Who knows Han Yu's information?

Date of birth: 768-824

Celebrity titles: writers and philosophers

Celebrity country: China

Related introduction:

Han Yu (768-824) was a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. Return the word. People from Henan Province (now Meng County, Henan Province). The county looks at Changli, and the world is called Han Changli.

In his later years, he served as assistant minister of the official department, also known as the Korean official department. Posthumous title "Wen", also known as Han Wengong. He lost his father at the age of 3 and was raised by his brother and sister-in-law.

In the eighth year of Zhenyuan in Dezong (792), he was promoted to our time, and later served as the supervisor of Yushi and Yangshan. Xian zong acceded to the throne and became a doctor of the country. Later, he went through officials to the right illegitimate son of the prince. In the 12th year of Yuanhe (8 17), he put down the Yuanji rebellion in Huaixi Wu from Peidu and was promoted to assistant minister of punishments. In the 14th year of Yuanhe (8 19), Xian Zong welcomed the Buddha's bones into Da-nei and remonstrated with them, so he was demoted as the secretariat of Chaozhou. Move to Yuanzhou. Soon, he returned to North Korea and served as an official, son of the country and assistant minister of the official department. After Han Yu died in Chang 'an, he advocated strengthening political reunification and opposed the separatist regime in the buffer regions. Ideologically, he respected Confucianism and suppressed Buddhism, calling himself a descendant of Confucius and Mencius. He opposed the formalistic parallel prose since the Six Dynasties, vigorously advocated ancient prose, and led the ancient prose movement in the middle Tang Dynasty together with Liu Zongyuan.

Han Yu was a famous essayist in Tang Dynasty. Su Shi called him "the decline of eight generations of literature" (Chaozhou Hanwen Gongci Monument). Han Yu's argumentative essays are extensive in content and eclectic in genre, such as The Original Road, Buddha's Bone Table, Teacher's Notes, Jin Xuejie, etc., with novel ideas, distinct viewpoints, boldness and frankness, and strong militancy. His epitaph Han creatively applies the biographical techniques of Zuo Zhuan and Shi Ji to the epitaph, creating a large number of vivid characters, adding luster to this always boring epitaph style, and some of his works have become excellent biographical literature, such as Liu Zihou's Epitaph. Preface to Farewell to Meng Dongye and Preface to Farewell to Dong Shaonan have their own advantages in techniques, which makes Preface to Farewell to Meng Dongye develop into a practical literary style. Books such as Answer to Cui Lizhi were opened because people made statements and they were sincere. Koreans are unrestrained, while Wang Yang is unrestrained, "like the Yangtze River, vast" (Su Xun's Ouyang Connotation Book). Profound conception, ingenious conception, concise language and creativity. His poems are also unique, innovative and long-lasting, making the past serve the present, adopting the style of prose poetry, which is magnificent, full of talent and whimsy, forming a unique style of extraordinary and magnificent, creating an important school after Li and Du Fu, and correcting the mediocre poetic style since Dali. His representative works include "Rocks" and "On the Mid-Autumn Festival to be divided into official posts". The Seven Laws "Moving Left to Lan Guan Xian's Grandnephew" and the Seven Unique Works "Zhang, Assistant Professor of the Ministry of Water Resources in Early Spring" are also well-known masterpieces. However, his excessive pursuit of novelty will inevitably lead to danger and strangeness, and his emphasis on "taking prose as poetry" will inevitably turn poetry into "rhyming literature" The Collected Works of Mr. Changli compiled by master Li Han has been handed down from generation to generation. Athena Chu Dialectics 500 compiled by Wei Zhongju in Song Dynasty contains 40 volumes of collected works of Mr. Changli, and Waiji 10 is relatively complete. Fang Shiju's Notes on the Chronology of Han Changli's Poems and Qian Zhonglian's Notes on the Chronology of Han Changli's Poems are better. For the deeds, see Biography of Old and New Books of Tang Dynasty.

