What's interesting in Kobe, Japan?

Area: 544 square kilometers

Population: 1.49 million.

Official language: Japanese

Main religions: Buddhism, Shinto.

Economic overview: Japan's famous seaport city, its main industries: shipbuilding, automobile and manufacturing.

Current Mayor: Mr. An Tian Li Lang.

Building a Beautiful City with China: Tianjin

Kobe is Japan's international trade port city and the capital of Hyogo Prefecture. It is located in the southwest of Honshu Island, the largest of Japan's four major islands, with Liujiashan in the west and Osaka Bay in the face. It has existed for thousands of years, and it has been nearly twenty or thirty years since the scale and speed of urban and seaport construction reached the first place in the world. Kobe is one of the most beautiful and exotic port cities in Japan. Kobe is located between the lush Roka Mountain National Park and the rippling Seto Inland Sea, backed by the sea, with superior natural environment, warm climate and distinct seasons. 198 1 year, the completion of the world's first artificial island-Hong Kong Island and later Liu Jia artificial island, the establishment of the 2 1 century composite city, and the opening of the world's longest cable-stayed suspension bridge-Akashi Strait Bridge, all show the features of Kobe in the future. Urban history Kobe is called "the main entrance to the West Sea" in Japan. It was a small fishing village in ancient times, formerly known as Hyogo. From July10 to 784, due to the frequent trade with China and North Korea, it became the maritime transportation gateway of Japan at that time. /kloc-In the 3rd century, Kobe was called "Tianjin of Hyogo". /kloc-became a material distribution center after the 0/7th century. 1867 was opened as a trading port, and 1872 was renamed Kobe, meaning the people under the jurisdiction of the shrine. In the feudal era of Japan, the royal family, local officials and shrines were all closed. At that time, there were two shrines in Kobe, namely Morita Shrine and Nagata Shrine. Among them, the place where people who serve Morita Shrine live is called Kobe Village, hence the name "Kobe". Kobe Bryant was formally established in 1889. During World War II, Kobe's urban buildings and harbor facilities were severely damaged, with ruins and rags everywhere. The urban population dropped sharply from 1 10,000 before the war to 3 1 10,000. Today, Kobe has been restored and developed on the ruins after the war, and has become a modern city with a population of 6.5438+0.5 million. It is one of the largest ports in the world with an annual cargo throughput of over 65.438+0.4 billion tons, and it is also a famous tourist attraction. [Edit this paragraph] Kobe, an international trade port with urban customs.

Kobe, the capital of Hyogo Prefecture, is located on the northwest coast of Osaka Bay, 30 kilometers away from Osaka City, with an area of 544 square kilometers and a population of nearly 1.43 million. It is the sixth largest city in Japan after Tokyo, Yokohama, Osaka, Nagoya and Sapporo, and is famous for its ports, artificial islands, pearls, beef and fashion. Since the Nara era, Kobe, as a "Ota berth", has become an important port in Seto Inland Sea. After the reconstruction of the Kamakura era, it was called "Hyogo Tsu". 1867, Kobe was opened as a trading port, and 1889 was established as a city, which became an important area of Hanshin Industrial Zone and was known as the "main entrance to the West Sea" of Japan. In 1950s, Kobe began to build modern docks. Today, it is the largest trading port in Japan and the second largest port in the world after Rotterdam in the Netherlands. Its pier is 33 kilometers long. In order to promote the development and prosperity of Kobe, a grand reclamation project was carried out from 1966, and 80 million cubic meters of earth and stone were excavated, and finally a 436-hectare artificial island-Hong Kong Island was built at 198 1. Subsequently, Liujia Island was built.

A port city that combines Chinese and western cultures.

Kobe is an international trade port city with pleasant scenery. Because of the influence of western culture, it is full of the combination of East and West. From the aerial view, all the houses in Kobe, large and small, are densely located in the middle of the rolling mountains in Liu Jiashan, which looks like a patchwork. Different from the towering residential buildings in China, the houses in this city are very small in spacing, but there are few high-rise buildings, so they look harmonious and exquisite.

