When was Yunnan officially under the jurisdiction of China?

Tibet was incorporated into Chinese territory and the local government of Sakya Sect was established in Yuan Dynasty. Since then, the history of Tibet has opened a new chapter.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 3rd century, Mongolians rose in the north. 1206 to 1279, Genghis Khan and his successors successively destroyed Wei, Xixia, Jin and the Southern Song Dynasty, unified China and established the Yuan Dynasty.

1240, Kuo Duan, Prince of Wokuotai, Taizong of the Yuan Dynasty, sent a general to Tibet to learn about the political situation in Tibet and the details of many sects. 1244, Kuo Duan decided to invite Gongga Jianzan, a monk of Sakya Sect, to Liangzhou (now Wuwei) to discuss the joint affairs of Tibetan ministries. 1246, Gongga Jianzan and his nephews Basiba and Chana went to Liangzhou to meet with Kuo Duan, and agreed on the specific conditions for Tibet to submit to Mongolia: Mongolia appointed Sakya Sect personnel as great scholars and gave them gold and silver symbols, and all leaders in Tubo area must obey Sakya Sect's golden officials and must not act without authorization; Tubo compiled three lists of officials, household registration and tribute, one of which was kept by local officials themselves, and the other two were submitted to Kuo Duan and Sakya respectively. Mongolia will send officials to Uzbekistan to negotiate tax items with Sakya personnel, and so on. Gongga Shuzan wrote to inform monks and secular leaders all over Tibet of these situations and repeatedly explained the necessary significance of Tibet's submission to Mongolia. This letter from Gongga Shuzan clearly shows that the Central Committee of the Yuan Dynasty, which is about to unify the whole country, recognized the leading position of the Sakya Sect in Tibet, and the Sakya Sect personnel were granted full authority to govern Uzanali. This is a great event in the history of China. Since then, Tibet has officially become an administrative region of China, and it is also the beginning of the rule of Tibet by the local government of sagar, which integrates politics and religion.

In the process of reunifying the whole country, Mongolian nobles paid special attention to appointing Tibetan political and religious leaders, and Tibetan leaders also actively sponsored and supported the cause of Mongolia's reunification. After Kuo Duan invited Sakya Gongga to praise, Kublai Khan also attached great importance to Basiba. 1253, Kublai Khan summoned Basiba during his trip to the south and stayed with him. 1260, Kublai Khan was in a big sweat position, and Ba Siba was named a Buddhist. 1264, Kublai Khan established the Buddhist General College, and ordered Ba Siba to take charge of the College as a Buddhist. 1265, Kublai Khan appointed "Jan Benzien" (meaning Chief Executive) to take charge of Tibet affairs on the recommendation of Ba Siba, and divided 13 households. During this period, Kublai Khan also entrusted Basiba to create a new Mongolian word, which was called "Basiba" internationally, and made it a national document. It was promulgated by decree and named Basiba as the king and emperor of Dabao. Since Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu named Basiba as the imperial teacher, the emperors of Yuan Dynasty chose the learned leader of Sakya Sect as the imperial teacher. In addition, many Tibetan monks and laymen have been granted official positions in the Central Committee.

Going to Chiana in Liangzhou with Basiba and Gongga Jianzan was also valued by the Yuan Dynasty. Cha Na, a direct descendant of the Sakyamuni family, married a Mongolian princess. She was appointed to be in charge of all Tibetan affairs and was named "King Prynne". After the death of Chana, the Yuan Dynasty made new arrangements for Tibet affairs. Sakyamuni Jan Benzien, recommended by Ba Siba, was appointed by the Central Committee of the Yuan Dynasty to handle government affairs on behalf of the Central Committee.

As the central government, the Yuan Dynasty managed Tibet in an all-round way.

