What are these lights?

Firstly, according to the spatial distribution characteristics of optical communication:

1, direct formula: more than 90% of the luminous flux directly shines downward, which has high efficiency, but there is almost no luminous flux in the upper part of the lamp, and the strong directivity leads to a thick shadow. According to the light distribution curve, it can be divided into five types: wide illumination, uniform illumination, matching illumination, deep illumination and ultra-deep illumination.

Semi-direct type: most of the luminous flux (60-90%) of this kind of lamps is emitted to the lower hemisphere space, and a small part is emitted to the upper part. The component emitted to the upper part will reduce the hardness of the shadow produced by the lighting environment and improve the brightness ratio of each surface.

3. Diffuse type (including direct-indirect type with little light in horizontal direction): The upward and downward luminous flux of lamps is similar (40%-60% respectively). The most common is the opalescent glass spherical lampshade, and other various shapes of diffuse light-transmitting closed lampshades also have similar light distribution. This kind of lamp casts light evenly in all directions, so the utilization rate of luminous flux is low.

4. Semi-indirect: The downward luminous flux of lamps accounts for 65,438+00%-40%, and its downward component is often only used to produce brightness commensurate with the ceiling. Too much or improper distribution of this component will also produce some defects, such as direct or indirect glare. A translucent cover with an open top falls into this category. They are mainly used for architectural decoration lighting, because most of the light is projected on the ceiling and the upper wall, which increases the indirect light in the room and makes the light softer and more pleasant.

5. Indirect type: a small part of the luminous flux of the lamp (below 10%) is downward. If the design is good, all the ceilings will become a lighting source, achieving the effect of soft shadowless lights. Because the downward luminous flux of lamps is very small, as long as the layout is reasonable, the direct glare and reflected glare are very small. The luminous flux utilization rate of this kind of lamp is lower than the first four kinds. Second, according to the structure of lamps and lanterns:

1, open: the light source is directly connected with the external space, and there is no inclusion.

2. Closed: It has a closed transparent cover, but the inside and outside of the cover can be naturally ventilated. 3. Closed: The seams of the transparent cover are generally closed, but limited ventilation can be provided inside and outside the cover.

4. Sealed type: the joint of the light-transmitting cover is tightly sealed, but the air inside and outside the cover is tightly isolated. Such as waterproof and dustproof lights. 5. Explosion-proof type: the transparent cover and joint are reinforced with high-strength brackets, which can withstand the required pressure. 6. Flameproof type: When an explosion occurs inside the lamp, it will not cause an explosion outside the lamp after passing through the flameproof surface with a certain gap.

7. Safety type: no sparks or arcs are generated during normal operation, or safety measures are taken for components with dangerous temperatures to improve the safety factor. 8. Shockproof type: It can be installed on vibration facilities. Three, according to the installation method classification:

1. Wall lamp: installed on walls and court columns, mainly used for local lighting, decorative lighting or places where lamps are not suitable for ceiling installation or there is no ceiling. There are: wall lamp, night wall lamp, front wall lamp, pavilion wall lamp, lantern wall lamp, combined wall lamp, projection wall lamp, suction wall lamp, hall wall lamp, bedside rocker wall lamp, wall lamp, safety indication wall lamp, etc.

2. Ceiling lamp: Ceiling lamp is to stick the lamp on the ceiling surface, mainly used in rooms without ceiling. Ceiling lamps mainly include: combined square lamp, crystal cover combined lamp, chip combined lamp, lantern ceiling lamp, He grid lamp and downlight. Straight-mouth straight-edge lamp, hypotenuse oblate lamp, pointed oblate lamp, spherical lamp, rectangular lamp, waterproof lamp, ceiling point light source lamp, ceiling fluorescent lamp, ceiling luminous belt, ceiling bare bulb, etc. Ceiling lamps are widely used. Ceiling luminous belt is suitable for computer room, substation, etc. Ceiling fluorescent lamps are suitable for places with high illumination requirements; The enclosed ceiling lamp with hood is suitable for places with low illumination requirements. Can effectively limit glare, beautiful appearance, but low luminous efficiency. Bare ceiling light bulb, suitable for ordinary places, such as toilets, warehouses, etc.

3. Embedded lamps: Embedded lamps are suitable for rooms with suspended ceilings. Lamps and lanterns are embedded in the ceiling, which can effectively eliminate glare and form a beautiful decorative art effect. Embedded lamps mainly include: round grid lamp, square grid lamp, square lamp, screw mask lamp, embedded grid fluorescent lamp, embedded protective fluorescent lamp, embedded ring fluorescent lamp, square glass ceiling lamp, embedded point light source lamp, shallow round embedded plane ceiling lamp, etc.

4. Semi-embedded lamp: Half or part of the lamp is embedded in the ceiling, and the other half or part is exposed outside the ceiling, between the ceiling lamp and the embedded lamp. This kind of lamp is not as effective as embedded lamp in eliminating glare, but it is suitable for places with insufficient ceiling depth and is widely used in corridors and other places.

