Ruled by 53 emperors, what is the history of Kashmir?

In our impression, Kashmir is a place where wars continue, especially in recent 70 years, the local people have lived in fear. But at the same time, Kashmir is also a very beautiful place. Otherwise, how could countless kings dream about him for more than 2000 years?

The full name of Kashmir is Jammu and Kashmir, which refers to the vast areas of Kashmir Valley, Jammu, Ladakh, Ponzi, Gilgit and Baltistan, with an area of 6,543,809 square kilometers and a population of about 6,543,806.

The emperor's royal garden

Kashmir has fascinating scenery, especially the fertile land and pleasant climate in Kashmir Valley, which is located between the snow peaks in the Himalayas and the peaks in Pilbenjar Mountain.

About 60 million years ago, Kashmir Valley was the bottom of a lake. The lake is 900 meters deep, 140 kilometers long and 30 kilometers wide. Glacier meltwater and abundant mountain rivers flow into the lake. The lake was annihilated, leaving a fertile valley; Now the Jie Hellem River winds through it, and it doesn't leave Kashmir until Balamula.

In Indian mythology, the water demon lives in this lake. All the gods want to get rid of it, but he is invincible in the water. Later, the grandson of Brahma, the god of creation, cut off Mount Balamula with his magic sword and drained the lake, making the water demon unable to defend itself and winning the battle with the water demon.

Now part of Kashmir is in Pakistan, but the Kashmir Valley is located in the northern Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. This valley is 1600 meters above sea level, which is blocked by high mountains and is not affected by the hot monsoon. The climate is far milder than that in the nearby areas. Therefore, during the British rule, every summer, British people who were afraid of heat would come here to escape the heat.

Srinagar, the capital, is more popular, but the landlord forbids the British to buy land to build houses, so the British use long boats to build boathouses on Lake Del. After the British evacuated, the boathouse left behind was rented out to holiday tourists. This lake is also famous for its floating gardens. Farmers take care of the garden by boat and pick tomatoes, pumpkins or flowers. Each floating garden is made of mud on reed strips about 2 meters wide, and then tied to anchor rods, which can be placed anywhere on the lake. In this land with limited arable land, it can not only increase the harvest, but also increase the scenery.

In the 3rd century BC, King Ashoka sent Buddhist monks to Kashmir, where Srinagar was established. Since then, Kashmir has been ruled by 53 emperors until AD 144. Later, some rulers introduced Hinduism and Islam. By 1585, Kashmir was conquered by Mughal emperor Akbar and became the territory of Akbar Empire. In summer, Akbar lives in Kashmir, which is an ideal place, close to Akbar's base camp in Delhi and trade routes from mountainous areas, avoiding the heat and noise in the plains below the mountain.

Akbar declared Kashmir to be his? Royal Garden? And think that the only job of the residents here is to take care of this garden. It was his idea to build a magnificent palace garden in Srinagar. All the gardens follow the same design, connecting the rectangular terraces one after another. In the garden of Srinagar, the clear water rolls over the low wall, flows down from the pavilions, forms multiple waterfalls along the garden, and finally flows into Del Lake. The largest garden in Srinagar is Nisha Garden, which is 548 meters long and 383 meters wide. It was built in 1633 and designed by Kahn, the brother-in-law of Han Ye, the king who built the Taj Mahal. Shah Han Ye also built Sheremel Garden in Kashmir, which is claimed to be the most magnificent garden in the world, with beautiful pavilions, a series of waterfalls and countless exotic flowers and grasses.

Outside the city, farmers grow rice, wheat, corn and various fruit trees on cultivated land; In the Himalayan foothills around farmland, only ponies can ride horses or climb on foot, and semi-nomadic people graze cattle and sheep.

One of the most important products in Kashmir is saffron, which is the most valuable spice in the world. It can be used as both dye and food seasoning. Crocus sativus blooms in autumn, planted in the southeast of Srinagar 13km, and picked by hand. Each flower has three stigmas, and the flower with orange top has the best quality, while the flower with stem has poor quality. 4000 crocuses weigh 30 grams. Kashmir is also famous for producing high-quality wool blankets.

Kashmir has? Happy Valley? Fame, because it is not disturbed by the noise of the outside world, is actually not. Because of the geographical location of Kashmir, neighboring monarchs have been fighting with each other for 500 years. Today, India dominated by Hinduism and Pakistan dominated by Islam sometimes have disputes over the governance of this land.

What is the Kashmir issue? Divide and rule caused by British colonial policy. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/8th century, the Indian subcontinent began to become a British colony. ? World War II? After the end, the Indian subcontinent gained independence from British colonial rule. 1947 in June, mountbatten, the last British governor in India, proposed to divide India into two autonomous regions according to the religious beliefs of the residents? Plan mountbatten? . According to? Plan mountbatten? According to the regulations, Hindu-majority areas belong to India and Muslim-majority areas belong to Pakistan. However, the ownership of Kashmir stipulates that the prince and his vassals decide to join India or Pakistan or remain independent.

At that time, more than 70% of the population in Kashmir was Muslim, and they tended to join Pakistan. The local king of Kashmir is a Hindu. At first, he didn't want to join India or Pakistan. In the end, he preferred to join India. Therefore, during the partition of India, the ownership of Kashmir was not resolved, which laid the groundwork for the long-term confrontation and conflict between India and Pakistan in the future.

The causes of Kashmir issue are complicated, including both remote and near causes. This paper makes a historical review of its formation process.

