What's special about the history of X.O. wine? Why famous?

Types of wine

According to the latest national standards in China, wine is made from fresh grapes or grape juice by yeast fermentation, and its alcohol content is not less than 7% (v/v).

According to the color of wine, wine is divided into three categories: red wine, white wine and pink wine.

According to the sugar content of wine, it can be divided into dry red wine, semi-dry red wine, semi-sweet red wine and sweet red wine.

White wine can also be subdivided into dry white wine, semi-dry white wine, semi-sweet white wine and sweet white wine.

According to national standards, the sugar content of various wines is as follows:

Dry wine with sugar content (calculated by glucose) less than or equal to 4.0g/L;

Semi-dry wine with sugar content of 4. 1~ 12.0g/L;

Semi-sweet wine with sugar content of12.1~ 50.5438+0g/l;

Sweet wine with sugar content equal to or greater than 50. 1 g/L.

According to the pressure of carbon dioxide in wine, it can be divided into three categories:

Still wine (including flavoring wine) does not contain carbon dioxide produced by its own fermentation or artificially added carbon dioxide.

Sparkling wine, the carbon dioxide contained in this wine is produced by fermentation after adding sugar to wine, or by artificial squeezing. The carbon dioxide content in wine should be kept above 0.35 MPa(3.5 bar) at 20℃, and the alcohol content should not be lower than 8%(v/v).

Champagne belongs to sparkling wine. In France, it is stipulated that only sparkling wine produced in Champagne Province can be called champagne.

The carbon dioxide in grape sparkling wine is produced by fermentation or artificially added. The carbon dioxide content in wine is kept at 0.0510 ~ 0.25 MPa (0.51~ 2.5 bar) at 20℃, and the alcohol content is not lower than 4% (v/v).

In addition, wine can be reprocessed to produce flavoring wine and brandy. According to different varieties, the production process is also different.

Seasoning wine, also known as aperitif, is a wine made by adding a small amount of edible and seasoning substances to wine. According to the main aroma substances added in wine, it can be divided into bitter type, floral type, fruity type and aromatic type. The absinthe in our country belongs to this type.

Brandy is distilled liquor made by distilling wine. Some brandies can also be made from wines made from other fruits, but they need to be named after raw fruits, such as cherry brandy, Calva and plum brandy. return

brandy

Brandy was discovered by accident. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0 ~ (th) century, the Charente River Pier in France became a commercial port for liquor export due to its convenient transportation. Because the whole case of wine occupied a lot of space on the ship at that time, the French came up with the method of double steaming to remove the water in the wine, improve the purity of the wine, reduce the occupied space and facilitate transportation. This is an early brandy. 170 1 year, France was involved in the Spanish war, and the sales of brandy were greatly reduced. The wine was stored in oak barrels. After the war, people found that brandy aged in oak barrels was more mellow and crystal amber. Therefore, aging in oak barrels and the age of aging have become an important link in brandy brewing.

As we all know, the most famous place for brandy is France. However, when people mention the best brandy, they don't mean French brandy in general, but cognac. A region of southern France in the province of Charente. The natural conditions such as soil, climate and rain in the cognac area are particularly favorable for the growth of grapes. Therefore, the grapes produced in this area are second to none in the world, but this does not mean that good grapes will certainly produce high-quality brandy. Cognac is the oldest and most famous producing area of French brandy. Cognac has a long history and unique processing and brewing technology. The reason why cognac enjoys a high reputation is closely related to its raw materials, soil, climate, distillation equipment and methods, aging methods and so on. Cognac is called "the king of brandy".