People are always the main factor that makes the city full of vitality. Therefore, it is interesting to travel abroad and observe the living conditions of local people. Unlike the crowded streets and people in a hurry in Japanese dramas, the streets in Kobe are very quiet, and the pedestrians on the road show a bit of leisure, which makes tourists easily infected by this kind of comfort. Japanese people are famous for their love of flowers, and Kobe is no exception. Almost every family will plant all kinds of flowers and plants in the corner of the house, and there are many unknown flowers swaying in the wind on the street. Kobe is rich in sightseeing resources.

A city that makes you linger.

Travel to Kobe, Japan, don't miss Buyin Vanilla Park. You can take the Kobe Dream Wind Boat (actually a crane) up the mountain. Remember to pay attention to the lower right position on the way, because there is a Buyinlong Waterfall at the foot of the mountain, which is 43 meters high, 430 square meters in capacity and 6.6 meters deep. How spectacular! It is said that there is a Dragon Palace at the bottom of the pool, and its mysterious posture provides many creative materials for ancient poets.

Buyin Vanilla Park is located at the top of the mountain. After getting off the crane, you can see a big house that imitates medieval European architecture. On the top floor of this big house is a restaurant. Every dish has different kinds of spices, which is really delicious. The bottom floor is a distiller specializing in spices and ancient sesame oil. The origin and development history of perfume are also introduced in detail. The most exciting part of the museum is the World Perfume Collection, which collects the scents of 60 kinds of perfumes at all times and all over the world/KLOC-0 for visitors to try one by one. The greenhouse of Buyin Vanilla Garden is made of glass, in which many tropical plants such as plantains and pineapples are planted. In this meal, there are plants used to make curry, and on the hillside outside the glass greenhouse, there are also 150 species, about 75 thousand vanilla plants, each of which has the functions of cooking, fragrance, insect prevention and medical treatment.

There are still many antique western buildings along the coast of Kobe. There are about 20 strange halls in Kitano, three of which are open for free. They are Chicken Hall, Rain Hall and Huang Meng Hall. Chicken Pavilion in the Wind is the only brick pavilion in Beiye. The chicken on the steeple can not only tell the direction, but also ward off evil spirits. Yuting is a four-year building in Dazheng. The tea room on the first floor is filled with all kinds of condiments. The Huang Meng Pavilion was once the residence of the American Consul General in Japan. The open terrace and the two-story commercial annex buildings on the side reflected the characteristics of western architecture in Meiji period. When visiting the Alien Pavilion, remember to take off your shoes and put on slippers supplied in the pavilion to keep the ground clean.

There is a place called "Old Residence" in Miyako Kobe, Akashi Strait Bridge. As the name implies, it is also the site where foreign businessmen used to live. Those wooden buildings built in the Qing Ying period and full of colonial colors, after a hundred years of baptism, are now in their old homes. When visiting your former residence, don't forget to visit Kobe City Museum, which was the Kobe branch of Yokohama Zhengjinyin Bank when Showa was completed in the tenth year. Now is the introduction of Kobe History Museum since its opening. Kobe City has the longest suspension bridge in the world-Akashi Strait Bridge (pictured). The length of this bridge is 39 1 1 meter. It is as majestic as the Tsing Ma Bridge and can withstand an earthquake of magnitude 8.5. It is the broad road for Kobe people to the four countries and even the future.

Romantic city

In the eyes of many people, Kobe is associated with too many keywords. Gourmet, Kobe beef is the most expensive beef in the world. It is said that it tastes fresh and tender and melts in the mouth. Star, Norika Fujiwara spent his honeymoon in Kobe this year, making the city scenery incomparable; Even the most horrible term-earthquake, the Great Hanshin Earthquake that year made the earth "shake three times".

For local people, Kobe is best described as romantic. For this reason, the Japanese people yearn for a life track-starting from Tokyo, making money in Osaka and finally settling in Kobe.

It is indeed a refreshing place, surrounded by mountains and seas, and the generosity of nature gives her a fresh and elegant temperament. At the same time, Kobe people, full of artistic beauty, have created new interests and artistic conception in a small world with ingenious thoughts.

Climb the most famous mountain in Liu Jia, come to the best observation deck, and get a panoramic view of the best "million-dollar night view" in Japan. The tall lighthouse is decorated with colorful neon lights, the roof of the boat-shaped house of the Ocean Museum is illuminated by white, the huge Ferris wheel flashes colorful lights, and the whole port is brightly lit. There is a chill at the top of the mountain in autumn, but it can't resist the arrival of couples. The mountains are covered with concentric locks, and their sincere prayers are also hung.

