Is there Kunlun Mountain in Kunming?

Source: Zhao Mingsheng Date: July 2, 21 Publisher: Lincang, Wa Township

"Gaoligongshan" is the Kunlun Mountain

Zhao Mingsheng

Gaoligongshan is located in Tengchong County, Baoshan City, and belongs to the Hengduan Mountains, with the highest peak of 3,882 meters and a towering mountain.

However, as a mountain name, the meaning and exact location of "Kunlun" have always been controversial, just as scholars have pointed out: "Where is the legendary Kunlun Mountain? This is an unsolved case in the academic history of China for more than 2, years. " After years of research, the author believes that "Gaoligong Mountain" is "Kunlun Mountain", which is a Wa place name. This fact shows that the ancestors of the Wa, Bulang, De 'ang and other ethnic groups in the Mon-Khmer language family of South Asian languages in China were the first ethnic groups to develop Gaoligong Mountain, which was once their land for production and living.

Gaoligong Mountain is a place name in minority languages, which was first put forward by Mr. Fang Guoyu, an old-timer in the academic circles of history and ethnic studies in our province. He believes that "'Gaoli' is a place name, and' * * *' means mountain. Now Jingpo calls the mountain * * * and the river is open." In fact, Fang Lao's statement is debatable. Yes, in Jingpo language, "Gong" means "mountain", but it refers to ordinary and common hills, while high mountains are called "waves". Therefore, although the word "Gong" in "Gaoligongshan" is consistent with the name of "Mountain" in Jingpo language, it is not consistent with the actual situation of Gaoligongshan.

in fact, the meaning of "gong" is "mountain", which is more in line with the characteristics of Wa language. In Wa language, "Gong" is a general term for "Mountain", and the height of the mountain is expressed by modifiers, such as "Mountain" is called "* * * Ding", "* * *" is "Mountain" and "Ding" is the modifier "Da". The word "gaoli" is also explained from the Yi language. In Wa language, "Gaoli" means "origin and production", that is to say, in Wa language, "Gaoligong Mountain" has the meaning of "sacred mountain of human origin", which is consistent with the meanings of "Mountain of Sigang" and "Mountain of Mother Body". In this sense, Gaoligong Mountain is obviously regarded as a sacred mountain by the Wa people. Some scholars in Tengchong county believe that the Wa myth of human origin "Sigangli" originated in Tengchong, which provides another evidence that "Gaoligong" is a Wa place name.

according to the literature records, Xie Zhao wrote a brief account of Yunnan in the Ming dynasty: "Gaoli * * * Mountain, which is more than a hundred miles across the northeast of Tengyue, was called Kunlungang in ancient times, but it was wrongly called Gaolianggong in foreign language." Travel Notes by Xu Xiake, a great traveler in Ming Dynasty: "Gaigaoligong is also called Kunlun Mountain because of its common name." (Travel Notes on April 28th) In the Qing Dynasty, Gu Zuyu, a great scholar, wrote: "Gaoli Mountain, one hundred and twenty miles east of Tengyue Prefecture in Yongchang Prefecture, is a Kunlun Mountain, which is falsely called Gaoliang Mountain in foreign language." It shows that scholars in Ming and Qing Dynasties believed that Kunlun Mountain was in the southern part of China, that is, Gaoligong Mountain in the western part of Yunnan Province.

For a long time, the above statement has not attracted people's attention. Obviously, many people think that "Gaoligong Mountain" located in the southwest border can never be "Kunlun Mountain". In fact, through the author's analysis and research, the above statement is correct. Gaoligong Mountain, also known as Kunlun Mountain, is actually named because the earliest ethnic group that developed and lived in this mountain is called "Kunlun", and the name of the mountain comes after the name of the family.