Cognac is amber in color, clear and transparent, delicate in taste, magnificent and heroic in style, unique in characteristics and with an alcohol content of 43. . The raw materials of cognac are three famous white grape varieties: Saint Emilion, Collomba and Fulblanche. After twice distillation, cognac was stored in new oak barrels and moved to old oak barrels one year later to avoid absorbing too much tannin. Cognac is the best brandy, and its products are strictly restricted and protected by the French government. According to the decree issued by the French government in May 1909, only the cognac produced in the cognac region (including Charente province and seven nearby districts) can be called cognac, which is under the supervision and protection of the state. The seven producing areas and their quality and output are as follows:

Quality and output of production area

Grand Champagne (Grand Champagne Area) Grade 1 4.65%

Small Champagne (Small Champagne Area) Grade II 15.98%

Border (border forest area) Grade III 4.53%

Fins Bois (high-quality forest area) level 4 37.82%

Bons Bois (excellent forest area) grade 5 22. 19%

Grade VI in common forest area is 4.38%

Public forest

There are many famous brands in cognac, which are exported to all parts of the world. Common ones are:

Vice President remy martin,

Martell v sop (Martell v sop),

Xuan Shi v state oil company (Hennessy v state oil company),

Nabilon v. sop (Courvoisier v. sop),

Pauline v standard operating procedures (Polignae v standard operating procedures),

Pepsi v. sop(bis quit v. sop),

Long neck fuel tank,

Ribin Martell,

Remy martin Club,

X.O (Hennessy X.O.,

X.O (Martell X.O.,

Remy martin X.O.,

Kami x o (camu s x o),

Napoleon X.O(courvoisier X.O),

Remy martin Louis XIII (Parra-Adisset),

Hennessy paradise,

Martell paradise,

Golden Statue v. Oda National Oil Company,

Gold X.O.,

Hein v standard operating procedures (Hein v standard operating procedures),

Hein X.O. (Hein X.O.),

Camus v. S.O.P. (Come "S.V.S.O.P.),

General Courvoisier Napolone,

Ogier v state oil company (Augier v state oil company),

Louis p "or Napoleon.

There are many miscellaneous brands below the level of V.S.O.P, and the quality is uneven.

Next to Konnek is Yayi Brandy, which is located in the south of Konnek, that is, the province of Gere in southwest France. It is famous for producing dark brandy. Although it is not as famous as cognac, its style is very close. The wine is amber, black and shiny, and has a strong taste because of its short storage time. The wine of Yayi Brandy, old or old, smells very attractive. Its style is steady, full-bodied and has a long aftertaste. Keep the cup for a long time, sometimes as long as a week, and the alcohol content is 43. . Locals prefer elegant arts. Yayi is also a brandy variety protected by French law. Only the brandy produced by Yayi can be branded as Armaniak. Yayi Zilandi's famous products are:

Casta,

Xia Potter,

Jenny (Jano),

Sauval,

Semp (Semp)。

Miscellaneous fruit distilled liquor belongs to brandy in a broad sense, and many fruits can be distilled into wine. But its output and popularity are far less than that of grape distilled liquor. We only introduce the slightly famous varieties:

1. The technology of calvados apple distilled liquor is similar to that of cognac. It takes about 6 weeks for apple juice to ferment until it is sugar-free, and then the alcohol concentration is only about 5%. After secondary distillation, the alcohol content reaches140 proof-160 proof, and then it is aged in wooden barrels for at least 2 years. When sold, the alcohol content is between 40-50 ",and its famous products are: Apple Jack and Pollard.

2. Pear distilled liquor (williams) is called William in France and William Ming in Switzerland. Pear is used as raw material, which is fermented by alcohol after juicing, distilled to obtain wine, aged in wooden barrels, bottled and sold, and the alcohol content is 43-45 ". Switzerland produces a bottled pear distilled liquor. When the pears grow to the size of grapes, put them in the bottle, and when the pears are ripe, remove the handle. After washing, put it into the prepared pear brandy. Pears are preserved in the wine, so the wine is fruity and fresh and delicious. William pear wine is colorless and transparent, clear and shiny, with rich fruit aroma, and the pear color will remain its original color within four years. The famous products of pear distilled liquor are Moran, Rabe, Jacobi and Labo.

3. Gentiana rigescens distilled liquor is a kind of wine brewed with Gentiana rigescens as raw material. It is made by soaking Radix Gentianae in Chinese liquor and blending it with Radix Gentianae distilled liquor or other liquors. Gentiana wine is pale yellow, bright in color, with the unique aroma of Gentiana, and bitter in taste, so it is suitable as an aperitif. It's called "gentlemanly demeanor". The famous products of gentian distilled liquor are: Aveze, gentian Germain, Suze France.