It is hard to imagine that a bridge can be romanticized playfully by them. Akashi Strait Bridge-a long suspension bridge with a towering main tower and a blue-green sea on the promenade of the bridge. "Poseidon Pills" are scattered in the distance. The sea breeze is blowing. I don't know when a big hole suddenly appeared under my feet, and people who stepped on it couldn't help screaming. It turns out that in order to let pedestrians feel the sea under their feet more truly, all the walkways are transparent tempered glass. What a false alarm!

Flowers in Kobe

Japanese people are famous for their love of flowers, and Kobe is no exception. Almost every family will plant all kinds of flowers and plants in the corner of the house, and there are many unknown flowers swaying in the wind on the street. How can I get to Kobe without trying the authentic Kobe beef? In Kobe, these cows are raised separately, eat first-class grain and beer, enjoy regular massage, and are famous for their super soft meat and rich taste. The white fat of beef is mixed with bright red tender meat, and the texture is as delicate as marble. After heating, the oil and meat blend together and bite very soft. It is regarded as the best material for iron plate barbecue, fried steak and beef rinse.

The most famous Kobe beef

If the world's most famous beef, Kobe beef should have a place. As a Japanese specialty, Kobe beef often appears at banquets of state guests. The feeling that it is fragrant but not greasy and melts in the mouth will make people reluctant to stop. However, if you know that Kobe cattle grew up drinking beer and enjoying massage, you won't wonder where this delicious food came from.

The Japanese emperor once fasted beef.

In fact, it was not the Japanese who first discovered the delicacy of Kobe beef, but the western businessmen who came to Kobe in the first year of Keio. At that time, there was no habit of eating beef in Japan. Cattle are usually only used for farming and transportation. Due to the influence of Buddhism, the Japanese emperor issued a decree of biological mercy, forbidding people to eat meat, so that there is no open slaughterhouse in the market, and people can only secretly satisfy themselves if they want to eat meat. By the early Meiji period, Japan was further westernized, and people were proud of wearing suits, speaking foreign languages and imitating western living habits. The emperor also believed that eating beef was good for improving the national physique, so he not only lifted the ban but also advocated eating beef. Western businessmen who first arrived in Kobe bought cattle everywhere and slaughtered them themselves. After some efforts, they were amazed at the beef they ate. Since then, Kobe beef has become famous all over the world. British businessmen therefore set up the first beef shop in Japan. It was not until 1872 established the first Japanese-run edible meat slaughter market, "Birds and Animals Sold into the Trading Company", that beef was considered to have come down from the table of foreigners and rich people and become a delicacy of the Japanese people in a fair and square way.

Kobe cattle once sold "sky-high price"

After this period of history, Kobe beef has become more and more popular, and today it has become the pride of the Japanese. Beef is delicious, but the price is certainly not cheap. Usually, the price of an ordinary "black-haired" cow in the market is flat. In contrast, Kobe beef must be obtained by auction at several times the price. It is said that a Kobe bull that won the gold medal in the competition even bid as high as 7.22 million yen (about 500,000 yuan)! The price of steak made of such meat can be imagined.

Drink "mineral water" and eat "medicated diet" to grow up

Japan's Madan area, which produces Kobe beef, is a place with mountains and water. The stream is rich in minerals and is an out-and-out "mineral water"; Grass growing on the mountain is also mixed with herbs. This is how Kobe cattle grew up drinking "mineral water" and eating "medicated diet". However, this is not the whole reason why it tastes delicious. Legend has it that Kobe cattle also drink beer and enjoy massage. With curiosity, the reporter visited the local cattle farmers. According to farmers, because cows will lose their appetite when they grow to a certain extent, they will feed beer to their favorite cows to increase their appetite. In addition, in order to help cows reduce "mental stress" and grow up with peace of mind, cattle breeders regularly massage cows with combs and daub their fur with soju. It is said that this can strengthen the blood circulation of cattle and make the subcutaneous fat more uniform, which is also a process of communication between people and cattle. With such love, it is no wonder that the Kobe beef made is memorable.