Religious and Ethnic Issues in History

The history of Kashmir can be traced back to Ashoka's conquest of the region in 250 BC. In order to spread Buddhism, Ashoka sent a Buddhist mission to this area. After Ashoka's death, Hinduism, which was popular in this area, became active again. Kashmir was ruled by your double empire (about the first century to the third century), and Buddhism revived. In the following centuries, Buddhism and Hinduism coexisted for a long time, and Hinduism dominated. In 630 AD and 63 AD1year, China monks lived in Kashmir for two years. According to the book Records of the Western Regions of Datang, this country believes in both Buddhism and Hinduism, with more than 100 Buddhist temples, more than 5,000 monks and four pagodas. Until14th century, this country was under the rule of Hindu kings.

In 130 1 year, the Hindu king Saha Devo (1301320) ascended the throne. Before that, many Kashmiris had accepted Islam. A fugitive prince came to Kashmir with hundreds of armed followers from Tibet, and a Muslim adventurer named Xia hamill also came to Kashmir and defected to Sahadwo. Kashmir was invaded by Tatars, Sahadwo fled, Lin Qin seized the throne, accepted Islam, and became the first Muslim king of Kashmir (1320- 1323), with Xia hamill as prime minister.

1323, Udi Anade Zwo, the brother of Sahadwo, seized the throne and ruled until 1338. Xia hamill seized the sovereignty of Kashmir and called it Sultan Shams? Ude? Ding, began to vigorously promote Islam. During the rule of Sultan Seganda (1389- 14 13), almost all Kashmiris became Muslims.

1560- 1586, the chuck dynasty ruled Keshi state and continued to expand the influence of Islam. 1586- 1752 Kashmir belongs to the territory of the Mughal Empire. 1752- 18 19 Afghans rule Kashmir. From 1320 to 18 19, Islam has ruled Kashmir for nearly 500 years, which is an important reason for the Muslim majority in Kashmir at present.

By the end of18th century, Sikhism had become a powerful military force. They are divided into 12 factories to form a military alliance. Ranjit Singh, one of the leaders of the miser, eliminated the opposition, established a powerful Sikh country and became king himself (1799- 1839). 18 14 ranjit？ Singh sent troops to attack Kashmir under Afghan rule and was defeated. After the civil strife in Afghanistan, the Governor of Kashmir resigned. Ranjit? Singh seized this opportunity and sent 30,000 troops to send Gulab? Singh attacked Kashmir. After fierce fighting, he defeated the Afghans and occupied Kashmir.

It is worth mentioning that Ladakh region of Kashmir often pays tribute to the central government of the Qing Dynasty. It has been the territory of China since ancient times, and the main ethnic group is Tibetans. Under the rule of the Qing Dynasty at that time, the Sikh Empire invaded in 1834, and Ladakh failed to ask the Qing Minister in Tibet for help. Ladakh was incorporated into the Sikh Empire. Later, the Sikh Empire was defeated by Britain, and Kashmir became a British colony. For this lost land, Daoguang of the Qing Dynasty was helpless. He didn't care about his own land at all, so there was no way to operate here. However, since the Qing Dynasty, successive governments have not recognized Ladakh as belonging to other countries, but to China.

In what is now called Jammu, there were 22 small states in ancient Dogra, and the Dogra people believed in Hinduism. Gulab mentioned earlier? Singh was born in Dogra. 1820, ranjit? The singer sent Gulab? Singh went to Jammu to collect taxes. He developed his power in Jammu and became the master of Jammu. At the same time, he and his two brothers became stronger and stronger in the court and army of the Sikh kingdom.

1839 ranjit？ After Singh's death, the Sikh kingdom fell into civil strife. In the power struggle, Gulab? Singh failed and was imprisoned in Lahore. Later, he escaped from prison and chose to live in Jammu, where he witnessed the change of the situation. In the process of colonial expansion, the British and Sikhs clashed and the first Anglo-Sikh War broke out. In the war, Gulab? Singh's self-esteem for soldiers witnessed the hard fighting and destruction of Sikh troops. As a result, the Sikh army was defeated and the British army suffered heavy losses, so the two sides held peace talks.

Gulab? Singh has an army in Jammu and Dogra and plays an important role in the peace talks. Britain demanded compensation of15 million rupees in addition to land cession, but the Sikh government was unable to pay. The maharaja planned to cede a large area of land including Kashmir as compensation of10 million rupees. The British side believes that instead of accepting the direct rule of Kashmir, it is better to put Kashmir? Resale? For Gulab? Singh.

1846 On March 9th, Britain and Sikh countries signed the Lahore Treaty, which included allowing Gulab? Singh signed a separate treaty with Britain. So Gulab Singh and the British government signed the Treaty of Amritsar on March 1846, and Jammu and Kashmir officially belonged to Gulab? Singh owns it, and he pays 7.5 million rupees to the British government.

From 1846 to the partition of India, Kashmir was under the direct rule of the Dogra dynasty. At first, this native country refused to send a British envoy to its court, but after 1885, it finally accepted the British envoy to attend the festival. Britain has strengthened its control over this native country. /kloc-After the second half of the 0/9th century, the whole South Asian subcontinent has undergone earth-shaking changes, and Kashmir has also started the national democratic movement. The contradiction between the Dogra family and the ruled Muslim people is becoming increasingly acute.

Later, the British colonists' plan to divide India appeared. Plan mountbatten? Conflict and hatred have not solved the problem of Kashmir's ownership, but continue to exist.