4. Cherry distilled liquor (Kirsch) is made of fresh domestic cherries or wild cherries, fermented with alcohol and aged in the jar for 2- 12 years. Its color is transparent and fruity, and its alcohol content is 40. France, Switzerland and Germany are the best.

5. Barak palinka is made by crushing the whole apricot, alcohol fermentation and distillation. The wine is colorless and transparent, with outstanding and beautiful fruit aroma and fresh and mellow taste, and Hungary is the best.

6. Lan Mei Distilled Liquor (Quetsck) is made of blue-purple plums with huge skins, which are fermented by pit removal, distilled twice, and drunk after aging. Lan Mei distilled liquor made in France is colorless and transparent, with an alcohol content of 44.5 ".It is dry and easy to make after-dinner wine. Lan Mei distilled liquor produced in Yugoslavia is named Slivovitz, with amber yellow body, outstanding fruity aroma, strong and slightly bitter taste, a pleasant taste in bitterness, harmonious body and an alcohol content of 35-43 ".

7. Milla Baylor is made of yellow-skinned plums by fermentation and distillation. This wine is colorless, transparent, fruity and smooth. The alcohol content is about 43 ",which is suitable as an after-dinner wine. This wine can't be stored for a long time, and it is limited to two to three years. It is famous for its production in Lorraine, France.

8. Raspberry distilled liquor (Framboise) is made from raspberries by soaking them with edible alcohol, then distilling, refining and soaking. This wine is colorless and transparent, fruity and dry, with an alcohol content of about 40 ". It is famous for its products from Alsace, France and Germany.

According to archaeological research, the history of wine has been 6000 years. It is reported that 20 years ago in Gedentebi, Iran, the Persian binaural fine-necked wine jar in 3500 BC was discovered. Recently, through the composition analysis of the red spots on the tank wall, tannin and tartaric acid are natural chemicals contained in wine. It shows that humans began to drink wine 5500 years ago.

Wine is the product of natural fermentation. Today, many wine producers still use natural fermentation technology to produce wine, that is, after the grapes are broken, the process of allowing wild yeast to naturally propagate and ferment into wine has long existed in nature. As we all know, wild grapes and wild yeast in nature existed before human society. In Qing Shu: Encounter in Western Guangdong, it is recorded that a traveler found an interesting phenomenon: "There are many mountain apes in Pinglefu, and they are good at picking flowers and making wine. The woodcutter gets his nest when he enters the mountain. The wine is like a stone, and the fragrance of drinking is abnormal. " It can be inferred that primitive people picked wild flowers and fruits to satisfy their hunger and thirst. Mature wild grapes are delicious, sweet and sour, and must be one of the wild fruits picked by primitive people. Store excess wild grapes in caves and containers, and the grapes will flow under their own pressure. The ubiquitous wild yeast will ferment gravity grape juice into wine. This process began before primitive humans and the era of apes. There have been records of wine in human history, and no one can tell when it started before history.

Ancient Persia, now Iran, is one of the cradles of ancient civilization. Most historians believe that Persia may be the first country to brew wine in the world. Legend has it that in ancient times, there was a Persian king who liked grapes very much and kept them tightly in a big pottery jar, marked "poisonous" to prevent people from stealing them. A few days later, a wife and concubine of the Wang family got tired of life and drank the drink in the pottery jar marked "toxic" without authorization. It tastes very good. Not only did he not end his life, but he was extremely excited. The concubine was full of confidence in life. She specially held a cup for the king, who liked it very much after drinking it. After that, the king ordered the ripe grapes to be collected, compacted in containers and fermented into wine. Persia is separated from the Caspian Sea and faces the Caucasus, both of which are the origin of wine. Ancient Egypt is also one of the four ancient civilizations in the world. A large number of relics found today prove that Egyptians began to drink wine before 3000 BC. In the murals of Egyptian pyramids, there are patterns depicting the process of picking grapes and making wine.