According to the old farmer, not all the cattle produced in Kobe can be called "Kobe cattle". The real Kobe cattle are very strict. First of all, it must be born in a "noble family", and there cannot be a drop of mixed blood in its bloodline; Secondly, the selected cows must be virgin cows, otherwise they will taste slightly smelly; In addition, it is necessary to evaluate the fat mixing rate, color, fineness and other items, and it is qualified to be called "Kobe beef" if it reaches Grade 4 or above. As early as 1973, Kobe put forward the idea of fashion capital. To this end, Kobe has made a series of efforts, such as building a "fashion city" around Kobe Port; Construction of clothing wholesale market and clothing art museum in Liu Jia; Promote Kobe fashion through various activities and train fashion designers and craftsmen. It can be said that Kobe is moving towards the fashion capital. In 2006, Kobe took more concrete measures to build a fashion capital. On the one hand, the eighth Kobe Fashion Week was successfully held; On the other hand, Kobe also put forward the concept of "gathering the city".

Kobe Fashion Week is one of the biggest fashion shows in Japan. The autumn and winter 2006 conference was held in Kobe clothing market and Yokohama, Pacific Ocean on February 25th and March 5th, respectively, with the theme of "Fashion connects two port cities". Kobe Fashion Week is becoming more and more influential in Japan and abroad. Tickets for the 8th Kobe Fashion Show sold out early, attracting 6,000 professionals from all over the world, and more than 400 professionals to visit Yokohama. According to reports, the organizer also plans to set up a branch venue in Shanghai in the future.

In order to revitalize the local clothing industry, Kobe Fashion Association also introduced the concept of "PartyCity" in 2006, hoping to create a frequent gathering environment, integrate local products with Kobe characteristics, such as clothing, shoes and hats, pearl ornaments, non-staple food, and promote the development of the clothing industry. After putting forward the concept of party city, the Fashion Association will appeal to retail stores and manufacturers to hold various parties, so as to change people's dress consciousness and promote the construction of fashion capital through the cooperation of Qi Xin in the industry.

The specific practice of the Party City project is that the organizers of the party apply to the Fashion Association. After being approved, the Fashion Association provides various services for the party, such as printing brochures, advertising in the media, introducing famous fashion models to the party, providing gifts from sponsors, and providing parking, security, venues and other services for the organizers through various relationships of the Fashion Association. A tourist guide [place of interest]

Liu Jiashan pasture

Liujiashan is a popular plateau leisure resort with its driving route and night view. Cattle, goats and other livestock are raised in the pasture in the west, and sheep are grazing on the vast grassland. Flowers bloom all year round in the pasture, and melodious pastoral songs float, forming a beautiful scenic line.

As a major activity in summer, "Arus Festival" is very lively. Kobe Cheese House introduced the cheese culture of cheese manufacturing, sales, exhibition and cheese cooking, and also introduced the wool culture from wool raw materials to wool products, and there was a workshop for hands-on experience.

Closed at 9:00- 17:00 on Tuesday (the day after the festival, it is open every summer). It closed at the beginning of the year. Adult 350 yen, tel: 078-89 1-0280, it takes 30 minutes by car from Hankyu Liu Jia Station.

Come to Kobe to have sex.

The Buyin Herb Garden, which belongs to the scene of Kobe City Park, is a place where people can make love. After taking the cable car from Shinkansen New Kobe Station, you can first appreciate the elegance of Kobe Port and then approach the beautiful flower fields. As the feet gradually leave the ground, the field of vision becomes wider and wider, and a bird's eye view of Kobe Harbor is presented. If the weather is fine, you can clearly see two artificial islands in Kobe Harbor, and then you can start enjoying yourself in the herb garden in a few minutes. Buyin Vanilla Garden is a landscape garden which mainly grows all kinds of herbs. It covers an area of 72 hectares, with 65,438+050 kinds of herbs and 75,000 plants. From the moment you get off the cable car, your nose is full of refreshing vanilla flavor, and your eyes are full of all kinds of brilliant flowers. Taking the semi-wooden and semi-stone houses in the middle ages as the main building, coupled with the beautiful flowers around, it makes people feel like they are in a paradise on earth. The most rare thing here is a very relaxed and leisurely atmosphere, especially in the sunny afternoon, sitting in an open-air chair and enjoying the pleasant aroma and rare leisure in the air is the most refreshing. In addition, there are vanilla dishes here, which are worth a try. Buying all kinds of vanilla products is also one of the ways to make this vanilla trip have a happy ending.