In fact, as early as the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Tang and Song Dynasties, the records that "Kunlun" was an ancient ethnic group in South China and South China Sea can be seen everywhere. Documents such as Southern History, Jin Zhanghua's Natural History, Biography of Yi Lin in the Old Tang Dynasty, Zhufanzhi Zhanpo Country by Zhao Rushi in the Song Dynasty, Zhanpo Country by Song History, and Four-generation Examination Zhanpo in the Book of Literature (Volume 324) all have the following similar records: "From the south of Yi Lin, they are all boxing. Fu Nan Guo, Volume 188 of Tongdian, records: "In Sui Dynasty, the king's surname was Gu Long, and all countries were surnamed Gu Long. aged person said that Gu Long had no surname, which was the mistake of Kunlun." Hui Chao Hui Lin's All Classics, Sounds and Meanings quoted Hui Chao's Biography to Five Tianzhu Countries, saying: "The Kunlun countries are despised as big." It is also believed that "Kunlun" belongs to the Mon-Khmer language group of South Asian language family.

It can be seen that "Kunlun" people and "Kunlun Mountain" are not in the northern and northwestern regions of China, but in the so-called South China Sea and South China in the history of our country. In fact, as early as May 193, the historian Wu Han thought in the article "Kunlun Nukao": "Kunlun is a proper term for black people, that is, Malay people, specifically referring to a race with black fists." After Wu Han, Cen Zhongmian, Chen Xujing, Zhao Jiawen, He Ping, Sang Yaohua, Wang Guoxiang and other scholars have made different degrees of research, and all put forward the view that "Kunlun" is the Wa, Bulang and De 'ang ethnic groups of the Mon Khmer language family in China. Lu Jidai, a scholar in Dehong Prefecture and an old Dai, also thinks: "De 'ang people are actually descendants of Kunlun people and belong to the Meng-khmer people system." (A Probe into the Dai History).

according to scholars' research, the different descriptions of "Kunlun" in various documents and materials include "Kunming", "Kunmi", "Gumang", "Confucius", "Gemi" and "Khmer", all of which are different descriptions in different historical periods and different documents in China. "Kunlun" is sometimes referred to as "Kun", "Gen" and "Kun", which means "Leader", "King" and "King", just as scholars say: "Kunlun (Kunming) and" Nurturing People "both originated from addressing leaders and then evolved into national titles, and they are all languages of South Asian nations." "Kunlun" means "leader" and "king", and some traces can still be seen among the modern Wa and Bulang nationalities.

sapir, a famous American linguist, said, "There is something behind the language". Therefore, language is also called "the fossil of customs". In modern Wa languages, the nicknames and honorifics for men are still "Kun" and "Kun". However, the Bulang nationality, which belongs to the same language branch as the Wa nationality, is called "rooster", "male", "warrior" and "hero". Obviously, "Kun" and "Kun" in Wa language are synonymous with "Kun" and "Kun" in Bulang language. Therefore, the appellation of "Kun" and "Kun" should come from the long-standing and strong custom of rooster worship of Wa and Bulang nationalities. In Yi language, the cock is called "Si Mei", which is the same word as "male", "warrior" and "hero", which is a special title that other animals can't enjoy. In the "Tuzhu Temple" of Wa nationality in Ganzizhai, Tengchong County, there are extraordinary cocks on both sides of the main hall, which shows the ancient folk custom of Wa rooster worship. The Wa people are known as "chicken bone divination, which is the writing of the Wa people", and they should look at the chicken bone divination when recruiting great spirits, offering sacrifices to mountain gods, going to war, and going out to do big things. Therefore, there is a folk proverb, "Hold the phone card, keep your life safe", which means "the chicken leads the way, and the dog makes history".

The Bulang people, who belong to the same branch as the Wa people, are rumored that in ancient times, ancestors migrated frequently, and each habitat was found under the guidance of the rooster god. The square of Mangle Village Committee in Mengmeng Town, lahu-va-blang-dai autonomous county of shuangjiang is sculpted with symbol buildings of four autonomous nationalities, and the symbol of Bulang nationality is a cylindrical stone sculpture with a cock standing in the sky, which shows that the cock is considered as the symbol of local Bulang nationality. The Bulang people in Yunxian county regard the number of castrated chickens that they are good at and raise at home as a symbol of wealth and status, which should be the legacy of rooster worship in their lives.

