Who knows the detailed history of Guan Yu?

Guan Yu has always been a mythical figure in the Three Kingdoms, and folklore is always outrageous. The feudal ruling class deliberately raised him to fool the people. In fact, although he is highly respected in the official history, he is only a mortal. Mortals always have character defects and are always defeated. The defeat was not just due to the weather. The following refer to historical books such as The History of the Later Han Dynasty, The History of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Lue, Dian Lue, and some non-Japanese studio materials. Wrote the following words. I hope people who like Guan can see it ~ ~ I don't mean to belittle him, but I just want friends who are interested in understanding the official history to know that both princes and princes are just ordinary people. Maybe they don't want to be mythical themselves ~ ~ Truth 1: the dragon crescent moon blade doesn't exist. First of all, we have to admit that Guan Yu's force should be very high, and it is impossible to prove whether he can defeat 10 thousand people. However, the technology of iron smelting has not reached the conditions, and the temperature of iron smelting in Han Dynasty was not invented by Ma Jun, and it was not up to the point where a major knife could be cast. According to textual research, there is no long-handled knife at all, so it is very likely that later generations invented something similar to the Qinglong crescent moon blade. Suppose he exists. Truth 2: The military role of military commanders in one-on-one combat has weakened in the Han Dynasty. Secondly, high force does not play a great role in the victory or defeat of war as depicted in romance novels. In romance, there are often two battles and two wins, one for each. The winner waves the banner to cover up the killing and wins for a while first. This is the consistent description method of folk stories and Zhang Huiti's novels. In fact, by the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, one-on-one combat in military war was no longer an effective means to win the war. Almost every battle in the Romance is one-on-one, while the total number of identifiable one-on-one battles recorded in the History of the Three Kingdoms is only three or five times, which is basically inseparable from the personal heroism tendency of the participants. The general promoted the victory of the battle by personal force, which was the way of war in barbaric times. However, since China withdrew from the historical stage, military strategists such as Sun Wu and Wu Qi began to control the infantry phalanx, and after winning through sophistry, the old custom of one-on-one hit only existed in the consciousness of some fools. By the end of the Han Dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period, the general's personal kindness could only play two roles on the battlefield: first, he took the lead in rushing into the enemy's line, cutting several sides and taking a few pieces to boost the morale of his own army; Second, it is to train and lead an escort force to protect the monarch's family or Zhong Jun's big account-Dian Wei and Chu Xu, which is a promising career. Guan Yu and Zhang Fei both followed Liu Bei's confidant generals from the beginning, but there was no romantic story of Taoyuan's sworn relationship. The first important event mentioned in the official biography of Guan Yu happened before and after Liu Bei and Cao Cao joined hands to surround Lu Bu. It can be said that before this, Guan Yu had no great achievements to record. There is no textual research on what is called "warm wine to kill Hua Xiong" and "three British wars against Lu Bu". Hua Xiong, recorded in the official history, was killed by Sun Jian at a gathering of Yang people. Of course, it doesn't have to be a one-on-one fight. And the famous three people besieged the scene of Lu Bu's crime ~ ~ ~ Hulao Pass. In today's Xishui Town, Xingyang, Henan Province, it was called Hulao Pass in the Han Dynasty and changed its name to Sishuiguan in the Tang Dynasty. Thus, Surabaya Pass and Hulao Pass are simply a must-see, and it is ridiculous to mention these two places more than once in romance novels. In the official history, only the troops of Wang Kuang, Sun Jian and Cao Cao existed. Guan Yu is a bit horny ~ ~ (of course, he may also be an infatuated man). As we all know, Liu Bei and Cao Cao once jointly besieged Lu Bu in Xiapi. At that time, Guan Yu once asked Cao Cao to betroth his wife to her after Lu Bu's general Qin Luyi breached the city. However, after the fall of Pi City, Cao Cao ordered Qin's wife to be sent to see him for the first time. Seeing this, Cao Cao immediately forgot his promise to Guan Yu and left this woman alone. Since then, there has been a gap between Guan Yu and Cao Cao. Qin's son was raised by Cao Cao, who was the later general of Wei Xiaoqi, Qin Lang. In fact, Qin Lang once conquered Xianbei in the history and was in power with Cao Yu, the prince of Yan. Before Cao Shuang and Sima Yi came to power, he was one of the most popular figures in Wei. (Not