The Central Government established the General Political Institute (later renamed Zheng Xuan Institute) to manage the national religious affairs and administrative affairs in Tibetan areas. There are courtiers, tongzhi, deputy envoys and other officials in the general hospital. Most of the main courtiers are concurrently appointed by the prime minister, while the secondary courtiers are appointed by monks recommended by the emperor. As one of the four central institutions in the Yuan Dynasty, the General Hospital was juxtaposed with the Privy Council, the Chinese Book Province and the Yushitai. It can write directly to the emperor and appoint officials. All major affairs in Tibetan areas, the appointment of senior monks and secular officials, the punishment of officials who violate the system, the establishment of important institutions, military measures, etc. , are decided by the general hospital. The Yuan Dynasty also stipulated that when something happened in Tibet, the central government ordered the general hospital to lead the headquarters to handle it, or gave local officials the title of hospital ambassador to act cheaply, or set up a "propaganda and political office" with another official seal in the local area. This shows that the Central Committee of the Yuan Dynasty attached great importance to the management of Tibet affairs.

Under the courtyard, there are three offices of Marshal Sidu, and the three offices of Marshal Sidu, including Uzanali Sukurusun, are responsible for handling military and political affairs in most parts of Tibet. Ali has two marshals in charge of Mongolian garrison affairs, and local forces such as Guge still retain and continue to exercise jurisdiction over the people; There are two marshals in Yu Wei (former Tibet) and Tibet (post-Tibet) to manage the local Mongolian garrison; There are also130,000 households that manage civil affairs, and some also manage military affairs. The Central Committee of the Yuan Dynasty was stationed in Tibet in charge of all the envoys, that is, Sakya Jan Benzien served concurrently.

According to the regulations of the Yuan Dynasty, from Zheng Xuanyuan of the Central Committee to the Marshal's Office, all Tibetan ministers of propaganda and comfort were nominated by the owner of the empire or Zheng Xuanyuan and appointed by the emperor. Officials at all levels are "dual-use" and "dual-use", that is, they are in charge of both military and civil affairs. This parallel system of monks and secular officials has continued to this day and has become the practice of successive Tibetan local governments.

The government of the Yuan Dynasty sent officials to Tibet to check their household registration many times, including three large-scale visits, 1268, 1287 and 1334. 1268 census was completed by Mongolian officials in cooperation with the first Sakya Sambo in Jan Benzien. Due to the cooperation and coordination between the central and local governments, the results are satisfactory, which not only provides a basis for the central government of the Yuan Dynasty to determine the types and quantities of tributes payable in various places, but also greatly facilitates the establishment of post stations and the establishment of local administrative systems.

According to the different situations of population density and product richness in different places, the Yuan government set up 15 "Jia Mu" (stations) in Tibet, including 4 in Wei, 7 in Tibet and 4 in Ali. There are some small nails between the nails. And specially deploy a person to be responsible for the traffic at the station. It is stipulated that residents along the post road are responsible for delivering official documents, supplying horses and providing accommodation for officials. The local "Wula" system in Tibet was thus formed. For military needs, the Yuan government also set up a kind of "Muqam" in all parts of Tibet, that is, military stations. The establishment of Muqam strengthened the central government's control over Tibet's local military and political affairs in Yuan Dynasty, and at the same time, it also brought closer economic and cultural ties between China mainland and Tibet.

In addition to the above measures, the calendar and criminal law of the Yuan Dynasty were also introduced into Tibet. Jan Benzien, a Sakya Sect, amended the civil and criminal laws of Tibet according to the laws of the Yuan Dynasty.

Second, the Ming Dynasty's management of Tibet and Pazhu local government.

The Ming Dynasty was founded in 1368. In the second year, Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, sent people to Tibet, ordering the monks and customs leaders to submit to the new dynasty. 1372, Nangaba Zangbo, the last late emperor in Tibet, took the lead in making a decree, and was named a Buddhist monk with a jade seal by the Ming Dynasty. Nanjiaba Zangbo successively recommended 100 old officials of the Yuan Dynasty in Tibet to the Ming Dynasty, and the Ming Dynasty awarded officials at all levels respectively. Other monks and secular leaders also rushed to join in, demanding tribute and handing over the old seals of the Yuan Dynasty in exchange for the new seals of the Ming Dynasty.