Brief introduction of Han Yu

Han Yu (768 ~ 824) was a writer and philosopher in the Tang Dynasty. Return the word. A native of Changli, Henan (now Mengxian), his ancestral home is Han Changli, and he served as assistant minister of the official department in his later years, also known as the official department of Han Dynasty. Posthumous title "Wen", also known as Han Wengong, is a descendant of the nobles in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and his father Zhong Qing is a small bureaucrat. Han Yu lost his father at the age of 3. Raised by my brother Han Hui. Later, he was exiled to Guangdong with the Korean Association. After my brother died, my sister-in-law Zheng and I returned to Heyang. Later moved to Xuancheng. He studied at the age of 7, and he can write at the age of 65, 438+03, and studied under Du Guji and Liang Su.

As the old saying goes, at the age of 20, I went to Chang 'an to study, but I didn't get the third test. At the age of 25, he was admitted to imperial academy and failed in three tests. He went to Jin Dong in Bianzhou and Zhang Jianfeng in Xuzhou as shogunate, and then went to the capital as a doctor. At the age of 36, he was appointed as a censor, and was demoted to Yangshan order for writing a letter about drought and hunger, demanding the reduction of corvee tax and accusing the government of failure. Shunzong acceded to the throne, using Wang clique to carry out political reform, but holding an opposing position. Xian zong acceded to the throne, was pardoned, returned to the north, and became a doctor in Guo Zi. He changed the Henan order, became a foreign minister, and passed through the official to the right bastard of the prince. Because of the confrontation with eunuchs and powerful people, the official has been frustrated. At the age of 50, he pacified the Yuanji rebellion in Huaixi Wu from Pei Du, served as a marching Sima, and promoted the idea of strengthening centralization and opposing separatism in the buffer region. After being appointed, Huai Xiping was promoted to assistant minister of punishments. He rejected Buddhism all his life. In the 14th year of Yuanhe (8 19), Xian Zong welcomed the Buddha's bones into Da-nei and tried his best to dissuade them, so he was demoted to Chaozhou Secretariat. Move to Yuanzhou. Shortly after returning to China, Li Guan took up some important positions, such as offering wine to Guozi, assistant minister of the Ministry of War, assistant minister of the official department and so on. At that time, assistant minister of the Ministry of War, the town of Wang Ting, rebelled. He went to Fu Xuan and succeeded. In this final stage, there are more political successes. Throughout his life, Han Yu has made great achievements in politics and literature, among which literature is the main achievement. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, they have opposed parallel prose and advocated ancient prose, and they have fought fiercely for a long time. Due to the advocacy of Liu Zongyuan and others, the ancient prose movement in the Tang Dynasty was finally formed, which opened up the development path of ancient prose since the Tang and Song Dynasties. His poems have unique achievements and have an important influence on the development of Song poetry. Han Yu's anthology was compiled by his disciple Li Han, and the other was compiled by Song people. Among the existing Korean ancient books, The Collected Works of Mr. Changli and The Collected Works of Five Hundred Phonetic Changes, edited by Wei Huaizhong of South Song Qingyuan, are the best, among which many lost old notes of Song people are preserved and photocopied. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Collected Works of Mr. Changli and Collected Works of Waiji by □ were the most widely circulated versions after the second edition of Dong Ya Tang by Xu in the Ming Dynasty. The book completely records Zhu's textual research and extracts 500 notes. Liao's original engraving is photocopied today. There are two kinds of single-line poems in Qing Dynasty: Gu's Notes on Mr. Changli's Poems and Fang Shiju's Notes on the Chronology of Han Changli's Poems. Qian Zhonglian's Annotation of Han Changli's Poems in the Year is another year's collection of notes. In Song Dynasty, Fang Yiqing's Notes on Han Ji and Zhu's Textual Research on Han Yi, Qing Dynasty's Notes on Han Ji, Wang's Reading Han Ji Yi, Shen Qinhan's Supplementary Notes on Han Ji and Fang Cheng's Notes on Han Shu. Han Yu's life story can be found in Huangfu □ Epitaph of Mr. Han Changli, Han Gonggong Tombstone and Li Ao's Han Gongxing, which are the most original materials. Zhu also made detailed comments on the old and new editions of Tang Shu. There are several chronologies and chronologies, among which Zi Han Chronology written by Song Hongxingzu is the most detailed. Qin Fangqing's Chronological Examination was engraved after all the articles of Hongpu. His research works such as Compilation of Moths, Collection of Nest Classics and Miscellany by Yu are of academic value. The relevant parts of Zhao Yi's Poems in Oubei, Fang's Poems and Lin Shu's Korean Studies are representative works of poetry criticism. The most famous single paper is On Han Yu by close friend Chen Yinque.