With the wars and commercial activities in ancient times, the methods of brewing wine spread all over Israel, Syria, Asia Minor and other Arab countries. Because Arab countries believe in Islam, and Islam advocates the prohibition of alcohol, the brewing industry in Arab countries is declining and is almost banned at present. Later, the method of making wine spread from Persia and Egypt to Greece, Rome and Gaul (that is, France). Then, the brewing technology and consumption habits of wine spread from Greece, Italy and France to European countries. Because Europeans believe in Christianity, Christians call bread and wine quot; My flesh, my blood ",and wine is regarded as an indispensable drink in life, so European countries develop wine. France, Italy and Spain have become the "lakes" of wine in the world today. European countries also have the highest per capita wine consumption in the world today. The wine production of European countries accounts for more than 80% of the world's total wine production.

There are more than 20 kinds of wild grapes in China, also called wild grapes. Wild grapes are widely distributed in China from northeast to northwest and from south to north. Cultivated grape has existed in China since ancient times. During the Zhou Dynasty, there were cultivated grapes and vineyards. There is such a record in the "local official seal" of Zhou Li, which lists grapes as rare fruits. In ancient China, the western regions (now Xinjiang) were rich in grapes and wine. According to Records of the Historian and Hanshu: "Grapes are made into wine in Dawan, and the rich keep more than 10,000 stones of wine, and the long-lasting ones are unbeaten at the age of several decades." It can be seen that the scale and brewing technology of brewing at that time.

During the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions to introduce grapes and wine-making techniques from the Western Regions into the Central Plains, which promoted the development of grape planting and wine-making techniques in the Central Plains. Wine has become a treasure enjoyed by the royal family and dignitaries at that time. According to legend, there was a rich man named Meng Tuo in Fufeng, Shaanxi Province in the Han Dynasty, who bribed the eunuch with a bottle of wine and was immediately appointed as the secretariat of Liangzhou. Later, Su Shi said with emotion: "The general has not waited for a hundred battles, and Liang Bo has won Liangzhou." Visible wine attractive charm.

The Tang Dynasty was a glorious period in the history of wine-making in China, and wine-making moved from the palace to the folk. Li Bai's poem said: "Wine, Jin and Wu Ji are fifteen good horses, ……" This poem not only shows that wine has spread to the people, but also shows the preciousness of wine. Like gold, it can be used as a dowry for girls to get married.

In the Yuan Dynasty, a large number of alcoholic products were sold in the market. Kyle Poirot said in the book Travel Notes of China: There are many good vineyards in Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, which produce a lot of wine and sell it all over the world. So there was a poem in Shanxi a long time ago: "I said I was from A Jin, and I planted this kind of jade to make people drink less wine." It shows that the local people regard growing grapes and making wine as a very proud thing.

In Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen mentioned the brewing method and medicinal value of wine in Compendium of Materia Medica. Li Shizhen said, "wine ... is sensitive to color and cold-resistant." In other words, wine can strengthen the body, beauty beauty.

Zhang Bishi, a patriotic overseas Chinese in the late Qing Dynasty, invested 3 million taels of silver in 1892 to establish Changyu Grape Brewing Company in Yantai, Shandong Province. Austrian Bob was hired as a sommelier to introduce and cultivate more than 20 wine grape varieties/kloc-0 in Dongshan vineyard and Xishan vineyard. And imported foreign wine-making technology and equipment, so that China's wine production has embarked on the road of industrial production. 19 15, Changyu Grape Brewing Company won the gold medal and the best certificate at the World Expo held in San Francisco, USA. After Changyu Company, wineries were established in Qingdao, Beijing, Tonghua and other places. Although these wineries are small in scale, the wine industry in China has begun to take shape.

Wine classification

First of all, according to the different classification of grape growth sources:

1, mountain wine (wild wine)

Wine made from wild grapes.

2. Homemade wine

Wine made from artificially cultivated wine grapes. Most domestic wine producers are mainly producers.