In order to strengthen the rule of Tibet, at the beginning of the founding of New China, the Ming Dynasty also applied the military administrative system practiced in other frontier minority areas to Tibet, and successively established two health command and ambassador departments in Tibet and Duogan in Wu Si, as well as the Russian military and civilian marshal's office, which respectively managed the military and political affairs of Tibet, Qamdo (including some Tibetan areas in Sichuan, Qinghai and Gansu) and Ali (including Ladakh). Later, two health commands, Uszang and Duogan, upgraded the department to the administrative command department, and there were administrative departments, health departments and institutes. Officials of institutions at all levels, such as commanders, deputy commanders, commanders-in-chief, marshals, commanders-in-chief, recruiters, governors, households, households, deputy households and town magistrates. , were directly appointed by the central government of the Ming Dynasty as local monks and customs leaders, and the official ranks were uniformly stipulated by the court and awarded letters patent and brocade. The promotion, appointment, removal and replacement of these court officials were directly decided by the Central Committee of the Ming Dynasty. Among them, the post of ten thousand households was abolished by the court during Yongle period.

At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, the influence of Sakya Sect of Tibetan Buddhism supported by Yuan Dynasty has gradually declined, while the influence of Pamzhuba, Zhigongba, Karmapa, Gruba and other sects has become increasingly strong. According to the characteristics of local sects in Tibet at that time, the rulers of the Ming Dynasty gave titles to the leaders of various sects with local strength. The highest-ranking monk is the "French King". In the Ming Dynasty, three kings were appointed successively, namely, King Dabao (Karma Kagyu School Black Hat), King Mahayana (Sakya School) and King Daci (Gelug School). The titles of the three French kings were handed down from master to apprentice or reincarnated, because they did not have a certain residence to preach the law, nor did they need to wait for the life of the dynasty, nor did they pay regular tribute. Next to the position of the king of France is the "King". In the Ming Dynasty, there were five kings, namely, Shi Wang (Pazhu Kagyu School), Zanshan Wang (Karma Kagyu School), Guardian Wang (Kagyu School), Auxiliary King (Sakya School) and Shi Wang (Zhigong Kagyu School). These five kings are all political and religious leaders who own land, and their heirs must declare to the central government, which will send officials to Tibet to confer titles. In addition to Si Wang and Si Wang, the Ming Dynasty also conferred the titles of monks and officials, such as monk, Buddha, Buddhist, Zen master, governor and Lama. Monk officials at all levels were awarded seals and papers by the imperial court to "faithfully perform their duties and pay tribute to the people", and their attack and promotion were directly decided by the imperial court. Monk officials who break the law will be punished by the court.

The Central Committee of the Ming Dynasty stipulated that Tibetan monks and secular officials, in addition to the three French kings, as the leaders of a jurisdiction in the Ming Dynasty, must contribute livestock, fur, Tibetan velvet, medicinal materials, Tibetan incense, bronze buddhas and other local products and handicrafts to the court within the specified time. In order to show concern for remote areas, the imperial court returned tribute of gold and silver, paper money, silks and satins, cloth, grain and tea, which was several times higher than the original value. Due to the generous reward, during the Tianshun period (1457- 1464), there was a phenomenon of "an endless stream of tributes", and the court had to strictly limit the number and quantity of tributes. This tribute is not only the embodiment of the political relationship between the central and local governments, but also a special economic exchange, which has played an important role in the central government's policies and measures to govern Tibet.

