Hakka residential materials

Hakka Dwellings: Surrounding Dragon House

Surrounding Dragon House

The styles and forms of Hakka Dwellings have changed in different historical periods and in different regions, including Yuanzhai, Surrounding Dragon House, Zoumalou and Sijiaolou. But the most representative one is the dragon enclosure. Surrounding Dragon House is a typical Hakka residential building with Central Plains characteristics. Hakka surrounding dragon house, together with Beijing's quadrangle, Shaanxi's cave dwelling, Guangxi's pole column style and Yunnan's seal, are called the five traditional residential building forms with the most local flavor in China, and are called one of the five characteristics of China residential buildings by Chinese and foreign architectural circles. According to the investigation by historians, this kind of residential building is very similar to the house type of the noble courtyard in the Central Plains, which has its historical origin. Hakka ancestors originally belonged to the Han people in the Central Plains, and moved south to the mountainous areas bordering Jiangxi, Guangdong and Fujian for reasons such as war and famine. After the Hakka ancestors moved south to settle in Lingnan, they not only spread the advanced farming techniques of the Central Plains, but also maintained the original traditional style of the buildings and houses.

first, the overall layout of the enclosure

the overall layout of the enclosure is a big garden, and in the overall shape, the enclosure is a taiji diagram.

The first half of the enclosure is a half-moon pond, and the second half is a half-moon building. The joint of the two halves is separated by a rectangular open space, which is tamped and paved with concrete. It is called "Wo Ping" (or Ditang), which is a place for residents to exercise or dry. At the junction of "Wo Ping" and the pond, a high or low stone wall is built with lime and small stones. The short one is called "wall ridge" and the high one is called "zhaoqiang". Half-moon pond is mainly used for stocking fish and shrimp, watering vegetable fields and storing water to prevent drought and fire. It is not only a natural fertilizer warehouse, but also a natural sewage purification pool.

The building in the second half is a square main building in the middle. There are "three buildings and two horizontal buildings" and a surrounding layer; There are "three buildings and four horizontal buildings" and two surrounding floors. The smallest enclosure has a building area of thousands of square meters, and the largest is tens of thousands of square meters. Some big dragon houses are inhabited by hundreds of families and hundreds of people. Generally speaking, "three buildings and two horizontal buildings" are the majority of one enclosure. There are three dragon houses with two horizontal walls, including upper hall, middle hall and lower hall. There is a patio between the halls, which is separated by wooden screens, which can be opened and closed as required. There are north and south halls, upper and lower corridors, toilets, drawing rooms, wing rooms, study rooms, living rooms, etc. around the hall, which are patchwork and have clear priorities. The building structure is low at the front and high at the back, which is beneficial to lighting, ventilation, drainage and sewage discharge.

the main house-the outer layer of the horizontal house is a half-moon enclosure, some of which are one enclosure and some are two enclosures, hence the name of the enclosure. The arc-shaped enclosure guards the main room, forming a defensive barrier. The windows in the enclosure are generally small, which are natural observation holes and shooting holes, so it is convenient to use bows and arrows, soil guns, soil guns and other martial arts to fight against the attacking enemy. In fact, the design and architecture of the dragon house had a great relationship with the situation of the Hakkas at that time. Hakkas are Han Chinese who migrated from the Central Plains to the south since the Tang and Song Dynasties. Most of them live in remote mountainous areas and are squeezed out and bullied by local people. In order to unite and resist aggression and survive, they have to live together and build a defensive castle-style house-the Dragon House, to resist the intrusion of bandits and local people. There is also a solid multi-storey "turret" in the dragon enclosure, which can be used to store food and forage, and can also shoot the invading enemy from a commanding height. If bandits come to harass and rob, as long as the gate and half door are closed, the villagers will carry weapons into the dragon enclosure and turret to fight.

the history of Hakka people

The ancestors of Hakka people originated from the Central Plains and migrated from the Central Plains to the south, which is a branch of the Han nationality in the south of China. Because I am in a foreign land, I call myself "Heluolang" because I am attached to my hometown Heluo (Luohe Valley centered on Luoyang). On the one hand, Hakka culture retains the mainstream characteristics of Central Plains culture, on the other hand, it contains the cultural essence of the local ethnic groups. Hakka people often take those talented men as examples, inspire and educate their children and grandchildren, and learn from their predecessors who have made great achievements. Some people say: Where there is the sun, there are China people, and where there are China people, there are Hakkas. Others say: where there is sunshine, there are Hakkas; Where there is a piece of land, Hakkas live in groups, work hard and reproduce. Hakkas are known as "Oriental Jews" because they travel all over the world, emigrate to the world, and there are many successful people in overseas business circles.

