Introduction to cognitive behavioral therapy: psychological motivation, needs and psychological characteristics

The source of all human activities. People's psychological motives include needs, motives, interests, ideals, values and so on.

Needs and requirements: the root of all psychological motives is the basis of other psychological motives.

Abraham Maslow, a humanistic psychologist, has five levels of needs: physiological needs, security needs, belonging and love needs, respect needs and self-realization needs.

Physiological needs: It is necessary for an individual to exist in the world without hunger and thirst (sunshine, air, water, food, clothing and sexual needs are all physiological needs).

Security demand: the demand of life and property safety, social order, stable work and life, and also the demand of personal sustainable survival (insurance meets people's security demand).

Need for belonging and love: people's need for relationships (maintaining a certain relationship with others, establishing friendship with others, joining a group, becoming lovers or couples with someone, etc.). ).

The need for respect: the need for individuals to be recognized and respected in groups. The pursuit of power, reputation, status and achievement can be regarded as a concrete manifestation of respecting needs.

Self-realization demand: the demand for people to realize their personal values and life ideals.

Maslow also mentioned the need for knowledge and aesthetics, which he thought was not included in his level of needs, but between the need for respect and the need for self-realization.

Motivation: Under the condition of external incentives, individuals take certain actions to meet their own needs, and these needs become motivation (when they are hungry, they have food needs, ingredients and tableware, so individuals may cook, cook and fill their stomachs. At this time, the demand for food becomes the motivation of the individual's above behavior, that is, eating motivation).

Interest: the psychological expression of human cognitive needs. It makes people give priority to certain things, and they are willing to spend more time and energy on such things (they are interested in music, give priority to musical instruments, books and publications related to music, are willing to learn about music reports, and are willing to spend their leisure time on music).

Ideals, beliefs, world outlook and values are also manifestations of psychological motivation.

Psychological characteristics: psychological phenomena (ability, personality) used to describe the stable differences between people.

Ability: refers to the difference in activity mode, activity efficiency and completion quality in the process of doing things or completing tasks.

Some people are good at observing, some people are good at remembering, some people are good at reasoning, and some people are good at imagining. These are all differences in ability structure. Some people complete activities with high quality, while others complete activities with low quality, which is the difference in ability level.

Howard gardner, a professor at Harvard University, said that human intelligence can be divided into at least seven aspects: language ability, mathematical logic ability, spatial ability, physical movement ability, music ability, interpersonal communication ability and introspection ability. Later, the ability of natural exploration and existence was added.

Personality: a person's stable psychological characteristics and behavior style formed in the process of interacting with others. It takes the individual's attitude towards self, others and the world as the core and stable behavior as the form of expression.

Some people are optimistic about the future, while others are pessimistic about the future; Optimists tend to spend in advance and advance future income, while pessimists are willing to save to meet unexpected needs.

Some people like novelty, surprise and excitement, and look forward to a trip that goes away; Others hate accidents, like everything to be familiar, orderly and regular, and are willing to stay in familiar places for a long time.

Some people are extroverted, like to make friends with others, and are willing to spend their leisure time calling friends and enjoying interpersonal relationships. Some people are introverted, do not like to associate with others, and are willing to be alone. In their spare time, they are friends of books and nature.

Personality can be divided into temperament and personality according to its different causes.

Temperament: a stable psychological characteristic, which is manifested in the intensity, speed, flexibility and directionality of psychological activities. People's temperament differences are congenital and restricted by heredity, individual physiology and characteristics of nervous system activities.

Personality: It is a personality characteristic that has the closest relationship with society. Personality shows people's attitude towards reality and the world around them, and it is reflected in his behavior.

Temperament is human nature, there is no difference between good and bad; Personality is gradually formed in social life. A person's temperament has a certain influence on his character, but it is not decisive.

American psychology often refers to the characteristics of individuals before the age of two as temperament.

Mary marie rose Bart and John Bates defined temperament as innate differences in emotion, motivation, attention response and self-regulation.

