are different. Even in the same school, due to the change of seasons and different works, the formula and technique of dough mixing will be different. ?

According to the experience of my school, the formula of winter flour mixing is: refined flour 1500g, glutinous rice flour 1000g, refined salt 200g, preservative 100g and sesame oil 250g. ?

The preparation method is as follows: put flour, glutinous rice flour, refined salt and preservative into a basin and stir evenly, then slowly pour boiling water, stir with chopsticks, and knead the dough repeatedly until the "three lights" effect is achieved? Face lamp, hand lamp, basin lamp. Press the dough into thin slices by hand, steam it in a cage for about 45 minutes, take it out, quickly knead the dough with sesame oil, put it in a plastic bag, wrap it with a towel, let it stand for 24 hours until the dough is firm, and then color it with advertising color. ?

If it is in summer, considering the factors such as temperature and humidity, the proportion of flour can generally be appropriately increased? Flour can be increased to about 1700g, and the proportion of preservatives and sesame oil should be appropriately increased. ?

The mixed dough can be stored for 1 ~ 2 months in winter and 1 month in the freezer in summer. If you feel the dough is hard when you take it, you can rub it by hand without affecting the use effect. ?

Novices are prone to the following problems when mixing dough, due to reasons such as poor mastery of raw material ratio and production methods.

1? The dough is too dry, which will make it difficult for the dough components to stick together. The main reason for this is that too little water is added or too much flour is added when mixing flour. But if you find a problem, you must not rub it with water. You can only use 502 glue or white latex to bond the parts. ?

2? The dough is too soft, indicating that the dough has lost its bone strength. It is mainly caused by too much water or glutinous rice flour when mixing noodles. The solution is to put the dough in a cool and ventilated place and blow it until it doesn't stick to your hands. ?

3? The elasticity of dough is too large, which may lead to the inability to describe the fine parts of dough. If you just press the eye socket with a plastic knife, it will bounce back immediately and return to its original state. The solution is simple. Once the dough is mixed, it can be steamed in a cage. ?

4? Dough sculpture works are cracked or hairy when stored. Add refined salt and sesame oil?

Or glycerol, which can increase the strength of dough and prevent it from cracking and bursting. So?

As long as you put enough of the above two raw materials and knead them with other raw materials, you can do it?

Prevent the work from cracking. The long hair of insects in the works is caused by insufficient use of preservatives. ?

China noodles are the first batch of "intangible cultural heritage" in China. ?

First, the history of dough sculpture?

The art of dough sculpture can be traced back to the Warring States and the Han Dynasty, which was recorded in writing. The ancients used dough sculptures in Spring Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and birthday celebrations. There are also "face figurines" unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb. After thousands of years of inheritance, it can be said that it has a long history and has already become a part of China culture and folk art, right?

Second, the concept and introduction of dough sculpture?

The uniqueness of dough sculpture lies in that it embodies the characteristics of China's traditional aesthetics, including painting, sculpture, carving, decoration and many other artistic categories; Therefore, dough sculpture is not only a sculpture, but also transcends the significance of general sculpture; China dough sculpture is a unique plastic art with flour as raw material in China. ?

In modern times, influenced by literati art, the level and style of dough sculpture artists have changed. Folk toys made in the street have developed into desk furnishings, so they are becoming more and more popular. China's famous dough sculpture masters in modern times mainly concentrated in Beijing and Tianjin. Tang Mianren in Beijing, Zhao Mianren in Tianjin, He Mianren in Shandong and so on. ?

Learning dough figurines can not only exercise hand-eye coordination and artistic modeling appreciation, but also understand the history of China and the formation and development of traditional folk art in China. ?

Third, the classification of dough sculpture?

One is edible (edible dough). This is the kind you can eat. On holidays, you can buy some dough sculptures like this, or make dough sculptures of various shapes at home, symbolizing bumper harvests. This dough sculpture is simple and easy to operate. ?

The other is ornamental (dough sculpture specially used for collection), which is divided into: lifting sign type, supporting plate type and sculpture type. The collection of dough sculptures, that is, the independent dough sculpture art, is now also introduced into the cooking inventory decoration. With the passage of time, the independent dough sculpture art separated from food and became its own system. The production of noodles has also changed, and the color is no longer dotted, but kneaded. At this time, the dough sculpture is more ornamental and has independent economic value. Some people began to make a living by making dough sculptures. They brought colorful dough and simple tools and sold them when making them, which attracted many viewers and buyers. There are also some craftsmen who have traveled all over the world with the team of wandering artists. They experienced the hardships of being displaced from place to place, and at the same time showed the elegant demeanor of dough sculpture art to the world. ?