The Central Committee of the Ming Dynasty attached great importance to the development of economic ties between Tibet and the Central Plains. In addition to paying tribute, it also vigorously developed the tea-horse trade relationship with a long history. The growing prosperity of tea-horse trade in Ming Dynasty not only strengthened the economic ties between Tibetan and Han nationalities and between Tibet and other fraternal nationalities, but also further strengthened the political position of the central government in ruling Tibet in Ming Dynasty.

Like the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming government attached great importance to the development of transportation stations in the mainland and Tibet. In the fifth year of Yongle (1407), the imperial court specially appointed Pam Zhuba to enlighten the Buddha, indicating that Wang Jici Siba was in charge of Tibet, presided over the restoration station with Tibetan leaders such as the protector Wang and Zanshan Wang, and communicated with the messengers. At the same time, he also sent the Shaanxi provincial capital to command Tongzhi and others to go to Tibet to "set up a station to protect the army and the people." In the 12th year of Yongle (14 14), the Ming Dynasty sent Yang Sanshou, an official from China, to explain to the king and the leaders of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan and Tibet regions that "if there are places and post stations under their jurisdiction that have not been restored, they should inform the old ones so as to convey their mission". After so many repairs and additions, the transportation stations in the mainland and Tibet have "the natural roads are smooth, the envoys are still thousands of miles away, and there is no danger of thieves!" The smooth operation of the post office has facilitated the political, economic and cultural exchanges between the mainland and Tibet and made new progress in the internal relations of the big family of all ethnic groups in the motherland.

Although the Ming Dynasty adopted the policy of universal approval, it actually entrusted the Pazhu faction to exercise local political power in Tibet. As early as 1354, the Pazhu Kagyu Sect headed by Yiqu Jianzan replaced the Sakya Sect as the ruler of most parts of Tibet. The central government of the Yuan Dynasty acknowledged this fact, and named Qu Jianzan as Da Situ, thus forming the local political power of Pazhu, which is a combination of politics and religion. The central government of Ming Dynasty also attached great importance to the position and role of Pazhu Kagyu Sect in Tibet. In the fifth year of Hongwu (1372), Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, sent people to Tibet, and Zhang Yang Sakyamuni, the then leader of Paju religion, gave him the title of "Master of Enlightenment" and gave him a jade seal to give him preferential treatment. The following year, Zhang Yang Sakyamuni sent people to pay tribute. Accepted a new relationship between monarch and minister. After Ming Chengzu ascended the throne, he also sent an imperial envoy, monk Guang Zhi, to Tibet, and gave Zaba Jianzan, the fifth governor of Bashu local government, a gift. In the fourth year of Yongle (1406), the Ming emperor named Zaba Jianzan as the king of Buddhism, and gave him a jade seal, platinum, brocade pendant, octupole and so on. This is the first of the five kings of the Ming Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, when the central government implemented administrative measures in Tibet, it always relied heavily on the power of the Pazhu Sect. The local government of Pazhu established an imperial clan system in Tibet. The imperial clans of Renben, Gongka, Neiwu and Saager were all awarded Xuanwei's official position in charge of frugality and were sealed with imperial seals, which were both the imperial clan of Pazhu and the life palace of the central government.

Although Pazhu local government has existed for more than 200 years, it actually only lasted for nearly a hundred years. From then on, the clans sealed by Pazhu gradually became kings and dominated each other. /kloc-In the mid-5th century, Renbangba, a subordinate of Pazhu, rose up and joined forces with the Red Hat Sect of Karma Kagyu Sect, controlling most areas of Weizang for more than 100 years. /kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, Xin Chin overthrew Ren Bangba, and Tibet had another power rule of Xin Chin for more than 50 years. /kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, Pengcuonaj in New Sabah overthrew the Paju local government, which had existed in name only, and established the Zangba local government in Shigatse, also known as Zangba Khan local government. The Bahan regime in Tibet only existed for 24 years. 1264 was overthrown by Gushi Khan, the leader of Mongolian and Shuote Department in Qinghai.