the first migration to the south was in the Qin Shihuang era. After Qin Shihuang unified China in 221 BC, for political and military needs, 6, troops were sent to "March to the south". South of Qin Jun, from the Fujian-Guangdong-Jiangxi border into Jieling (that is, Jieyang Mountain, now 15 miles north of Jieyang County), reaching the boundaries of Xingning and Haifeng counties. In 214 BC, Qin Shihuang sent another 5, soldiers to "defend Wuling in the south" (now Guangdong and Guangxi). These soldiers have long been "guarding the five ridges and crossing the miscellaneous places." After the death of Qin, two groups of Qin soldiers who went south stayed in the local area and became the first Hakkas.

The second southward migration was in the period of "Five Disorders in China" in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. At that time, in order to take refuge, some Central Plains residents moved to the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. Later, due to the confrontation between the North and the South, about 96, people from the Central Plains moved south to both sides of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Part of the population flows into Gannan, and part of it enters Fujian and Guangdong through Ningdu and Shicheng.

The third southward migration was during the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty. First, the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty brought great disasters to the people and forced a large number of Han people in the Central Plains to flee south. During the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty, a large number of Han people from the Central Plains fled to Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi. For example, Li Meng, the imperial clan, moved from Chang 'an to Bianliang and then moved to Gubi Township, Ninghua, Fujian. Gushi people, Wang Xu and Wang Chao, responded to the Huang Chao Uprising and led five thousand peasant rebels from Guangzhou and Shouzhou to Jiangxi, resulting in a sharp increase in the population along the border of Fujian and Jiangxi.

The fourth southward migration was during the Southern Song Dynasty and the late Song Dynasty. Jin people invaded, built Yan Nan Du, and some officials and scholars moved to Taihu Lake basin. Another part of the gentry or crossed Dagengling in the south and entered Nanxiong, Shixing and Shaozhou; Or along the flood, Kyrgyzstan, Qianzhou, and then from Qianzhou to Tingzhou; Or stay in counties in southern Jiangxi. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the Yuan army went south in a big way, and a large number of Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Jiangxi Song people fled from Putian to Chaoshan, the coastal area of Guangdong, to Hainan Island.

the fifth southward migration was in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. At that time, the Hakkas living in southern Jiangxi, eastern Guangdong and northern Guangdong migrated to Sichuan, Hunan, Guangxi, Taiwan, central Guangdong and western Guangdong because of their large population and limited land. This large-scale migration is called "Westward Movement" in the history of Hakka immigrants. Hakka in Sichuan basically originated from this "westward movement". At that time, the population of Sichuan decreased sharply due to war, plague and natural disasters, and the Qing government especially encouraged immigrants to fill Sichuan from Huguang.

The sixth southward migration was during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the mid-19th century. At that time, in order to avoid war, some Hakkas migrated to South Asia, and some were lured into indentured labor and taken to Malaysia, the United States, Panama, Brazil and other places.

In addition to the above six large-scale southward migrations, some Han people in the Central Plains also fled to the south because of droughts and floods, and others settled in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi through official relegation, business and study tours in previous dynasties. However, not all Han people who moved to the south became Hakkas, and only those from Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi departments and people from this department were called Hakkas.

Hakka ancestors originally lived in the north, and later moved to the south of the Yangtze River, where they lived in Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, Hunan, Taiwan and Qionglai provinces, and gradually spread abroad and all over the world. Gannan is the first stop for Hakka ancestors to move south, and it is also one of the areas with the largest number of Hakka people living in the most concentrated areas. The origin of the title "Hakka" is related to the migration of Hakka ancestors. As far as their place of residence is concerned, these people are "guests" who moved from other places. It can be said that without migration, there would be no such title as "Hakka".

