What are the representative steel structure buildings in China?

1. Bank of China Tower:

Concrete-steel structure three-dimensional support system. The structure is supported by giant steel columns at 4 corners and 12 stories high. There is no pillar in the interior. The three-dimensional supports and steel columns and diagonal rods in each support plane are used to transfer the gravity load of each floor to the corner columns, increasing the gravity load of the floor as a couple arm to resist the overturning moment counterweight, thus improving the effectiveness of the counterweight.

2. Jinmao Tower:

Frame-tube structure system. The core is cast-in-place reinforced concrete, and the outer frame is a composite of steel structure and concrete structure. It has become a model of super-tall buildings constructed by combining steel structure and concrete structure. The building adopts the latest structural technology, which was used for the first time in the history of super-tall buildings. The vertical deviation of the entire building is only 2 Centimeters, the top of the building does not shake even half a meter. This is the best among the tallest buildings in the world. It can also ensure that it will not collapse in strong winds of magnitude 12 and can withstand earthquakes of magnitude 7. The exterior wall of the building is composed of large glass walls, reflecting endlessly changing colors of different shades, like silver but not silver. The hall adopts a round-arched door frame, giving people a tall, spacious and bright feeling; the walls are made of Mediterranean perforated marble, which can have a good sound insulation effect; the marble on the floor is light but not bright, flat but not slippery. The eight bronze sculpture murals in the front hall embody the traditional Chinese calligraphy art. It reflects the five thousand years of Chinese civilization history through the evolution of Chinese characters, from oracle bone inscriptions and bell and tripod inscriptions to seal script, official script, regular script and cursive script. The corridor leading to the banquet hall is an art corridor, reflecting a kind of elegant taste and luxurious style. ?

3. Shanghai World Financial Center:

Reinforced concrete structure (SRC structure), steel structure (S structure). Shanghai World Financial Center is a comprehensive building mainly for offices, integrating business, hotels, sightseeing, conference and other facilities. The supports of the giant structure are made of concrete-filled steel tubes, which can increase the stiffness and ductility of the components, as well as damping. One advantage of using concrete filling is that the steel pipes are generally thinner at the top of the structure, and concrete filling can increase the buckling resistance of the steel pipes. ?

4. The Bird's Nest, the National Stadium:

It is a reinforced concrete frame-shear structure and a bend-torsion steel structure. The project cost is 3.3 billion yuan, the construction area is 258,000 square meters, and the external steel The structural steel consumption is 42,000 tons. The entire project includes steel in concrete, rebar, etc., with a total steel consumption of 110,000 tons. The main steel structure forms an overall giant spatial saddle-shaped steel truss woven "Bird's Nest" structure. The total steel consumption of the steel structure is 42,000 tons. The concrete stands are divided into upper, middle and lower layers. The concrete structure of the stands is one underground layer. A reinforced concrete frame-shear wall structural system with 7 floors above ground. The steel structure and the upper part of the concrete grandstand are completely separated and not connected to each other. They are enclosed in form and sit on a connected base plate.

5. National Grand Theater:

Frame-shear wall concrete shell steel structure, with a construction area of ??219,440 square meters, and the external structure is an elliptical double-layer steel mesh shell structure. The opera house, concert hall and coliseum inside are roughly covered. During the installation of the giant steel shell of the National Center for the Performing Arts, a bolted ball grid structure was used instead of ordinary scaffolding as its temporary construction support system, which gave full play to the space stress performance of the grid structure, and is easy to load and unload, and can be reused.

6. Main building of CCTV’s new site:

From a structural perspective, when completed, the two leaning towers, cantilever structure, 9-story podium base and basement can all be integrated regarded as a complete structural system. The weight of the floor slabs is supported by an external steel cylinder and internal columns and slabs. Although the structural members of the outer steel cylinder are inclined in two planes, the inner columns of the building, including those of the core, remain vertical. Due to the tilt of the tower and considering that the depth of the floor slab is limited to a reasonable range, some internal columns need to be terminated and switched inside the tower to match. The weight supported by these inner columns will be transferred to the inner and outer steel cylinders. Most of the conversion structures adopt two-story truss structures and are usually located in appropriate locations such as equipment rooms. The number of conversion structures will be kept to a minimum. ?

7. Guangzhou Opera House:

Steel-steel concrete hybrid structure.

The outer enclosure structure of the grand theater and multi-functional hall adopts a space-combined folded plate type three-way diagonal lattice shell, and the overall geometric shape of the structure is an irregular polyhedron. Each face of the outer envelope of the theater and multi-functional hall is a triangle or quadrilateral. The sides are divided into several segments and connected within the plane to form a three-way grid. The sides are used as the main beams, and the internal grid uses secondary beams. Connection, primary and secondary beams are all made of steel box girders.

8. Wuhan Radio and Television Center Building:

Reinforced concrete frame-tube shear wall structure, with a construction area of ??74,462 square meters. The Wuhan Radio and Television Center Building is located at the intersection of Qingnian Road, Hankou Jianshe Avenue, with a construction area of ??74,462m2. Its structural form is a reinforced concrete frame-cylindrical shear wall structure. The main building has 30 floors, of which the two basement floors are parking lots and some areas are one floor. There are equipment rooms on the 5th to 6th floors of the podium, office buildings on the 24th floor of the tower, an 8-story steel structure functional building on the upper part of the tower, and a helicopter landing pad on the top. The building elevation is 164.8m. There is a steel structure TV transmitting tower on the top of the 30th floor in front of the main building. The top elevation of the tower is 198m. Its steel structure involves many such as: podium roof steel structure, top roof steel structure, top floor steel structure launch tower, etc. ?

9. National Aquatics Center (Water Cube):

Steel-concrete shear wall steel structure membrane structure, with a construction area of ??79,532 square meters, a total steel consumption of 6,900 tons, and the largest span Membrane structure building (maximum span 130 meters). The structural design of the venue comes from the problem of "the most effective division of three-dimensional space" proposed by Irish mathematician Lord Kelvin, and uses and improves the optimal polyhedral combination system proposed by Irish professors Weaire and Phelan to creatively design a new polyhedral space rigid frame structure. This article introduces the geometric composition and performance of the structural system, the stress of the polyhedral space unit, the composition of the overall structural system, and the performance analysis of the ETFE inflatable pillow. ?

10. New Capital Museum:

Frame-shear wall, steel structure roof, the project cost is 780 million yuan, and the construction area is 61,680 square meters. The large-span steel structure on the upper part of the new Capital Museum is under complex stress. A wind tunnel was used to simulate atmospheric boundary layer airflow, and the wind pressure distribution and wind environment on the upper and lower surfaces of the roof and building exterior walls under various wind direction angles were tested. Louvres are installed at the ends of the roof eaves to effectively reduce the wind load effect of the long cantilever structure. In view of the problems existing in the traditional inter-column prestressed support system, such as the complicated tensioning process, the difficulty of controlling the offset of the column top, and the additional axial force caused by the lower chord of the truss between columns, a support form of arranging herringbone tie rods on both sides of the center column was proposed, which greatly improved the system. It simplifies the prestressed tensioning process, effectively avoids the offset of the column tops, and reduces the additional axial force on the bottom chord of the truss between columns. ?