Second, the color classification of wine:

1, white wine

Select white grape or wine grape with reddish skin, separate the skin and juice, and ferment the juice to make wine. The color of this wine should be approximately colorless, light yellow with green and light yellow with grass yellow. The color is too dark to meet the requirements of liquor color.

2. Red wine

Wine grapes with red skin and white meat or red skin and meat are selected for mixed fermentation with skin juice, and then the wine is separated and aged. The color of this wine should be natural ruby red, purple red, pomegranate red and so on. Natural red does not meet the color requirements of red wine.

3. Pink wine

This wine is between red wine and white wine. Wine grapes with red skin and white meat were selected, and the skin and juice were mixed and fermented for a short time to meet the color requirements, then the skin residue was separated, and then the wine was fermented and aged into pink wine. The color of this wine should be pink, or rose or light red.

Three, according to the sugar content of wine classification:

1, dry wine

The sugar in wine has almost been fermented, and the total sugar in each liter of wine is less than 4 grams. I can't feel the sweetness when I drink it, but the acidity is obvious. For example, dry white wine, dry red wine and dry pink wine.

2. Semi-dry wine

It means that the total sugar content per liter of wine is between 4- 12g. It tastes slightly sweet, such as semi-dry white wine, semi-dry red wine and semi-pink wine.

3, semi-sweet wine

It means that the total sugar content per liter of wine is between 12-50g. It tastes sweet and refreshing.

4.sweet wine

It means that every liter of wine contains more than 50 grams of total sugar, which has obvious sweetness and purity when drinking.

Four, according to whether it contains carbon dioxide classification:

1, still wine (wine without carbon dioxide)

2. sparkling wine (wine containing carbon dioxide)

Sparkling wine is divided into sparkling wine and champagne.

5. If aromatic plants are added to the wine to stimulate appetite and strengthen the spleen, it is called flavor wine, such as Changyu Vermicelli. Weimeisi, also called aperitif, is an ancient wine variety in Mediterranean countries.

6. Brandy is also made from grapes, which are distilled spirits of wine. The most famous brandy in the world is produced in Korneck. China began to produce brandy on a large scale, and it was sold as a commodity at home and abroad in Changyu Company in the early 20th century.

Health care function of brandy

Brandy is the most famous wine in the world. A meal without brandy is like spring without the sun. Europeans did not hesitate to dedicate this affectionate poem to brandy.

Brandy is not the "magic water" in fairy tales, but it is a healthy friend of human beings. Some medical and nutrition experts at home and abroad pointed out that; Drinking brandy often can help digestion of the stomach; Drinking brandy in autumn can dispel cold, warm the body, remove blood stasis and detoxify, and has antipyretic and diuretic effects on diseases such as influenza. Brandy is also a "stimulant" and "regulator" of the heart and an effective vasodilator. Doctors in some European countries often prescribe brandy when prescribing drugs for cardiovascular patients, because brandy can improve the strength of cardiovascular system. So some people say that brandy is a good medicine for cardiovascular patients.

In the commemorative book published in Anniversary to celebrate the 40th anniversary of Changyu Company (1932), there is a passage describing brandy in this way: "Brandy is warm and strong, so it is advisable to drink it often, not excessively, and it is better to add soda water, soda water or cold water when drinking. Drinking a small cup in the morning or before going to bed can best tonify the body and prevent all epidemics. … "describes the health care function of brandy in detail.

About the origin of wine

Opinions vary, some say it originated from ancient Egypt, or ancient Greece, or the Greek island of Seth. According to the research and analysis of existing wine archives, to be exact, it should be that our ancestors brewed wine 10,000 years ago, and it has spread with the wine culture to this day.

According to historical records, grape cultivation and brewing technology spread from Simino and Egypt to Crete, Greece, then to Sicily, Italy, Libya and Italy in North Africa, and then to Provence and the coastal areas of Spain in Valle province near the southeast of the Mediterranean, with travelers and new conquerors. At the same time, by land, from the Danube River basin in Europe into Central European countries.