5, chandelier: chandelier is the most common way to install lamps, but also the most widely used one. Mainly use suspenders, chains, pipes, chandeliers, etc. to hoist lamps and achieve different effects. In shopping malls, business halls and other places, using boom fluorescent lamps to form a certain regular pattern can not only meet the requirements of lighting function, but also form a certain decorative art effect. The chandeliers mainly include: spherical straight pole lamp, bowl chandelier, umbrella chandelier, bright moon chandelier, waist chandelier, lantern chandelier, combined crystal chandelier, three-ring chandelier, magnolia chandelier, basket chandelier, prism chandelier and chandelier point light source lamp. The chandelier with reflector has good light distribution curve and concentrated lighting, and is suitable for places with high ceilings, classrooms, offices and design rooms. Hanging wire lamp is suitable for residence, bedroom, lounge, small warehouse, public lounge and so on. Hanging pipe hanging chain lanterns are suitable for hotels, restaurants, conference halls, large exhibition halls and other rooms with decorative requirements.

6. Floor lamp: Floor lamp is mainly used in hospital wards, hotel rooms, public corridors, bedrooms and other places. The main function of floor lamp is to illuminate the walkway and facilitate people to walk. Its advantage is to avoid dazzling light, especially turning on the light when you get up at night, which can reduce the influence of light on yourself and others. Footlights are hidden in the wall, and the height from the ground is generally 0.2-0.4. The light source of the floor lamp is incandescent lamp, the shell is transparent or translucent glass or plastic, and some are covered with metal protective net.

% {- a( [！ \6 K！ Number seven. Desk lamp: Desk lamp is mainly placed on writing desk, workbench and reading desk for writing and reading. There are many kinds of desk lamps. At present, there are mainly dimming desk lamps and fluorescent desk lamps on the market. At present, a decorative desk lamp is also very popular. If placed on a decorative shelf or telephone table, it can have a good decorative effect. Generally, desk lamps are not marked on the design drawings, and only one or two power sockets are arranged beside the desk and workbench.

/n% e2 ~7 I: g H8, Floor lamp: Floor lamp is mostly used in superior rooms, hotels, rooms with sofas and coffee tables, and bedside or bookshelves at home. Some floor lamps are used alone, some with floor fans, and some with clothes hangers. Generally installed in the space where local lighting or decorative lighting is needed. Generally, only sockets are left, which are not marked on the design drawings.

. B3·B3 a & amp； C* q$ o6 P8？ )O9。 Courtyard lights: most of the courtyard lights or lampshades are installed upward, and most of the lamps and lamp holders are installed in the courtyard and patio; It is especially suitable for parks, street gardens, hotels, industrial and mining enterprises, government schools and courtyards. Garden lights mainly include: pot round garden lights, jade altar cover garden lights, flower flat column lights, square cover garden lights, amber garden lights, flower bed column lights, hexagonal garden lights, polished round cover garden lights and so on. Some garden lights are installed in the lawn, and some are set according to the twists and turns of park roads and Woods, which has certain artistic effects.

10, Road Square Lights: Road Square Lights are mainly used for night lighting. Street lamps include high-pole spherical lamps, high-pressure mercury lamps, double-tube fluorescent lamps, high-pressure sodium lamps, double waist drum lamps and floating high-pressure mercury lamps. Square lamps include square tower lamps, hexagonal square lamps, iodine tungsten reflective lamps, spherical column lamps, high-pressure sodium column lamps, high-pressure sodium projection lamps, deep-illuminated tungsten halogen lamps, enamel oblique-illuminated tungsten halogen lamps, etc. Road lighting uses high-pressure sodium lamps and high-pressure fluorescent lamps to provide necessary visual conditions for vehicles and pedestrians to prevent traffic accidents. Square lights are used in station squares, airports, ports, docks, bus station squares, overpasses, parking lots, assembly squares, outdoor stadiums, etc. Square lights should be selected according to the shape and area of the square.

1 1. Portable lamps: Portable lamps are often used in indoor and outdoor mobile workplaces and outdoor TV and film photography places. Mobile lamps mainly include: special chandeliers for deep illumination, waterproof and dustproof lamps for text illumination with protective nets, flat lamps, mobile projection lamps, etc. Mobile lamps have metal protective net cover or plastic protective cover.

12, automatic emergency lighting: automatic emergency lighting is suitable for hotels, restaurants, hospitals, theaters, shopping malls, banks, posts and telecommunications, basements, conference rooms, computer rooms, power stations, civil air defense fortifications, tunnels and other public places. Emergency lights can be used for emergency lighting, emergency evacuation, safety and disaster prevention and other important places. The automatic emergency lighting circuit is advanced, stable, safe and reliable. When alternating current is connected, the power supply is normal, and the battery in the emergency light is slowly charged; When the AC power supply fails for some reason, the automatic switching system in the emergency lights will automatically turn on the battery power supply for lighting, and at the same time, some lights will play sounds to give evacuation instructions. The types of automatic emergency lights are: lighting type, playback instruction type, character pattern sign type and so on. According to its installation method, it can be artificial: chandelier, wall lamp, chandelier, ceiling lamp, downlight, projection lamp, turn indicator lamp and other styles.