China's dough sculpture art was recorded in writing as early as the Han Dynasty. After thousands of years of inheritance and management, it can be said that it has a long history, and has long been a part of China culture and folk art, and it is also a real material subject that cannot be ignored in the study of history, archaeology, folklore, sculpture, aesthetics and other disciplines. As far as kneading style is concerned, The Yellow River Basin is simple, rough, bold and profound. The Yangtze River basin is meticulous, beautiful and exquisite. The characteristics of dough sculpture art are "one seal, two pinches, three embedments and four volumes" (the steps of clay sculpture), and "the chest of the text, the belly of the martial arts, the back of the old man and the waist of the beautiful woman". ?

Noodles are actually steamed bread, which are all kinds of small figures made of glutinous rice flour and colored noodles. Mainly used in wedding gifts, funeral offerings, but also for birthdays, gifts to relatives and friends, prayers and so on. Farmers put all kinds of steamed dough sculptures in front of the gods, including pig's head dough sculptures commonly known as "Dagong", flower molds, flower molds, ritual molds and steamed toys. The tools for making dough buns are simple: white flour, scissors, kitchen knife, comb, red dates, peppers and so on. As long as you master the technique of kneading dough and knead it according to the style, a vivid dough mold image will stand out. "?

China's traditional food culture has a long history. According to the literature, noodles were recorded in the Han Dynasty, and it was recorded in Liang Lumeng of the Song Dynasty that noodles were used for Spring Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and wedding celebrations. In Shaanxi and Hebei, dough figurines are also called "dough figurines" and "Nianmo", and this ancient custom should run through the whole festival. From the 30th to 15th of the first month, happy scenes of exchanging gifts and steamed buns can be seen everywhere in the countryside. In the eastern part of Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province, almost everyone is an expert at making models of ritual vessels, especially older women. Dough sculpture is a street folk craft. After it was introduced into the dining hall, just like food sculpture, it played a role in embellishing and beautifying dishes and setting off the banquet atmosphere. ?

According to their functions, dough sculptures can be divided into two categories, one is dedicated to collection and the other is edible dough sculptures. Pastry used for collection is usually made of refined flour, glutinous rice flour, salt, preservatives and sesame oil, while dough used for eating is made of refined flour and raw flour. This article is about collecting dough sculptures. Making dough sculptures and mixing dough is one of the keys. Making dough is different from making cakes. The former needs to consider the requirements of dough in plasticity and corrosion resistance. ?

Many people will encounter problems when making dough sculptures, such as dough is not easy to form, and works are easy to dry and crack. The main reason is probably that the producers have not fully mastered the know-how of dough modeling and dough making. Because there are many schools of dough figurines, the formulas and techniques of dough figurines are different. Even in the same school, due to the change of seasons and different works, the formula and technique of dough mixing will be different. ?

Formula for shaping dolls:

Short arms, short legs, big head, light eyebrows, big eyes and fat nose?

Children are characterized by five children, nose, mouth, hands and feet and eyebrows.

The formula for shaping the old birthday girl:?

Want to shape a good longevity, exaggerated forehead is the characteristic?

Short neck, long ears, thick back, baldness and long beard.

The formula for shaping a lady:

A lady in ancient costume, with her shoulders at the bottom, her waist as thin as her head and her body soft. Ten fingertips are tender, and your fingers are gently raised.

It is beautiful with a narrow nose and a small mouth.

The nose is like a hanging face, and the cherry has a small mouth and a phoenix eye. Don't shake your hands when you walk slowly, and don't open your mouth when you laugh.

The ratio of face to face?

When making dough sculptures, the human head is the basic unit, and the normal height of the human body is 7.5 ~ 8 heads, but in dough sculptures, it is usually 5 ~ 5.5 heads, sometimes shorter, such as the elderly. But if it's a female role, it has to be higher. ?

According to the amount of noodles, the amount of noodles in arms and heads is basically the same, the amount of noodles in legs is twice or a little more than that in heads, and the amount of noodles in trunk is a little more than that in heads. As for the specific amount of trunk, it can be increased or decreased according to the size of the character. ?