Anyway, our ancestors, in the earliest birthplace mentioned above, accidentally discovered wild grapes that had already grown in nature in their lives and work, thus brewing the most primitive drink, which was later called wine. With the discovery and application of fire, mankind has entered the era of fishing, hunting, animal husbandry and agriculture. During this long time, grain seeds and grape seedlings or vines spread all over the world, making great contributions to the survival and development of mankind.

According to archaeological records:

In ancient Egypt, especially in the Nile valley, archaeologists discovered a kind of pottery jar with a small and round bottom, a thick and round belly and a big neck at the top. According to textual research, this is a pottery jar used by ancient Egyptians to hold wine or oil;

In Greece, in the archaeological excavation, in an ancient tomb cave, a relief of the second century BC was found on the tomb wall; The Greek gods Apollo and Victor Il) * * * presented the landscape of grapes to the gods;

In the tomb of Nacht in the18th dynasty, a mural was unearthed, in which a noble lady stood slightly to the left, dressed in white. From her left foot to her right heel, she was surrounded by a bunch of grapevine leaf ornaments. On both sides, there was a wolf head on the left and a beautiful lady on the right, each holding a long round glass as if facing the woman.

According to historical records:

About 4000 years ago, when Jesus Christ was born, the distance between time and space was shortened due to land and sea transportation, and wine culture spread through articles or poems written by literati. Egypt at this time, although its agriculture. Handicraft and navigation have developed, but the dawn of their progress has just appeared. But around 1085 BC, Osiris, the god of hell in Egyptian mythology, was recognized as the god of vines and wine.

In the Neolithic Age, Arato Leah (formerly known as Asia Minor), Georgia and Armenia in Transcaucasia near the Black Sea have become tribal communities. This is due to the mild climate and fertile land in these areas at that time, so primitive tribes far away from the area moved here one after another to settle down. Grapes are planted on tree-lined hills, while agricultural production is carried out on vast fields in plain areas. Therefore, grape cultivation and wine brewing are spreading to distant places.

As for France, from the long history, neighboring Italy will become the most developed country in the world in the future, and it will benefit a lot from growing grapes and brewing wine. Of course, the climate and geographical environment in France are suitable for grape growth to varying degrees. In the three months from August, from south to north, the whole of France was in a happy grape harvest period. During this period, the grape producing areas in France were immersed in the pleasure of tasting new wine.

According to research, China had planted grapes and produced wine before the Han Dynasty (206 BC). Sima Qian's famous >: wine was first recorded in. In BC 138, Zhang Qian, a diplomat, was sent to the Western Regions on the orders of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He saw that "grapes make wine around ten thousand, and rich people keep wine above mangoku, and those who stay for a long time are unbeaten at the age of several decades. Ordinary people are addicted to alcohol, while horses are addicted to alfalfa. Han made the letter true, so the emperor began to plant alfalfa and the grapes were fertile. And if Maduo, where foreign envoys come, you will go out to see all kinds of grapes and alfalfa. " (> sixty-third). Dawan is a country in the ancient western regions, located in the Fergana Valley in Central Asia. This historical data fully shows that China learned and mastered the techniques of grape cultivation and wine-making from neighboring countries in the Western Han Dynasty. The Western Regions have been the main wine producing areas in China since ancient times. & gt There are many historical materials (compiled from modern unearthed documents) that record the planting, management, concession and wine trading of vineyards in Turpan area in the 4th-8th century. From these historical materials, we can see that the scale of wine production in that historical period was relatively large.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, wine was still very precious. According to Volume 972, as the saying goes: Fufeng Mengtuo's legacy of wine means that Liangzhou is a thorn in history. Enough to prove the rarity of wine at that time.

The brewing technology of wine is simpler than that of yellow rice wine, but because the production of grape raw materials is seasonal, it is not as convenient as grain raw materials after all, so the brewing technology of wine has not been widely promoted. Historically, wine in mainland China has been kept constant. The Tang and Yuan Dynasties introduced wine-making methods from other places to the mainland. The Yuan Dynasty was the largest, and its production was mainly concentrated in Xinjiang. In the Yuan Dynasty, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province also had a history of large-scale grape cultivation and wine making. However, the production technology of Han wine is basically irrelevant.