Brief introduction of Han Yu

Han Yu (768-824), a native of Heyang (now Mengzhou, Henan Province), was originally from Changli, Hebei Province, and was called "Han Changli" in the world. In his later years, he served as an assistant minister in the official department, so he was also called the "Han official department". After his death, he was also called "Duke Wen of Han Dynasty", which was the first of the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties.

Han Yu was young and withdrawn, and was raised by his brother and sister-in-law. He entered Chang 'an at the age of 20 and failed three exams. Zhenyuan eight years (792), the fourth senior high school entrance examination, a scholar. He once held idle positions in Bianzhou shogunate (now Kaifeng City, Henan Province) and Xuzhou. Zhenyuan 18 (802) went to Chang 'an to serve as imperial academy IV. He was demoted to Yangshan County (now Yang Lian County, Guangdong Province). In the first year of Yuanhe (806), the new emperor (Tang Xianzong) succeeded to the throne and was recalled to Chang 'an as Dr. imperial academy. Yuan Hezai 12 (8 17) rebelled with Pei Du and was promoted to assistant minister of punishments.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the selection of officials was based on the "Jiupin" system, that is, the gate valve system represented by the gentry. In the Tang dynasty, the distinction between grades was changed to the standard of grades. Children of noble "noble families", regardless of their moral character and knowledge, may become officials with noble family identity. So they don't need to study and look down on their teachers. It is also common among them to follow the teacher, "inferiority is enough." It is of far-reaching significance to write "Teacher's Theory" and "Don't be ashamed of being a teacher" and put forward progressive slogans such as "Tao" as a teacher, Tao as a teacher for people and capable people.

Legend of Han Yu

The origin of the name

Han Wengong's name has changed more and more. Speaking of this harmony word, there is a much-told story.

Han Yu's parents died early and was raised by his brother and sister-in-law since childhood. In a blink of an eye, it is the school age. Sister Zheng wants to give her brother a beautiful and elegant scientific name. On this day, Zheng opened the book and chose a word on the left, which was too vulgar. After half an hour, he didn't choose a suitable scientific name for his brother. Han Yu stood watching. Seeing that my sister-in-law had difficulty naming him, she asked, "Sister-in-law, what are you going to name me?" Zheng Dao: Your brother's name is Hui and your second brother's name is Jie. Hui and Jie are both herringbone heads, symbolizing that both want to be the first of all, Hui is gathering, and Jie is frank. They all mean well. Your third brother's scientific name should also be preceded by someone, and its meaning should be more refined. After hearing this, Han Yu immediately said, "Sister-in-law, you don't need to talk. This person is the head. " Hearing this, Zheng quickly closed the book and asked his younger brother, "What are the benefits of more words?" Han Yudao "The more, the more. When I grow up, I must do something great. I will surpass the ancients and never be a mediocre person. " Hearing this, the eldest sister-in-law clapped her hands and shouted, "Good! All right! You really know how to name, what a word' Yu'! "

How can Han Yu give himself such a beautiful and elegant name? It turns out that he has been smart since he was a child and has read many classics. He has been literate since he was three years old and can remember thousands of words every day. Before he was seven years old, he had finished reading the works of various philosophers. That extraordinary talent and cultural accomplishment made him ambitious early, and the word "Yu" was revealed by his teenage mind.

When he was nineteen, he was already a brilliant young man. This year coincides with the opening of the imperial examination. Zheng packed his bags and sent him to Beijing to take the exam.

When he arrived in Beijing, he only cared about himself, thinking that he would win the prize when he entered the city, and never took his companions seriously. As a result, others passed the exam, but he failed in Sun Shan. Later, I lived in Beijing for several years in a row, took the exam four times in a row, and finally got the thirteenth place. After that, I entered the palace three times in a row and didn't get an official position.

Because the money had been spent, he moved from Kyoto to Luoyang and asked his friends for help. In Luoyang, a friend was engaged to Miss Lu, who was both talented and charming. Teacher Lu's father joined the army in Henan, which is very promising. Han Yu lives in his house and is going to marry Miss Lu some other day.

