Does the moral of Taoyuan Sanjie really exist in history? How did it evolve through an interesting historical network?

Today, the interesting historical Bian Xiao brings you the meaning of three peach gardens, and I hope it will help you.

In the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Taoyuan Sanjieyi is a famous story, and it is also the basis of many wonderful bridges later. When Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are mentioned, people always think of their stories of offering sacrifices to heaven and earth, burning incense and worshipping ghosts, and becoming brothers with different surnames. The oath of "I don't want to be born on the same day in the same year, but want to die on the same day in the same year" is still circulating in the Central Plains and has been talked about by people for thousands of years. Later, the custom of sworn brothers with different surnames, which was popular in China society, was always accompanied by these two words in the "Yi Jie Jin Lan" oath in Taoyuan. Visible, liu, guan, zhang's life and death and * * * affectionate, has been deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.

Is it true that Liu, Guan and Zhang "became sworn friends in Taoyuan" in history?

Although people regard Zuowei Liu as an example, these three people did not become sworn in history. In fact, the marriage of three people is what the author of The Romance of Three Kingdoms needs according to the folklore and the plot of the novel.

One: The official history such as The History of the Three Kingdoms, Capital and Construction has never mentioned this matter.

According to the biography of Guan Yu in the Three Kingdoms, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei had already voted for Liu Bei when he gathered his followers in the village. After Liu Bei was in the plain, he slept in a bed with Guan and Zhang, like brothers. The thick people sit in a wide place (where there are many people), stand all day, follow their ancestors, and do not avoid difficulties and obstacles. Guan Yu also said, "I swear to death that I am greatly indebted to General Liu." "

It can be seen that Liu, Guan and Zhang are really in the same boat. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are loyal to Liu Bei, standing beside Liu Bei all day in crowded places, escorting them, avoiding the important and neglecting the important. But this sentence only says that the three are "brothers", but they are not sworn brothers. Guan Yu's statement further confirmed that the three men did not become sworn, because he called Liu Bei "General Liu" instead of "Big Brother".

Zhang Fei Biography of the Three Kingdoms also records that Zhang Fei served Liu Bei with Guan Yu when he was young. "How old is the feather? Brother Fei can do it." It only mentioned that Zhang Fei treated Guan Yu as a brother, but did not mention Liu Bei. Treating people older than themselves as brothers and calling others "brothers" are not necessarily sworn brothers.

"The Story of the Three Kingdoms and Willow Leaves" records that Guan Yu was accidentally killed by Wu Dongren in Jingzhou. Later, Wei Wudi Xelloss asked Liu Bei, a courtier, whether he wanted to send troops to attack Wu and avenge Guan Yu. Ye Liu, the servant, replied, "Liu Bei and Guan Yu are both loyal to the monarch and ministers, and they are very kind to their father and son. Guan Yu was killed. If Liu Bei cannot avenge him, his kindness to Guan Yu will be incomplete. " Ye Liu described their personal relationship as "father and son" without even using the word "brother".

The above records illustrate two problems: first, Liu is closely related to him, just like his brother and father; Second, there is no historical record to prove that these three people are sworn brothers.

Two: the age order is wrong. If it is right, it should be Guan, not Liu.

In the first chapter of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, it was written that in the first year of Emperor Zhong Ping (184), the Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out, when Liu Bei was "twenty-eight". Later, he met two heroes, Zhang Fei and Guan Yu, on the same day. Both of them had the intention of meeting each other for a short time, so the next day, the three of them held a well-known "Friendship in Taoyuan".

It is wrong to say that Liu Bei was "28 years old" in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms. According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Shu and Ancestors, Liu Bei died in the summer and April of the third year of Zhangwu (223), "at the age of 63". Since the ancients calculated the age in name, according to this calculation, Liu Bei should be born in 16 1. Then, he should be less than twenty-five years old in the first year of Zhong Ping.