In all parts of the human body, the proportion of the head is the most important. In order to clearly illustrate the proportion of heads. Here, I will simplify the noodle head into a plan and then explain it. ?

Generally speaking, the proportion of people's faces is based on "three stops" and "five eyes". The so-called "three stops" are divided into three equal parts from the hairline to the chin, that is, the hairline stops to the eyebrows, the eyebrows stop to the tip of the nose, and the tip of the nose stops to the chin. The "five eyes" are located with the eyes as the basic unit. For example, the horizontal line where the eyes stop in the middle of 1/2 (the child's eyes move down slightly). From the front, the widest part of the face is 5 eyes wide, and the distance between the eyes is slightly less than 1 eye width. Looking at the five senses from the side, the eyes are born at 2/3 of the nose, the line of mouth fissure (the dividing line between upper and lower lips) is located at 1/3 from the tip of the nose to the chin, and the ear hole is just in line with the eyes. With "three stops" and "five eyes", the position of the five senses is easy to arrange. ?

The facial expression (or charm) is mainly reflected in the eyes. Except for a few special people, there are a little more black eyelashes on the face than those with white eyes. The amount of eyebrows is about three times that of eyelashes. Of course, sometimes in order to shape the special facial expressions of characters, it is necessary to do special treatment on the proportion of eyes. For example, Zhang Fei, a character of the Three Kingdoms, and Lin Chong, a character of the Water Margin, have many more white eyes than black eyes, and their eyelashes are much thinner than white eyes. Because of this, the charm of the characters can be reflected. When kneading military commanders, in order to highlight the heroic spirit of the characters, the upper and lower eyelids and bags under the eyes are often made slightly higher. ?

Pay attention to the proportion of hands and arms when kneading dough. Generally, the length of the palm (from the tip of the middle finger to the wrist) is less than that of the arm (from the wrist to the shoulder) 1/3. The basic shape of hand is square, and the back of hand is thicker than fingers. The width of the wrist is twice the thickness of the finger, the middle finger is equal to the length of the palm, the fingertip of the thumb is close to the middle of the index finger, and the fingertip of the little finger is flush with the end of the ring finger. ?

But in actual production, we usually make our fingers slightly longer than our palms. ?

The above are more realistic techniques, and sometimes exaggerated techniques are used to strengthen the characteristics of the characters. Exaggeration is mainly used to shape typical characters, but it should be noted that the body proportion cannot be scaled at will in production. ?

Color mixing of plastic surface?

Color mixing of plastic surface?

In dough sculpture, there are three commonly used color-matching raw materials, namely edible pigment, watercolor and industrial poster color (without pigment). From the practical application effect, watercolor color is good, but it is not easy to mix colors. However, the works using food pigments are darker in color and have poor brightness after drying. Industrial poster color is widely used because of its low dosage, good color and convenient color matching. ?

Although there are thousands of colors of dough figurines, there are only seven basic colors we commonly use: red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, black and white. Don't use too much pigment when adding the base color to the dough. Generally, the ratio of flour to pigment is 92: 8 or 95: 5. ?

Commonly used colors and mixing ratios for dough modeling are as follows:

Red+green = brownish red+yellow = vermilion?

Red+black = maroon+white = pink?

Green+yellow = grass green+white = pink green?

Red+black = black, green, yellow+white = light yellow?

Black+white = grayish red 38%+ cyan 62%= purple?

After the blended composite color is combined with the basic tone, more composite colors will appear, and different colors will appear with different amounts of noodles?

With the above basic knowledge of art, you can color the dough. For example, the character's skin color is composed of 70% natural color +27% white +3% red. However, in kneading dough, we often encounter such problems, such as the carmine on the young lady's face from shallow to deep, or the sudden appearance of birthmarks on the characters' faces, which are impossible to achieve by ordinary color matching techniques. There are three solutions: first, draw, after the face is done, gently draw the required color with a pen; Second, add a face, press a small piece of face into a thin sheet and stick it on the face, and then slowly calender it with a plastic knife; The third is painting. Take a piece of erotic dough, soak it in clear water, and carefully draw the face of the character. Of these three methods, the third is the most commonly used. ?

In dough sculpture, there are many factors that affect the success or failure of the work. Only through constant practice, careful understanding and constant summing up of experience can we make successful works. ?