Liujiating middle hall

A museum that displays ancient world music boxes. There are only 1 music boxes in the world, as well as valuable chronologies and so on.

George science museum

It brings together the highest level of bridge technology used in the construction of the four-nation contact bridge in Honshu, including the Akashi Strait Bridge. The amazing science museum. With a 200-inch stereoscopic screen, cinemas with 3D stereoscopic images that can feel great pressure, galleries and libraries, there are many places to see.

Wuzi sea promenade

You can see the passing ships from the perspective of Akashi Bridge. Watching the video series set on the back trail with glass on all sides is as exciting and moving as enjoying the spectacular sea view from the main tower of the bridge.

Chinatown

Chinatown in Kobe, Japan, also known as Zhonghua Street, is called Nanjing Town by the Japanese and is located on the east side of Nanjing Road. There is a Chinese red gatehouse at the entrance. Passing through the gatehouse, it is the cross-shaped central street such as Nanjing East Road, West Road, South Road and North Road. The signs in the shops are all in Chinese. You can hear someone speaking Chinese at any time here, just like walking in Wangfujing, Beijing.

Kobe Fruit and Flowers Park

Kobe Fruit Flower Park, located in the north of Kobe, is a park that Kobe City is proud of. The park is full of flowers, with hotels, swimming pools (only in summer), skating rinks (in winter), warm water baths, barbecue gardens and other leisure facilities.

Kobe Municipal Agricultural Park Kobe Wine City

Agricultural parks allow people to enjoy the natural beauty of Kobe. In the wine city built on the hill extending from the grape field, you can visit the wine-making process.

Other scenic spots

Future Human Disaster Prevention Center, Buyin Vanilla Park, Kobe Prince Zoo, Xiangyuan Temple, Morita Shrine, Kitano Alien Museum, Kobe City Museum, Former Residence, Kobe Harbor Earthquake Memorial Park, Kobe Harbor, American Park, Miyako Center Street, Akashi Strait Bridge, Liu Jiashan, Kobe Harbor Tower Observatory, Kobe Ocean Museum, and Ma You Hot Springs.

[Accommodation Guide]

Mimiya Station is the transportation hub of Kobe City, and there are certainly many commercial hotels nearby. However, if you want to experience the romantic European style, Monterey Group Hotel is recommended. Two hotels, Monterey and Amari, which are deeply loved by female customers, easily capture the hearts of travelers with medieval elegance. Portopia Hotel, with night view of Kobe, is desolate nearby, because it is located on Hong Kong Island, and it takes an extra elevated MRT to get in and out. The street around the hotel is quite dark, and the only light is probably a convenience store a few blocks away. However, there is a swimming pool and gym in the hotel, which is suitable for travelers who want to stay away from the hubbub and enjoy the night view and luxury facilities quietly. Ori-entalHotel is located in the popular center of Kobe night scene and is also a part of the night scene. The streamlined shape and bright lights of the ship, as well as walking to the mosaic Ferris wheel and Kobe Harbor Tower are all attractive selling points. In addition, there are New Oriental Hotel above the new Kobe Station and hotels directly above Mimiya Station to choose from. You can get off the tram and go directly to the hotel, which is the best choice for lazy people. If you want a soup shop, you can also find the hotel experience of Ma Hot Springs and Awaji Island Hot Springs in Kobe.

Traffic guide

External traffic

Kobe Airport opened in 2006 and is the third largest airport in Japan. At present, from China to Kobe, you can fly to Kansai International Airport in Osaka, and it takes about 60 minutes by airport shuttle bus.

From Kobe to Osaka, the Shinkansen takes about 13 minutes and JR takes about 20 minutes.

From Kobe to Himeji City, it takes about 16 minutes by Shinkansen and about 40 minutes by JR.

From Kobe to Kyoto, the Shinkansen takes about 30 minutes and JR takes 50 minutes.

From Kobe to Tokyo, the Shinkansen takes about 2 hours and 50 minutes, and the plane takes about 1 hour.

Domestic traffic

Kobe bus is one of the main means of transportation for tourists. You can take it to some major scenic spots.

Bus directions are roughly divided into Kitano, New Kobe, Mimiya, Motomachi, Kobe Port, Liu Jiashan, Moye Mountain and Tanjiu direction. Kitano is the main tourist attraction in Kobe, but it is located in the mountainous area, and there are few subways and trams, so it is more convenient to take the bus. Buses in Kobe run at different times, usually from 6: 30 to 23: 00.