Look at Guan Yu again. According to historical records, Guan Yu was born in an unknown year and died in the 24th year of Jian 'an (2 19). Hu Qi, a scholar in Yuan Dynasty, believed that Guan Yu was born in 159, two years older than Liu Bei.

During the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty, someone dug a well in Guan Yu's hometown Jiezhou (Yuncheng City, Shanxi Province) and found the tombstone of Guan Yu's tomb, which was engraved with Guan Yu's family background. At that time, an official named Dani wrote a tombstone of Guan Houzu, which said that Guan Yu was born in Han Yan Xi for three years (160). According to this statement, Guan Yu is also one year older than Liu Bei.

Zhang Fei's age is easy to define. According to the Chronicle of Guan Gong, Zhang Fei and Liu Bei are four years apart.

According to the above information, we can draw a conclusion that in Liu Zhong, Guan Yu is the longest, followed by Liu Bei and Zhang Fei is the youngest. If there is true loyalty in Taoyuan, it should be "Guan" rather than "Liu".

Because "Taoyuan Jieyi" not only does not have much historical basis, but also has loopholes, so we can't believe it all. The reason why people have the legend of becoming sworn in Taoyuan may be the imagination and attachment of "Enruo Brothers" in history books. As for folklore and Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Liu Bei is called Big Brother, because Liu Bei is the monarch and Zhang Guan is the minister. From the administrative level, Liu is always greater than Guan and Zhang.

The Evolution of "Taoyuan Jieyi" in Past Dynasties

The "Peach Blossom Luck" in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms was invented by the author according to the needs of folklore and the plot of the novel. Before the novel came out, the story of peach blossom of Liu, Guan and Zhang had already been circulated among the people.

Formed in the Song and Yuan Dynasties

In the Song Dynasty, the story of "Three Wishes for Justice in Taoyuan" began to spread among the people, and He Jing in the late Song Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty was included in Rebuilding the Temple. "At the beginning, Wang (Guan Yu), General Fei (Zhang Fei) and Zhao Lie (Liu Bei) were friends, about brothers". In the Yuan Dynasty, the story became more and more complete, and different versions appeared. The following are two representative versions.

This story is described in the Yuan zaju "Liu Tao's Legacy":

Yin Zang, a ghost in Zhou Pu, wanted to stand on his own feet and asked Guan Yu to become handsome. Guan Yu killed the man and then fled to Fanyang, Zhuozhou. At this time, Zhang Fei is opening a local butcher shop. On this day, Zhang Fei went out and deliberately held a knife in front of the store and pressed it with a boulder. He told the man that if someone could take the knife out from under the boulder, he would give him the meat for free, so that the man could remember his residence. Soon, Guan Yu passed by this shop and heard about it. He easily moved the boulder and took out the knife from underneath, but refused to have meat. When Zhang Fei returned to the store and learned the news, he went to the inn where Guan Yu stayed and worshipped Guan Yu as his brother. Later, they met Liu Bei. Seeing Liu Bei's extraordinary appearance, I invited him to drink together. Liu Bei was lying drunk and saw a red-chain snake drilling into Liu Bei's seven orifices. Guan Yu felt that "the blessing of this person will be expensive in the future", so he worshipped Liu Bei as his brother. The three men slaughtered cattle and horses in Taoyuan outside the city, offering sacrifices to heaven and earth, vowing "not to be born on the same day, but to die on the same day".

The description of "Taoyuan Sanjieyi" in Three Kingdoms Pinghua in Yuan Dynasty is more true.

Guan Yu is a good man in Pingyang, Zhou Pu. He was born with fine features and a purple face. He is 9 feet 2 inches long. He likes reading Chunqiu and Zuozhuan. Whenever he sees traitors and traitors, he gets angry. Later, because the county magistrate was greedy for money and bribed CoCo Lee, Guan Yu killed the county magistrate in a rage and then fled to Zhuo Jun.