as timid as romance) Truth 4: There are no three things in Tuntu Mountain. After Liu Bei escaped from Xuchang, he attacked and killed Che Zhou, and Xuzhou, Ling Zhan, continued to be a separatist warlord. At that time, Guan Yu was sent to guard Pi City and be the prefect. Soon, Cao Cao's army came to attack, Liu Bei was defeated and Guan Yu was captured. There are no three things here, and there is no touching loyalty and protection. There is a very simple saying in the history books-"Cao Gong and Bird Feather came home to worship him as a partial general, and the ceremony was very thick." Anyway, it is true that Guan Yu wants to return to Liu Bei. Truth 5: Cao Cao has always been very kind to Guan Yu. (One is that Cao Cao loves talents, and the other is that he doesn't know whether it is guilty to rob a friend's girlfriend. ) He also invited him to be named Han Shou Hou Ting. According to the romance, the seal of Cao Cao guarding Hou Ting was given to Guan Yu, who was unhappy. He had to add a word "Han" in front to show that "Han will not be reduced to Cao Cao". Luo Guanzhong made this up, no doubt. The so-called Pavilion Hou is a kind of Hou in Han Dynasty, which has township Hou and county Hou, that is, a county, a township or a pavilion (a low-level administrative unit) is regarded as the food city of a marquis (part of the tax goes to this marquis). For example, Lu Bu sealed Hou Wen, and Wen County was in Hanoi County, Li Si; Ma Zhong, Shu Feng Boyang Pavilion, and Bo Yang are in runan county, Yuzhou. Note that Zhuge Liang is a marquis of Wuxiang, Wuxiang is a county, and he is in Langya County, Xuzhou, so he is a county marquis, not a township marquis. Hanshou is the name of a pavilion in Wuling County, Jingzhou, so it should be Hanshou Hou Ting, not Hanshou Hou Ting. Truth 6: Yan Liang was beheaded and Wen Chou was killed. According to Shu Wei, Yuan Shaopa sent Guo Tu, Chunyu Qiong and Yan Liang to attack Dong Jun's satrap Ada on the white horse, and Yuan Shaopa himself led his troops to Liyang to prepare to cross the river. In April, Cao Cao led the troops to rescue Ada. At that time, Xun You had an idea, pretending to cross the river and copy Yuan Jun's posterior route to attract Yuan Jun to the west, and then the elite soldiers surprised the white horse. Yan Liang was really recruited and rushed to take the battle. Cao Cao "told Zhang Liao and Guan Yu to climb ahead, break and cut the good", but did not specify who killed Yan Liang. However, Guan Yu's contribution is recorded in Shu Shu: "I saw that it was well covered, and I stabbed it in the crowd on horseback, beheaded it, and spared no other generals, so I solved the Baimawei." This shows that Guan Yu's courage is still there, not completely invented. However, according to Shu Shu's records, Guan Yu immediately fled to Liu Bei after beheading Yan Liang. Wen Chou's beheading had nothing to do with him. Zhang Liao and Huang Xu did it. Truth 7: Maybe you can ride a thousand miles alone, but it's doubtful that you'll get six generals after five passes. Let's not consider whether Guan Yu killed these six people, but suppose he did. But the geographical location of these five levels is a bit outrageous. (It's like in Romance, Guan Yu was defeated in Maicheng. Obviously, he was on the edge of Yong 'an, but he had to come to Liu Feng for help all the way ~ ~ If Liu Feng can really come, he must win Xiangyang, which Guan Yu didn't win, in order to break through Cao Cao's territory and come to Maicheng. ) Guan Yu came out of Xudu, and the first stop was Dongling Pass. The map of the Han Dynasty did not exist at all, and it was probably renamed after Wei and Jin Dynasties. This place cannot be inspected. The second stop is Luoyang, hundreds of miles northwest of Xudu. I wonder if Guan Yu is going to find Liu Bei in the Yuan Shao camp in Hebei Province. Why did he go west first? The third stop, Surabaya Pass, is actually Hulao Pass, in the southeast of Luoyang-he came back again. The fourth stop is Xingyang, next to Surabaya. The last stop is the Yellow River Ferry, which is difficult to verify. In a word, Guan Yu resented the thought that Cao Cao had taken away his woman. I am in no hurry to find Liu Bei. On the contrary, I went to the northwest, killed several unknown generals, and then came back to show off how far I had gone ... Truth 8: Hua Rongdao's capture and release of Cao Cao was pure fiction, and the records of Shu Wei and Wu Shu were different. Shu Wei said: "Going to Chibi is not conducive to preparing for war. So the plague spread, officials died again, and they led the army. " "Wu Shu" says: "If you are worried about being left, you will become right, and each will attract 10,000 people. When they met in Chibi, they defeated Cao Gongjun. The rest of the ships were burned and retired, and the soldiers were hungry and most of the dead. " Guan Yu's role in this war is not recorded in the history books. In order to show Guan Yu's loyalty, The Romance also made up a touching plot of "Hua Rong Dao Yi Dao explained Cao Cao". For the background of this novel, you can refer to Pei