Although the technology of grape and wine production was introduced in Han dynasty, it did not spread. After the Han Dynasty, grapes were probably no longer planted in the Central Plains. Some remote areas often pay tribute to the royal families of past dynasties in the form of tribute wine. During the Tang Dynasty, the Central Plains knew nothing about wine. Emperor Taizong introduced grapes from the western regions. Volume C records: "Emperor Taizong broke Gaochang, harvested and planted the grapes in the garden, and got the wine method. Still break even, the wine is Qing Xiang and refreshing, and the taste is sobering. Changan began to know its taste. " Song Shu > Volume 970 records that the former site of Gaochang is about 20 kilometers east of Turpan, Xinjiang. At that time, its ownership was still uncertain. In the Tang dynasty, wine had a great influence in the mainland. The grape cultivation methods and wine-making methods learned from Gaochang may have lasted for a long historical period in the Tang Dynasty, so that the name of wine appeared repeatedly in many poems in the Tang Dynasty. For example, the well-known poem: "A glowing glass of grape wine, if you want to drink pipa, you must hurry it immediately" (William Wang's Liangzhou Ci). Liu Yuxi (772-842) also wrote a poem praising wine, saying, "I am from Jin, so I can't get enough of this kind of jade every day." This shows that at that time, Shanxi had planted grapes and brewed wine. Both Bai Juyi and Li Bai wrote poems about wine. At that time, the conference semifinals also opened a hotel in Chang 'an, selling wine from the western regions.

The rulers of the Yuan Dynasty loved wine very much, and it was stipulated that wine must be used for ancestor worship. They also opened vineyards in Taiyuan, Shanxi and Nanjing, Jiangsu, and built wine rooms in the palace in the 28th year of Yuan Dynasty.

According to the records in Volume 30 of Xu Guangqi in Ming Dynasty, the grape varieties cultivated in China are:

Crystal grapes, with white halo, are large and long, powdery and sweet; Purple grapes, black, have two sizes of sweet and sour; Green grapes are green when they are ripe when they come out of Shu, and they are famous for their rabbit eyes when they are ripe. They taste sweeter than seedless grapes. Zozo grapes grow as small as peppers in the west and as big as dates in Yunnan, with a long taste.

Throughout the above historical stories, wine provides a brand-new drink for all mankind, and also provides a source of happiness for the survival and development of human society. As for the origin of wine, it is no longer important, leaving it to historians to continue to explore and discuss academic issues; For modern people, drinking wine, especially expensive wine, is a wonderful enjoyment and has created a lot of wealth for mankind.

Vintage of wine

The weather changes every year, and the wine brewed is naturally different. In areas where the weather changes regularly, there is little natural difference between different years. For example, Medosa, Argentina, is located in the desert, with little rainfall and only snow water irrigation. The weather is stable and there is a good harvest every year, but unfortunately, it has not changed much during the year.

Located in the production area with mild climate, good years need plenty of sunshine (especially in spring and early August) and warm temperatures, and the weather must be dry and not rainy in autumn harvest. In a word, improving the maturity of grapes, keeping healthy and not being infected by germs are the most basic requirements for a good year. In the producing areas with hot weather and abundant sunshine, the temperature is lower than the average temperature to maintain the delicate quality of wine.

Red wine and white wine have different weather requirements. The high temperature of autumn harvest is beneficial to the ripening of red grapes, but too high temperature often makes the acidity of white grapes insufficient, which leads to the weakening of wine body and loss of characteristics. 1949 Burgundy's summer heat and autumn tiger have made excellent red wine, but white wine has relatively lost its balanced and meticulous quality.

In addition, even in the same producing area, the influence of weather change on wine is not necessarily the same. Different grape varieties, different drainage and heat-absorbing soil properties and various small regional climate changes make the evaluation of vintage wine not completely applicable to the whole producing area by analogy. Take Bordeaux as an example. Saint Emilion mainly produces Merlot. Compared with Upper Medoc, which mainly produces Cabernet Sauvignon, it will naturally not have the same impact on the weather in the same year.