There is a local named Zhang, who is more than nine feet long and has a loud voice like a giant bell. He is a rich local boy. One day, he was standing in front of his house, just as Guan Gong passed by. Seeing that the man was born with extraordinary appearance, Zhang Fei saluted him. Guan Yu told Zhang Fei about himself. After listening to Guan Yu's words, Zhang Fei felt that Guan Yu had the ambition to be a man and invited him to the hotel to chat. They live in peace and talk like old friends.

At this time, it happened that Liu Bei was selling straw sandals in the street, and he also came to the hotel to buy wine after the sale. Guan and Zhang were lucky enough to witness Liu Beisheng's extraordinary appearance. So, Guan Yu offered Liu Jing a glass of wine, and Liu Bei was also welcome and drank it off. After a few words, the three of them simply sat at a table. After drinking for a while, Zhang Fei said it was not convenient to talk here and invited Liu Heguan to his house to chat. In the backyard of Zhang Fei's house, three people set wine and drank in the pavilion. During the dinner, the three people were sorted by year number: Liu Bei was the longest, Guan Gong was the second, and Zhang Fei was the youngest. So, the three became brothers, elder brother and younger brother, offering the white horse to heaven and the black cow to the ground. I don't want to be born on the same day, I just want to die on the same day, and the three of us sit together and sleep and swear to be brothers.

The novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms reached its peak.

There is no doubt that the Romance of the Three Kingdoms carried forward the story of Taoyuan's sworn relationship and pushed it to the peak of morality. In the Ming Dynasty, the story of loyalty and righteousness in Taoyuan has been circulated among the people for a long time, with many versions. Luo Guanzhong stripped the "sworn stories" of past dynasties to the essence, deleted some absurd elements, and wrote a classic version of "Three sworn stories in Taoyuan". In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Liu, Guan and Zhang became brothers on the premise that they wanted to join the army to break thieves, protect the country and benefit the people, and do great things. In this way, the conception of the story is higher than other versions, and the relationship between friends is also high. In addition, The Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a masterpiece in itself, and its background is real, therefore, The Marriage in Taoyuan is even more convincing.

Why is "Taoyuan Sanjieyi" talked about by people among the people?

In the official history dominated by the History of the Three Kingdoms, Cao Cao was actually a very talented hero, while Liu Bei, Guan, Zhang and Zhuge Liang were not the embodiment of justice and loyalty, but only one of the three regimes at that time.

However, in the subsequent dynasties, the images of these two political parties underwent a dramatic reversal. Cao Cao gradually became an adulterer, and Liu Bei became the embodiment of justice. Guan Yu and Zhuge Liang, in particular, were gradually deified and given the same or even higher status as the emperor. Until today, there are thousands of Guandi temples all over China, more than Confucius temples. This dramatic reversal mainly occurred in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the Southern Song Dynasty was the main turning point.

At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, after experiencing the "shame of Jingkang", the regime of the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed by Jin Bing, and its remnants were unable to resist Japan, so they settled down in a corner and established Lin 'an (Hangzhou) as their capital. At that time, the people in the Southern Song Dynasty hated the Jin people who occupied the north. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao's Wei occupied the north, while Shu and Wu occupied the south. So in the Southern Song Dynasty, whenever the story of the Three Kingdoms was mentioned, Cao Cao became people's imaginary enemy. The incompetent government and innocent people invariably transferred their hatred of Jin people to Cao Cao. Therefore, people pay more attention to the just images of Liu, Guan and Zhang.

In addition, China people always advocate loyalty, and the stories of Liu, Guan and Zhang just meet this psychological need. In addition, in the history of China, Liu Bei has always been regarded as an orthodox Han clan, while Cao Cao is regarded as a traitor. Therefore, people are also willing to let Liu Bei have two brothers with high martial arts and loyalty. The novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms obviously supports Liu Bei and belittles Cao Cao.