What is the specialty of Dingzhou?

Dingzhou Porcelain and Dingzhou Yali Dingzhou Porcelain —— Overview of Ding Yao Porcelain and Ding Yao Porcelain

Ding kiln is one of the five famous kilns in Song Dynasty, and it is the first of the five famous kilns. It is a large porcelain kiln system after Xingyao white porcelain in Tang Dynasty. Mainly produced in Jianci Village, Dongchuan Village and Xiyanchuan Village of Quyang County. Because this area was under the jurisdiction of Dingzhou in Tang and Song Dynasties, it was named Ding Kiln. Ding kiln was originally a folk kiln, and palace porcelain was fired in the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty.

Kiln site

The largest and most concentrated kiln site in Ding Yao is located in the north of Jianci Village, Quyang County. There are more than a dozen high piles, the highest of which is15m, and there are countless tiles, kiln furniture, slag and porcelain clay. According to the overlapping relationship of the sites, the sites can be divided into three periods: the late Tang Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty, and 1986 is listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit.

history

Ding kiln was built and burned in the late Tang Dynasty. By this time, Ding kiln porcelain in the Five Dynasties was still relatively rough and simple, mainly bowl-shaped, and was in the transition stage to fine porcelain. However, in the middle and late Five Dynasties, Ding Yao white porcelain made a fundamental leap. The burnt porcelain is no longer coated with cosmetic soil, and the tires and glazes are very thin. The whiteness of some utensils even exceeds the fine white porcelain of Xing Kiln.

The Northern Song Dynasty was the heyday of Ding Kiln's development, and there were many creations and advances in porcelain-making technology. In the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, Ding Kiln was selected as court porcelain by the Song government because of its excellent porcelain quality, elegant color and exquisite decoration, which greatly increased its value and made its products all the rage.

Ding kiln gradually declined and abandoned after the "Jingkang Rebellion" at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty due to years of military disasters. After the Jin Dynasty ruled the northern part of China, the porcelain industry of Ding Kiln recovered rapidly, and the production level of some products was no less than that of the Northern Song Dynasty. Judging from some objects with dragon and phoenix patterns, Ding kiln products are also favorite porcelain varieties of rulers in the Jin Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, Ding Kiln finally declined gradually.

In the 1970s, Ding Porcelain entered a period of recovery after years of silence. Quyang Fixed Porcelain Co., Ltd. has gone through hardships and hundreds of research experiments, and on the basis of antique, it has successfully developed more than 200 kinds of craft products in three series: antique, fine arts and daily use. The products have won many awards in domestic exhibitions and exported to more than ten countries and regions such as the United States, Japan, Canada, the Netherlands and Hong Kong.

diversification

Ding kiln products are mainly white porcelain, but also other rare varieties such as sauce, red and black, such as black porcelain (black porcelain), purple glaze (purple porcelain), blue glaze (celadon) and red glaze (red porcelain), all of which are covered with a layer of high-temperature color glaze. "Gui Qian Zhi" written by Liu Qi in Yuan Dynasty said: "Dingzhou flowers and porcelain are all white." It can be seen that the kiln fixing device was not only loved by people at that time, but also produced a lot. When Su Dongpo, a great poet in Song Dynasty, was in Dingzhou, he once praised Ding Yao's colored porcelain with the poem "Dingzhou Flower Porcelain Carves Ruby".

Ding kiln is divided into Beiding and Nanding. Before the Northern Song Dynasty, Ding Yao's kiln site was in Dingzhou in the north, which was called Beiding. After the Song Dynasty moved south, some kiln workers went to Jingdezhen and some went to Jizhou, which was called Nanding. The glaze produced in Jingdezhen is powdery, also known as powder.

Organ shape

Ding kiln has a large production scale and many varieties. Most of them are bowls, plates, bottles, plates, boxes and pillows, and they also produce pure bottles, conchs and other pre-Buddha offerings, but the quantity is very small, mainly as tributes. The "Dingzhou White Porcelain Baby Pillow" collected by the Palace Museum is one of the representative works of Ding Yao porcelain.

Enamel and fetal quality

Ding kiln tire is thin and light, and the tire color is white and yellowish, firm and impenetrable. The glaze is beige, and the glaze is extremely thin, so you can see the tire. Glaze is white and crystal clear, and many accumulated glazes are in the form of tears, which are called "wax tears" and are yellow-green. In the thin glaze on the outer wall of the utensils, you can see the spin marks on the tires, commonly known as "bamboo wire brush pattern". In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the mouth of Ding kiln products was glazed, but in the later period, the mouth of the utensils was not glazed, which was called "Mangkou". The edge of python mouth is often inlaid with gold, silver and copper to cover up the defects of python mouth, which is a major feature of Ding kiln.