A.Thomas and S.Chess found in their follow-up study of new york that most of the infants in 14 1 can be classified into the following three temperament types.

Easy-going temperament: Easy-going children have a good temper, usually show positive emotions, are innovative and adaptable, and their behavior is regular and predictable.

Difficult temperament: Difficult children are irritable and have irregular behavior habits. They often overreact to changes in daily life and gradually adapt to strangers and the environment.

Slow-heating temperament: these children are not very active, slightly anxious and slow to adapt to strangers and the environment. However, unlike children with difficulties, their response to new things is mild, not violent and negative. For example, they may turn their heads and refuse to hug instead of kicking or shouting.

Personality is usually used to describe the psychological characteristics formed in the acquired environment and education process, which is formed on the basis of temperament (that is, congenital characteristics).

Psychologists have many ways to classify personality or personality types. The relatively simple classification is the classification of introverted personality or extroverted personality.

Carl Jung, a psychologist, divides people into extroverted and introverted types according to whether their psychological energy points to the outside or the inside. Personality types that point psychological energy to the outside are called extroversion or extroversion; The type in which psychological energy points to the inner heart or inner world is called introversion or introversion.

Extroverts like to participate in external activities and communicate with people, and like to deal with strangers; Emotions are exposed, emotions are beyond words, and emotions are easy to move; Doing things is often intuitive, lacking in deliberation, and often doing things first and then being creative.

Introverts like to be alone and prefer to be quiet. I don't like to associate with strangers actively, but I am willing to associate with acquaintances. Deep feelings, do not like to show their emotions, silent, like daydreaming, often divorced from reality.

In life, we will divide people into different personality types according to the constellation, zodiac sign, blood type, body type and nervous system type, and the popular nine-type personality in society is also a way to divide personality types.

Some psychologists believe that if a person is divided into simple types according to a certain standard, it is easy for individuals to meet some personality characteristics and not others. They believe that personality should be divided into several dimensions or aspects to evaluate the characteristics of individuals in this dimension respectively.

The most famous is Raymond Gatler's personality theory. He divided people's personality into 16 factors, and he also compiled a questionnaire to measure these factors. This questionnaire is called "Cattell 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire".

Cartel's 16 personality factor seems too complicated, while other psychologists' personality dimensions are somewhat simple. Many scholars have reanalyzed the existing personality factor questionnaire and tried to integrate these personality factors. Among them, the big five personality model put forward by Costa is the most famous.

Costa's five personality characteristics are as follows:

(1) extroversion: characterized by enthusiasm, sociability, decisiveness, activity, adventure and optimism;

(2) Neuroticism: characterized by anxiety, hostility, depression, self-awareness, impulsiveness and fragility;

(3) agreeableness: it has the nature of trust, frankness, altruism, obedience, modesty and empathy;

(4) seriousness: it has the characteristics of competence, conditioning, due diligence, achievement, prudence and self-discipline;

(5) Openness: it has the characteristics of imagination, aesthetics, emotion, action, concept and value.

Perhaps because of the different translation versions, the Big Five personality model also has the following statement, which may be interpreted differently:

Birds of a feather flock together and have different temperament and personality. It doesn't matter whether it is good or bad. The right one is the best.

Loneliness is unbearable for most people. It happened that reading and writing were lonely, but I enjoyed it very much. It turns out that I am also a tiny person, and I like to think forward in loneliness.

It's just a primer, so many concepts. It seems that psychological professionals have made great efforts. If I fish for three days and dry my net for two days, I won't learn well.

While sorting out and thinking, I can understand the typical example of being stupid after the exam. I'm talking about myself. I can understand the above concepts at a glance, and I can often come into contact with them when reading, but I really want to close the book and say it. It's over. I'm dumb, too. In order not to discourage me from reading, I don't ask much of myself. I insist on reading books and sorting out records every day. After a long time, I may gradually become different.