Miss Lu is lively and frank by nature. On the one hand, she admires Han Lang's talent; on the other hand, she worries about Han Lang's pride. She has thought about it many times, and it is time to persuade him to do something in the future, but how?

After dinner that day, the two chatted about poems and songs. During the conversation, Han Yu mentioned his frustration in seeking an official position in recent years. Miss Lu said kindly, "Xianggong doesn't have to worry about this anymore. Frustration in the examination room is a long-term thing. My father always praises my knowledge and sincerity. I think you will do something in the future, but this field has suffered many setbacks and must have its own shortcomings. Now it's time to find out why. " Han Yu nodded frequently after hearing this, saying in his heart that Miss Lu had seen her, and then said, "What Miss Lu said is very reasonable. As the saying goes, you can't see the black on your face. Please give us your advice. " Miss Lu laughed and said, "You are really a smart man!" Then take out the paper brush and write:

Man seeks truth, fire seeks sin,

If you want to succeed, you must retreat first.

Han Yu held a message and thought for a moment: this is the dirty words of miss! Since ancient times, pride goes before a fall. What I lack is modesty. The word "more" is evidence. So, he immediately chose the last two words in Teacher Lu's message: quit and give himself a new name.

Changlidou

After Han Yu was demoted to Chaozhou, he often went out of the city to visit various families and observe the people's feelings.

One day, he and his entourage put on plain clothes and went to a mountain in the north of Chaozhou. I saw a gap in the stone wall, as narrow as a door. When the wind blew, a series of harsh animal cries, such as the roar of tigers and the cry of apes, were heard, which made people feel frightened. Han Yu was about to go in when an attendant hurriedly stopped him: "Stop, my Lord, you can't go into this mountain. No one has ever dared to go in. You are old, why take the risk? "

Han Yu smiled indifferently and said solemnly, "What can the demon do for me in broad daylight? Since this place is under the jurisdiction of this official, how can we not visit it? " Say and go straight to the inside. They had no choice but to bite the bullet and follow up.

Who knows, just arrived at the mountain pass, the wind suddenly stopped. Further inside, there are many thorns and fog. Occasionally, groups of people get together, covered in dirt, with unkempt hair, bare back and bare feet, and wrapped in rags and linen. No one can understand what it is. They worked hard with stone axes and shovels, and when outsiders came, they hurriedly hid. When Han Yu saw this, he couldn't help feeling sad: Why are people here still like this? So, he walked up to him with a cheerful face and talked with him. He knew that the ancestors of these people were all poor people of the previous generation, who could not afford the rent, pay their debts and could not escape the corvee.

Han Yu and his entourage walked into the room. Suddenly, he saw a young woman lying in a cave on the side of the road, groaning feebly. Han Yu hurried forward to help the woman and give her some dry food to satisfy her hunger. It turned out that all the people in this woman's family starved to death, leaving her alone and very ill. So Han Yu ordered his entourage to tie up the stretcher and send the woman back to the house. Ask the doctor to treat her.

Two days later, the woman's condition gradually improved. Mrs. Han Yu's Lu helped her to wash and change clothes, then combed her unkempt hair, tied it into a knot and put it on a silk pocket, making her a very handsome woman. When she left, the woman, with tears in her eyes, climbed on the ground and kowtowed to Han Yu and his wife.

One day, Han Yu was taking a nap when a voice woke him up from his dream. The state service reported that a group of women came to the front of the house to visit their wives. It turned out that the young woman told her friends about the kindness of Han Yu and his wife when she came back. Some women touch her clothes, others look at her hair, ask questions and praise her. What they are most interested in is the silk pocket on the young woman's head. This kind of silk pocket firmly fixes the hair at the back of the head, which is very beautiful and does not cover the face. So they came to Mrs. Han and asked for this silk bag. Han Yu was very happy when he learned that, so he asked his wife to call them into the house and teach them how to weave silk bags.

Since then, this kind of silk pocket has gradually become popular in Chaozhou. In order to commemorate Han Yu, later generations called this bun pocket "Changli pocket".

Zou Ma Qianshan

It is said that Han Yu happened to be in hardrain when he first arrived in Chaozhou, and he was in a hurry. Regardless of the fatigue of the long journey, he immediately went outside to see the disaster.