There are various reasons for Hakkas' migration. In the early days, it was mainly due to the stress of disasters. Such as brutal war, floods, droughts, insects and other catastrophic natural disasters and the epidemic of plague. Every large-scale war in the history of China has almost caused a great migration of Hakkas. According to historical records, there was a great migration of Hakka ancestors in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Just imagine, in the long years, the "Five Hus and Sixteen Countries" are constantly in flames of war and full of sorrow. Can you survive if you don't escape? It is said that it was at that time that our ancestor Chen left his native land in western Henan and moved to Jiangxi and finally settled in Ganxian. "how much brighter the moonlight is at home!", at first, our ancestors may just want to stay for a while, but they will get used to it gradually. So he built houses, reclaimed fields, raised pigs and cattle, and lived for a long time. From temporary guest residence to permanent home. In this way, it will be a Hakka forever!

It is worth mentioning that there is a special way of migration. It is said that in order to build the Epang Palace, Qin Shihuang drove tens of thousands of "wooden guests" to logging in Gannan to rejuvenate the country, but they stayed there after they were not exhausted. This is probably the earliest ancestor of Hakka people in Gannan.

the process of migration must be difficult and dangerous. Help the old and bring the young, travel across mountains and rivers, and settle down in a strange place. Hakka ancestors cut through thorns and overcome obstacles, "opening roads on every mountain and bridging bridges when encountering water". They finally survived, forming a thriving ethnic group with tens of millions of people today.

the last procedure of migration is to build a house and settle down. A Hakka elder said: "The most important thing to settle down is to determine the location of the housing field. How to decide? It depends on feng shui. This geomantic omen is not the geomantic omen that Mr. Geography talks about superstition. Mainly take sunshine, look at the wind direction, be close to the water source, be close to the hard mountain and choose the highland. It is an ideal choice to sit facing south, facing the sun and leeward, with firewood near the water and wide vision. "

People often admire Hakka people for their diligence, courage, perseverance and wit. As a clan group, Hakka naturally experienced social reality and production reality in a more diverse and deeper level than other groups because of the long-distance migration of ancestors for generations, and it was bound to be tempered and nourished more and accumulated more experience in dealing with the relationship with nature and social interpersonal relationships. Therefore, there have been a large number of politicians, scientists, writers and entrepreneurs in the Hakka community ...

There are many theories about the origin of Hakka, the main ones are the theory of Hakka Central Plains and the theory of Hakka aborigines. The theory of Hakka Central Plains holds that the main body of Hakka is immigrants from the Central Plains, while the theory of Hakka aborigines holds that "the Hakka * * * is the same body produced by the amalgamation of the Han people who moved south and the ancient Vietnamese immigrants in the triangle area of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, and its main body is the ancient Vietnamese people living in this land, not a few Central Plains people living in this area". From the Song Dynasty, the Han people in the Central Plains moved southward in a large scale, and arrived in Meizhou through southern Jiangxi and western Fujian, and finally formed a relatively mature and stable Hakka family. Since then, the Hakkas have taken Meizhou as their base and moved abroad in large numbers to the whole country and even all over the world. The "three Hakka States" are Jiaying, Ganzhou and Tingzhou.

When it comes to Hakka, the most famous one is their tulou. If you search for Hakka on the Internet, many items about tulou will appear at the same time. If you are a stamp collector, you should have noticed that one of the Fujian folk houses in the set of stamps of China folk houses is the Hakka earth building. Because most of the Hakkas lived in remote mountainous areas or deep forests, at that time, not only building materials were scarce, wolves, tigers, leopards and thieves were noisy, but also they were afraid of being harassed by local people, so Hakkas built a "defensive" castle-style building house like a tulou. In Fujian, earth buildings are divided into square earth buildings and round earth buildings, while round buildings are relatively rare.

It is estimated that everyone still remembers a joke about tulou: It is said that in the 196s and 197s, American spy satellites took photos of China, and they were surprised to find that there were many unknown large buildings, round or square, distributed in the mountainous areas of Fujian Province. After analysis, they were considered as "missile launching bases", and China's military strength should not be underestimated. It was not until the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States that Americans realized that the so-called "missile launching bases" were actually typical Hakka houses-tulou.