Unique technology

The most important achievement in the installation and firing technology of porcelain kilns in Song Dynasty was the invention of over-firing and "ignition". Overburning method is widely used in fixed kilns, and washer combined box is also used. The advantage of this firing method is that the vacant space is used to the maximum extent, which can not only save fuel, but also prevent the appliance from deforming, thus reducing the cost and greatly increasing the output, which has a great impact on both northern and southern porcelain kilns and has played an important role in promoting the development of China porcelain industry.

figure

Ding kiln workers are deeply loved by people for their colorful decorative patterns. Decorative techniques are mainly white glaze printing, white glaze carving and white glaze drawing, as well as white glaze embroidery and gold color drawing, with beautiful and generous patterns. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, the carving, composition and patterns of Ding Kiln were simplified, and most of them were thick lotus petals decorated with the beauty of bas-relief. In the middle and late Northern Song Dynasty, carved flowers were beautifully decorated and unique. Decorative patterns are often printed, scratched and piled up, which are beautiful and generous. Printed patterns, ingenious deformation of natural form, rigorous composition; Carving is more lively and unique than printing.

Painting flower

Painting flowers is one of the main decorative methods of Ding kiln porcelain in Song Dynasty. Usually simple patterns are drawn with grating tools, and the lines are rigid, smooth and dynamic. Lotus petal pattern is the most common decorative pattern in kiln. There are single flowers, double flowers in parallel, lotus leaves staggered out, and some are also equipped with duck patterns. The patterns are simple and diverse. The decorative patterns of vertical objects are mostly decorated with carved flowers, which are rare. In the early kiln ware, some carved patterns were combined with lotus petals and chrysanthemum patterns, and the overall layout was not very harmonious. This was a new decorative technique when fashion was in the primary stage, and it also provided a basis for the dating of kiln ware.

Carve a pattern

Carving is developed on the basis of carving decoration technology. Sometimes it is used with the scribing process. For example, in the center of a dish or bowl, the contour lines of broken branches or bound branches are carved, and then multiple lines are carved on the contour lines of flowers and leaves with single-tooth, double-tooth and comb tools. The common decorative pattern is double flowers, which are vivid and natural, with strong three-dimensional sense and usually symmetrical. Ding kiln sculptors often draw thin lines on one side of the outline of flowers, fruits, lotus, ducks and Yunlong to enhance the three-dimensional sense of the decoration.

print

The most expressive decorative pattern in Ding Kiln is printed decorative pattern. This craft began in the middle of the Northern Song Dynasty and matured in the late Northern Song Dynasty. The most exquisite decorative patterns of Ding kiln utensils are in the center of dishes, bowls and other utensils, but there are few decorative patterns inside and outside these kinds of utensils. Decorative patterns of kilns are characterized by distinct layers, the outermost ring or the middle, and the patterns are often separated by palindromes. The overall layout of the pattern has clear lines, ingenious deformation and modeling, complex but not chaotic, rigorous layout, symmetry, distinct levels, clear lines, neat and elegant, and high artistic level. Ding kiln seals are mostly printed on the inner side of the plate, and it is extremely rare to find objects with decorative patterns inside and outside.

The most common theme of Ding Kiln printing is flower design, mainly including lotus, chrysanthemum, day lily, peony, plum blossom and so on. The arrangement of flower patterns mostly adopts methods such as winding branches and folding branches, emphasizing symmetry. Some bowls and pots are petal-shaped, and a blooming flower is printed on the bowl. At the same time, the outer wall is engraved with pedicels and petal outlines. This method, which combines printing and engraving technology with the internal and external decoration of the object, makes the modeling and pattern decoration of the object integrate into one, which is very beautiful. Secondly, Dingyao also has a large number of animal decorations, mainly including cattle, deer, mandarin ducks, Kirin, dragons and phoenixes, lions and dragons. The dragon pattern of Ding kiln is generally decorated in the center of dishes, dishes, bowls and other utensils. Surrounded by auspicious clouds, there are many dragons, but there is no symmetrical double dragon pattern. The flying dragon is vigorous, with its head held high between auspicious clouds, its tail entwined with its hind legs, its teeth bared, and it wants to swallow a fireball. It has fins on its back, scales carved on its body, a fluttering beard and hair, hairy elbows and three sharp claws, which are lifelike. However, the vertical pieces of Ding kiln are only decorated with deformed dragon patterns, which are far from the dragon patterns on plates and dishes. The decorative patterns of birds mainly include phoenix, peacock, egret, mandarin duck, wild goose, duck, etc., and the exquisite flying phoenix is rare.

The most exquisite decorative patterns of Ding kiln porcelain are mostly concentrated on plates and dishes, and the decorative patterns can reach four layers. There are many kinds of decorations on each floor. The outer ring decoration is mostly geometric patterns or deformed lotus petal patterns, and the center is a combination of animals and flowers, full of relief and artistic atmosphere. Ding kiln baby pillow in Song Dynasty is a famous product of this kiln, and its modeling method and decorative technology of decorative patterns are all fine products.

affect

Due to the popularity and reputation of Ding Kiln, its modeling, decoration and firing methods were imitated by porcelain kilns all over the country, and Ding Kiln was imitated all over the country during the Northern Song Dynasty. This has produced imitators like Touting, Ding Xin, Bei Ding, Nan Ding and Fending. The quality of products in many areas is not worse than that in Quyang, Hebei. Ding kiln has a far-reaching influence on China porcelain industry in later generations: Jingdezhen, which is famous all over the world, is deeply influenced by it, and Wu kiln in Longquan, Beijing and Pingding, Shanxi form a Ding kiln system; Egypt, Europe and Southeast Asia all have the remains of Ding Kiln porcelain.