Han Yu climbed to the top of the mountain and looked out, only to see the flood rushing around like a beast, with rough waves, swooping down from north to south. There was a big flood along the coast of Qiu Chi, people and animals were washed away, fertile land was flooded, and the disaster threatened the safety of people in the city. Han Yu thought: If the flood is not stopped as soon as possible, the consequences will be unimaginable!

Han Yu observed the water situation in the rain, and then carefully examined the terrain. Then he told his entourage, "I came down from the mountain and waded across the horse." You should remember the route I walked and mark it with this pole. I want to lead the people to build dikes to block the water along the way. "

A few attendants did not dare to neglect, followed closely behind Han Yuma and planted bamboo poles.

After Han Yu returned to the mansion, he immediately issued a sign to inform the people to go all out to build the dam according to the sign.

When chaozhou people heard that he was going to build a dike to prevent floods, everyone was in high spirits and rushed to fight in succession. Who knows, when I look at the north of the city, every place where bamboo poles are planted has become a hill. The mountain is covered with green bamboo, which not only blocks the flood, but also makes the water go south along the Yangtze River and turns it into the most beautiful place in Chaozhou.

Since then, Chaozhou has been spared from floods, and people have legends; "This is Han Wengong riding with Beishan."

Later, in order to commemorate this event, hipsters specially set up a big stone tablet for Han Yu, which read "Thanks to Yu Xia". There is still a story of "riding a horse to attract mountains".

Han Yu's opinion on ancient prose

Literature is the carrier of Confucianism ―― the function of literature is to convey truth or moral values.

Han Yu believes that the purpose of writing articles is to "embody Taoism", advocate the unity of literature and Taoism, give priority to Taoism, and publicize Confucianism with ancient prose, that is, the way of moral education for saints. Literature should be used as a tool to promote enlightenment, so the content of the article is based on Confucianism, aiming at the disadvantages of emphasizing form over content in the articles of the Six Dynasties. He also believes that "Wen" (form and rhetoric) and "Tao" (content) are indispensable, but Tao precedes Wen. He said: "The ambition of governance lies in the ancient road, and the words are very good." He also said: "However, those who are more interested in the past are not only good at words, but also good at deeds."

The need to delete outdated words in writing

Han Yu advocates innovating the main body, establishing a new literary language, attaching importance to innovation and creation, and opposing the bad atmosphere of imitating and copying predecessors' words. Specifically, there are two points: first, "just do what you say" ("Answer to Li Yishu") requires novel and vivid language; First, "the text follows the word order and knows its position" ("Nanyang Fan Shaoshu Epitaph"), which requires proper writing, fluency and fluency, and conforms to natural grammar norms; One is "learn from what you mean, not from what you say." Generally speaking, Han Yu believes that literary language must conform to the principles of "words must come out" and "words must follow".

Creation should have true feelings.

Han Yu put forward the view that "injustice is the sound", arguing that there are unreasonable phenomena in society and writers should resort to pen and ink; In the preface to "Farewell to Meng Dongye", he called famous thinkers and writers from ancient times to the present "good singers" and thought that only works that were sung when they were unfair could be touching. In Liu Zihou's epitaph, he also put forward a similar view of "thinking about change when you are poor". All these show that one of the root causes of literary creation is dissatisfaction with reality and personal complaints.

In addition, he advocated the comprehensive absorption of predecessors' achievements ("one-solution learning") and the gradual study of ancient Chinese prose. "Its rapid development is hopeless, ... starting from its roots".

Divide parallel lines into several segments.

Han Yu advocated that in form, we should eliminate the husband-and-wife style since the Six Dynasties, restore the natural and simple style in the Three Dynasties and the Han Dynasty, and advocate retro, so as to correct the empty and flashy fashion in the literary world at that time. The article does not need to pay attention to the neatness of words, the neatness of antithesis, the appropriateness of allusions and the harmony of melody. Sentence patterns should be based on the nature of expressing meaning and should not be limited by duality and equality.

Pay attention to the writer's accomplishment.

The article should establish personality, and Han Yu puts forward methods. First of all, we should strengthen the moral cultivation of writers and "nourish the spirit for the text"; He thinks this article reflects the moral quality of the author. The article expresses personal feelings and emphasizes that personal experience is closely related to the article. Different writers' styles are caused by different lives, experiences and feelings, and the relationship between love and life, literature and love is pointed out. Han Yu said: "My husband's so-called writer must be among them, so a gentleman is cautious." ("Answer to Wei Chisheng's Book") Such as "Writing is like a man".