Therefore, "Kunlun" is really caused by the rooster worship of the ancestors of Wa and Bulang ethnic groups in China, which can be interpreted as "king of roosters", "king of roosters" or "leader" or "king". In other words, "Gaoligong Mountain" is the "Kunlun Mountain", which was also produced by the rooster worship of the ancestors of the Wa and Bulang nationalities.

"Gaoligong Mountain" is "Kunlun Mountain", all of which are Wa place names, which can be seen from the history, literature, archaeology, genealogy and place names of Tengchong County. During the pre-Qin period in China, Tengchong belonged to the ancient Ailao country, that is, the country established by the Wa ancestors. During the Han Dynasty, Tengchong had a "Dian Yue" country, and "Dian Yue" was a mistake of "Si Yue", that is, the Wa and Bulang ethnic groups in China. The Qing Dynasty Yongzheng's "Yunnan Tongzhi" has been published for twenty-four years: "Gala, Yongchang and Tengyue have both internal and external conditions." Qianlong's "Tengyue Zhouzhi" Volume 11: "Pu people are scattered behind the mountains, and there are many places west of Yongchang. They know Chinese and trade." Wait a minute. "Gala" and "Pu people" are different records of Wa ancestors in different periods and different documents. There is a rumor among the people in Tengchong and Heshun that a woman of Heshun nationality was once elected to the palace and became an imperial concubine, which is consistent with the record in the Annals of Kangxi Menghua compiled by (Qing) Jiang Xu: "In the five years of (Nanzhao Zhonghe), Nanzhao levied the Kunlun Kingdom in the western region, presented a beauty, and Nanzhao won it." The bronze drum is one of the great inventions of the Wa ancestors, and Tengchong is one of the important unearthed areas. In particular, many "scepters" unearthed with bronze drums are often decorated with roosters, which coincides with the analysis that Kunlun is the "rooster king" of the Wa nationality, showing its special status and some privileges. Xu Xiake's Travels of Tengyue recorded the place name "Pumanshao", which was named after the "Pu people", namely the Wa and Bulang ethnic groups in South Asia. Tengchong is called "Mengmian" in Dai language, which is named after the "Mian" of De 'ang nationality who belongs to the same language branch as Wa nationality. Today, there are still many place names such as "Puwo", "Dapuwo", "Xiaopuwo", "Puwotun", "Puwolian" and "Puwoxun" in the area around Gaoligongshan, which is also named as "Puwo" because there were local Puzu people living in Nanzhao. " Many ethnic groups in Tengchong County agree that the Wa nationality is the earliest indigenous people in the county. Yin Wen and in the "Overview of the History of the Hometown of Overseas Chinese in Heshun, Yunnan" also think: "The earliest indigenous people in Heshun are Wa people."

Professor Jiang Yingqian, a well-known scholar, said: "The cultural development of various places and ethnic groups in Yunnan is uneven. Some ethnic groups do not have their own scripts yet, and most of the place names are recorded by the Han people. Different people have different writing styles, and even the writing styles of the same book are inconsistent. As a result, the translation of names is very confusing, and there is a situation in which one person writes more. Coupled with the phonetic differences of various ethnic groups, some sounds can't find their corresponding homophones in Chinese, and the transliteration is inaccurate or errors in translation and writing often occur. In the past, some people lacked national knowledge, and often looked to the literal meaning to explain the national language from the Chinese word meaning, and made mistakes in the meaning of some place names. "

Therefore, it is inevitable that people have misunderstood the place names such as "Gaoligong Mountain" and "Kunlun Mountain" for a long time. The key is that we should stick to the scientific attitude of historical materialism, make a realistic analysis, dare to break through, put forward new ideas, and make history a reality. It turns out. This also shows: "the study of place names is very meaningful, and the study of place names is an interesting knowledge." (