City bus is a kind of bus that surrounds the main tourist attractions in Kobe. Famous tourist destinations, such as Kitano, Former Residence, Nanjing Town, and artificial islands, can be reached at the port. The bus body around the city is designed according to the style of "dynamic alien pavilion", and its unique and eye-catching painting has become a sightseeing scenery of Kobe bus. The bus around the city is accompanied by a tour guide, and it goes around the city for one week 1 hour.

Tourist season

Kobe is warm in winter and cool in summer, so it is suitable for traveling all year round. Located in the middle of Japan in latitude and longitude, the annual average temperature 16.8℃ (the highest temperature is 34.5℃? 9? What is the lowest temperature? 6? 13.5℃/2003), and the precipitation is 1.538 mm (2003). In Japan with four distinct seasons, Kobe is a relatively comfortable city with warm winter and cool summer.

[Shopping Guide]

The area from Mimiya to Motomachi is the center of Kobe. Strolling through Mimia Central Street and Motomachi Commercial Street, you can fully enjoy food and shopping. From Mimia to the south, Zaihua Street was the place where foreign businessmen lived when Kobe Port was just opened to the outside world. There are many nostalgic old-fashioned foreign houses, specialty stores and imported goods cafes, which are good places for shopping and walking. Nanjing Town, or "China Street", is a place where China people live in compact communities, starting from 1868. At that time, the Qing government set up a consulate in Kobe, which made Sino-Japanese trade prosperous and the number of Japanese in Kobe increased. As the "kitchen" of China people, Nanjing is thriving. At present, there are more than 65,438+000 restaurants and grocery stores in the street, which are full of China traditional characteristics and very lively.

"Kobe specialty"

Tumbler: Its shape is reminiscent of the magical queen who is closely related to Hyogo Prefecture.

Horse toy writing brush: this is a traditional national handicraft, with horse hot spring. You can see the puppet's face when you pick up the brush vertically.

Kobe Satsuma Porcelain: Satsuma Porcelain is especially famous for its exquisite brush painting and pure gold lines. Kobe Earthquake/KOOC-0/995 65438+/KOOC-0/October/KOOC-0/7 At 5: 46 am, an earthquake measuring 7.2 on the Richter scale occurred in Kobe, Japan, which was the most serious earthquake in Japanese cities since/KOOC-0/923. * * Thousands of people were killed and the total losses caused by the earthquake amounted to trillions of yen.

The Kobe earthquake caused water, electricity, gas, traffic and endless fires. The expressway and the railway transportation arteries in the Japanese archipelago were cut off. The most serious damage to Hanshin expressway is Kobe Line, that is, the section between Shimosaki East and Jianyue Mountain. The huge reinforced concrete pier under expressway Bridge was twisted off, and the restoration project is very arduous. The driverless tram lane that Kobe people are proud of has also been destroyed. The earthquake almost completely disabled the sixth largest city in Japan, and large-scale post-disaster reconstruction is needed to bring this beautiful port city back to life.

As can be seen from the K-line chart of the Nikkei 225 Index, on the day of the earthquake, the Tokyo stock market in Japan only fell slightly, and the construction and other industries also rose.

However, on June 23, 65438, the Nikkei index fell sharply by 5.6%. On 10 day after the earthquake, the market value of Tokyo stock market evaporated to 10%. However, stocks related to construction and building materials also rose for some time, while other stocks related to public utilities and minerals were relatively resilient.

Next, the Nikkei 225 index began a wave of sharp decline, and the index fell by more than 5,000 points in less than half a year.

Kobe is located in an important industrial zone and an important economic center in Japan. This industrial zone is very important to Japan. For example, manufacturing accounts for 13% of Japan's total output, steel production accounts for 24%, and machinery manufacturing accounts for 19%. The auto parts, chemicals, paper making and shipbuilding industries in this industrial zone are also very developed. After the earthquake, water and electricity were cut off, traffic was paralyzed, and houses of many small and medium-sized enterprises in Kobe collapsed. But also spread to other surrounding industrial areas and some ports, which greatly dragged down Japan's entire economy, which undoubtedly made Japan's economy worse after three consecutive years of recession.

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