Han Yu's Writing Style

First, the content is rich, the forms are diverse, and people are long.

1. The essay is rich in content, incisive in reasoning and strict in logic.

Han Yu's prose is rich in content and diverse in forms. He is best at writing prose. For example, The Original Road focuses on his social outlook and outlook on life; The original mourning revealed the fundamental reason why ordinary scholars wanted to vilify the laggards at that time. Another example is Teacher's Theory, which discusses the Tao of a teacher from two aspects, in which "the existence of Tao is also the existence of a teacher" and "a disciple need not be like a teacher, and a teacher need not be superior to a disciple; The idea of "specialization in technical fields" was certainly progressive at that time, and it is also of reference value today. These sketches are rigorous in logic, compact in structure, smooth in twists and turns and lively.

2. Prose-rich in imagination and profound in meaning

There are some literary "miscellaneous sayings" in the discussion. Such as "Dragon Miscellanies", "Horse Miscellanies" and Lin's "Enlightenment". With the help of dragon, horse and forest's experience, express the feelings of grief, poverty and loneliness, meaning that they are deeply wronged and unique.

3. Narrative-high literariness, vivid characters, vivid images and humorous brushwork.

Han Yu's narrative, including biography, lines, epitaph, epitaph, etc. There are also many literary masterpieces, such as Biography of Later Zhang Zhongcheng, which describes the deeds of Zhang Xun, Xu Yuan and Nan Jiyun. And it is generous and tragic. Among them, the section in which Nan Jiyun broke his finger and rebuked Helan for entering the Ming Dynasty was particularly wonderful, with little pen and ink, and the heroic image of Nan Jiyun was vividly portrayed. Other legendary novels, such as Biography of Mao Ying, are humorous and interesting, especially a pair of pen and ink.

4. Lyric writing-full of emotion

Han Yu's lyrics writing is also very successful. "Sacrifice to Twelve Lang" is a fixed pattern of traditional sacrifice ceremony, which expresses the grief of mourning for the dead nephew in free prose style. Trivial and homely narration injects the author's sincere feelings of flesh and blood and sighs about the ups and downs of his official career. Long song cried heartily. The preface to send Li to Pang Gu is also an excellent prose close to lyricism. With incisive pen and ink, the author describes the extravagance and extravagance of wealthy families, the disgraceful behavior of those who pursue fame and fortune, the cold and cheerless situation of retired people, and the cynicism is vividly on the paper.

Second, the momentum is heavy.

Han Su Yu admired Mencius. Mencius is good at cultivating lofty spirit, and Han Yu also said: "Qi, water is also ... strong, so short and long, suitable for those who contend with sound." (Answer Li Yishu) Han Yu writes fluently and tactfully, and pours forward in one breath, really like a river, bright and unobstructed, or stuck. The momentum is like a rainbow, and the article is large in scale and rich in content. In the Song Dynasty, when Su Xun commented on Han Wen, he said that it was "like the Yangtze River, vast, mixed with dragons and dragons, and all kinds of wonders" (Han Shu in Ouyang); Huang Fushi, a critic in the Tang Dynasty, also said, "Like the Yangtze River in clear autumn, thousands of miles flowing together, tears surging, endless, endless", all of which showed the majestic demeanor of the Koreans.

Third, innovative style.

Han Yu advocated and flaunted the prose of Qin and Han Dynasties, but he resolutely opposed imitation. He advocated "don't copy every word of our predecessors" and emphasized that "only ancient words must be published, and we should not be thieves of plagiarism". When it comes to creation, he strives to "just do what he says" and "learn what he means and not what he says". Therefore, Han Yu's sentences and words are extremely concise and fresh, and strive to bring forth the old and bring forth the new without using stereotypes.

Fourth, the characteristics of words and sentences.

First, the word is crooked, strange, blunt, dangerous and strange; Second, the use of words from China to simple, from difficult to easy; Third, the syntax is from short to long, from refining to natural emptying; Fourth, make full use of auxiliary interjections to increase modal expression; Fifth, the writing style is often odd and scattered, forming a unique style of change.