Of course, Hakka tofu is also very famous. The most famous tofu in China: Hakka fermented tofu, Sichuan Mapo tofu and Hunan stinky tofu. The latter two can only be regarded as side dishes and snacks, and only Hakkas have upgraded tofu into a big dish and a main course. Even their songs about new houses contain tofu. For example, one of them sings:

Newly bought grindstones are jingling,

Wholeheartedly bought ground soybean milk,

grinding bean curd in the middle of the night,

Ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah, ah,

1. Origin of Hakka

Hakka is a huge ethnic group of Han nationality in China, with a long history and a large number of people. According to the data, there are 55 million Hakkas, including about 45 million in China. Among the overseas Hakkas, most of them live in some countries in Asia, including about 1.25 million in Malaysia, about 4, in Indonesia, about 37, in Thailand.

Hakka ancestors came from the Central Plains. It was because of the large-scale direct migration from the Central Plains in the past dynasties, or moved in, or lived in official positions, relegation, business and other reasons. The migration of its ancestors has the following periods:

(1) Qin and Han Dynasties unified China, and Central Plains immigrants began to move south.

1. In the 25th year of Qin Shihuang (222 BC), Qin Jun wiped out Chu with 6, troops, and Qin Jun, who gathered the water of Yugan, set up Minzhong County in 221 BC, and then split his troops south, entering Jieling Mountain from the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, which is now 15 miles north of Jieyang County, reaching the boundaries of Xingning and Haifeng counties.

2. In the thirty-third year of Qin Shihuang, 5, people guarded the Five Ridges, that is, Zhao Tuo "defended the crossing with soldiers". From this point of view, there are two Qin Jun garrisons on the border of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, one is the border of Nanye, and the other is Jieling.

3. In the thirty-fourth year of Qin Shihuang, Zhao Tuo built a city in Erli, across the river, to control the martial arts, and built a city of ten thousand people in Zhongshu Mianshan. Zhao Tuo built a city in Longchuan again. The number of these builders is unknown, but those who migrated to the northern border counties during the same period can be tested, ranging from 3 thousand to 5 thousand.

4. In the thirty-sixth year of Qin Shihuang, it was estimated that the immigrants stationed by Qin in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi accounted for more than one third of the local population.

5. In the fifth year of Emperor Yuan Ding of the Han Dynasty (115 BC), a large number of soldiers from the Central Plains were stationed in the south of Lingnan, and they were stationed in counties and military strongholds.

6. In the first year of the Han Dynasty (11 BC), the people from Fujian and Jieyang (Chaogu and Meigu were the places where Fujian and Vietnam crossed) all moved away, leaving only the descendants of the immigrants from Qinzhong County. This shows that since then, the residents in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi have been mainly immigrants from the Central Plains.

(2) During the period from Jian 'an in the late Han Dynasty to Yongjia in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, people in the Central Plains took refuge, and some people moved into the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the people of the Central Plains took refuge in Jiaozhou, which once set off a climax. The southward migration mainly came from the sea route.

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, when the North and the South confronted each other, the people of the Central Plains once again moved to the south on a large scale, with a population of about 96,. Most of them settled on both sides of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, some of them entered the south of Jiangxi, and some of them entered the border counties of Fujian and Guangdong through Ningdu and Shicheng.

On the occasion of Yongjia, the gentry of the Central Plains flowed into Fujian.

(3) The Anshi Rebellion and the war disaster in the Tang Dynasty brought great disasters to the people, and a large number of people in the Central Plains fled south.

(4) During the Huang Chao Uprising in the late Tang Dynasty, people from the Central Plains fled to Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi in large numbers. For example, Li Meng, the imperial clan, moved from Chang 'an to Bianliang and then moved to Gubi Township, Ninghua, Fujian. Gushi people, Wang Xu and Wang Chao, responded to the Huang Chao Uprising and led five thousand peasant rebels from Guangzhou and Shouzhou to Jiangxi. From the end of the Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, the population of Fujian and Jiangxi provinces surged.

(5) During the Southern Song Dynasty and the end of the Song Dynasty, a large number of people from the Central Plains fled to central Guangdong and the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi.

jianyan crossed the south, and some officials and scholars moved to Hangzhou, Suzhou, Changzhou and Lake, that is, Taihu Lake Basin. The other part, and most of them, followed the Emperor Tai Long along Hongzhou, Jizhou and Qianzhou, and the Emperor Tai returned to Lin 'an. These sergeants didn't follow