Four, according to the type of light source classification

1, lamps can be divided into lamps using self-ballasted bulbs. Self-ballasted light bulb is a device that contains a lamp cap, a light source combined with it and additional components necessary for the light source to start and work stably. It can't be disassembled without being damaged. Common self-ballasted bulbs such as energy-saving lamps.

2, the use of lamps and lanterns is given priority to with tungsten lamp. For example, ordinary desk lamps and spotlights used on the shelves of shopping malls.

3. Use tubular fluorescent lamps. For example, common fluorescent eye protection lamps.

4, the use of gas discharge lamp lamps. For example, lamps using high-pressure sodium lamps and HID lamps.

5. Lamps and lanterns using other light sources. With the continuous development of the lighting industry, new lighting equipment is constantly invented, and the light source used by lamps has also broken through the traditional restrictions, and lamps such as LED luminous elements have appeared.

Five, according to the classification of shell protection level

According to IEC standards IEC 529-598 and GB 7000-96, it is classified according to the protection degree of foreign bodies and water intrusion, and the protection grade of electrical appliances is expressed by IPXX internationally.

The first X represents the level of preventing solid foreign bodies, which is divided into 0-7 levels:

0: No protection (no special protection requirements)

1: prevent foreign objects larger than 50mm from entering-prevent large-area objects from entering, such as palms.

2. Prevent foreign objects larger than 12mm from entering-prevent objects such as fingers from entering.

3. Prevent foreign objects larger than 2.5mm from entering-prevent tools and wires from entering;

4. Prevent foreign objects larger than 1.0mm from entering-prevent wires and strips from entering.

5: Dust prevention (preventing foreign objects smaller than 1.0mm from entering)-excessive dust is not allowed to enter, which makes the equipment fail to meet the requirements.

6: Dust-proof (completely dust-proof)-No dust is allowed to enter.

The second X stands for waterproof grade, which is divided into 0 ~ 8 grades:

0: No protection-no special protection requirements.

1: prevent water droplets from entering-water droplets falling vertically should be harmless.

2. Prevent water drops with an inclination angle of15-vertical water drops from being harmless in the normal position of the lamp and until the inclination angle is15.

3. Prevent water from entering-water that overflows at an angle of 60 degrees from the vertical should be harmless.

4. Prevent water splashing-water splashed on the lamp shell in any direction should be harmless.

5. Prevent water spray from entering-spraying water in any direction of the lampshade should be harmless;

6. Prevent waves from entering-the amount of water entering the lamp shell after strong water spraying will not damage the lamps.

7. Soak the lamps with water-soak the lamps with a certain pressure and time, and the amount of water shall be harmless.

8. Anti-diving-Under certain conditions, the lamp can be continuously submerged in water without being hurt.

Six, according to the electric shock protection classification

Lamps and lanterns are generally classified into 0, I, II and III according to the protection level against electric shock. Lamps with rated voltage exceeding 250V should not be classified as Class 0, and lamps used in harsh conditions should not be classified as Class 0. Lamps installed on the track should not be classified as Class 0.

1 0 lamp (class 0 lamp)

A lamp that relies on basic insulation to prevent electric shock. In the case of basic insulation failure, the protection against electric shock will have to depend on the environment. Generally used in places with high safety and convenient installation and maintenance of lamps, such as chandeliers, ceiling lamps and other dry air, less dust and wooden floors.

2. First-class lamps (first-class lamps)

The electric shock protection of lamps and lanterns not only depends on the basic insulation, but also includes additional safety measures, that is, connecting the accessible conductive part to the protective grounding conductor in the fixed line, so that the accessible conductive part will not be charged when the basic insulation fails. Generally used for metal shell lamps, such as projection lamps, street lamps, courtyard lamps, etc. , to improve security.

3. Secondary lamps (secondary lamps)

Electric shock protection depends not only on basic insulation, but also on additional safety measures, such as double insulation or enhanced insulation. However, there is no protective grounding measure or it depends on the installation conditions. Good insulation and high safety, suitable for lamps with harsh environment and frequent contact, such as table lamps and portable lamps.

4. Class III lamps (Class III lamps)

The power supply used is safe ultra-low voltage (SELV), and no voltage higher than SELV will be generated in the lamp. Lamps have the highest safety, and are used in harsh environments, such as machine tool working lamp, where children use lamps.

From the point of view of electrical safety, the safety degree of Class 0 lamps is the lowest, Class I and II lamps are higher, and Class III lamps are the highest. Some countries are no longer allowed to produce class 0 lamps, but there is no such regulation in China at present. In lighting design, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the environmental operating object, frequency of use, installation and use location of the use place and other factors to select the appropriate lamp type. Class III lamps should be used in places with harsh conditions or methods, and generally class I or II lamps can be used.