Shu's "A Tale of Dolls": "(Cao) The public ship was set on fire and led the army back from Huarong Road. Muddy, impassable roads, windy days, only to know that soldiers are forced to fill up with grass, but there are too many rides. Soldiers were beaten by men and horses, trapped in the mud, and many people died. When the army arrived, the public was overjoyed. The generals asked him and said,' Liu Bei, I am also worried. But it's too late; If I set fire to the ambassador in advance, I will be nothing. "Look for it and set a fire, but nothing can be reached." It can be seen that Cao knew that Liu Bei was an afterthought, and he didn't think of setting fire until he escaped, let alone setting an ambush. Truth 9: Liu Bei, a knife club, said at first that he would borrow Jingzhou and return it after taking Yizhou, but after entering Chengdu, he repented and said, "I am plotting Liangzhou, and when I take Liangzhou, I will return the whole Jingzhou to you." Sun Quan was very dissatisfied and asked to return the three counties first, so he sent officials to take over Changsha, Lingling and Guiyang in the south of Jingzhou. Guan Yu got carried away and expelled all the officials sent by Sun Quan. Sun Quan was furious and personally raised 20,000 troops to seize it, and sent Lu Su to confront Guan Yu in Baqiu. Lu Su is indeed a pillar of the south of the Yangtze River, holding Guan Yu's 30,000 main force down with a few thousand troops. At that time, Gan Ning followed Lu Su town to guard Yiyang on the south bank of Zishui, with only 300 troops, while Guan Yu had 30,000 troops. He selected 5000 elite troops, stationed in a shallow wrasse in the upper reaches of Zishui, ready to cross the river. Lu Su called the generals to discuss, and Gan Ning patted his chest and said, "Five hundred people can be used to benefit me. I will go to the right place, and I will keep my feathers from smelling my spit. I dare not wade, wading is my bird. " In other words, give him 500 more people to meet them. He promised that Guan Yu would not dare to go into the water when he heard his cough, otherwise he would be captured alive. Lu Su nodded and gave him an extra thousand soldiers. Sure enough, as soon as Gan Ning passed, Guan Yu dared not move. Later generations called this place "Guan Yu Sese", and Gan Ning was worshipped by Sun Quan as the prefect of Xiling. Lv Meng and Pan Zhang quickly captured the three counties through the entanglement between Lu Su and Guan Yu. As a result, Liu Bei was also furious and personally led the army to reinforce Guan Yu. At this time, Cao Cao took Hanzhong and plotted to give up. When the news reached Chengdu, Chengdu was in chaos. Lu Su has always been a strong advocate of Sun Liulian's resistance to Cao Cao. He really didn't want to affect the overall situation, so he invited Guan Yu to negotiate. The two sides agreed that representatives of both sides were only allowed to carry a single knife when the soldiers and horses were stationed a hundred paces away-hence the name "single knife meeting". At the meeting, Lu Su talked about Kan Kan, neither supercilious nor supercilious, which was justified: "If the country only borrows land from the Qing family, the Qing army will be defeated far away, and there is no reason. Now that I have the profit, I have no intention to return it, but I beg for three counties and don't do it ... "Guan Yu was speechless and resigned. Guan Yunchang, who is not written in the Romance, is courageous, but Lu Su is courageous. If he can't get angry, how can he be a lone opponent of Guan Yu? Truth 10: In the Romance of the Northern Expedition, in which Guan Yu was guarding Jingzhou, Liu Bei advanced to be the king of Hanzhong, and Yun Chang attacked Xiangyang County. In fact, Guan Yu's Northern Expedition was not launched in Hubei in response to Liu Bei's capture of Hanzhong. At that time, it was the 23rd year of Jian 'an in Han Dynasty (2 18). Liu Bei entered from Yizhou to attack Hanzhong, and Cao Hong, commander of Hanzhong, defended the enemy. So Cao Cao personally entered Dongchuan, ready to launch a fierce battle with Liu Bei. In order to cooperate with Liu Bei's invasion, Cao Cao's strategic center of gravity moved westward, and the southern line was empty. Guan Yu took Jingzhou as the main force to attack Cao Ren, who was guarding Fancheng. In this military action, Guan Yu incited Jing and Yan strongmen to revolt. In October of the 23rd year of Jian 'an, Wancheng garrison Hou Yin rebelled, detained the prefect and responded to Guan Yu. In the first month of the second year, Coss led the army to attack Hou Yin and cut it. Cao Ren in the official history is called the courage of ghosts and gods. In the battle with Guan Yu, we also saw his talent as a general. Coss' strength is not as good as Guan Yu's, so he has been fighting Guan Yu's main force with Fancheng and other strongholds. In May of the same year, Cao Cao ended the war in Hanzhong and retreated to Chang 'an. General Xia died in Zouma Valley (known as Dingjun Mountain). In July, he sent 70,000 troops from Yu Jin, Pound and other places to reinforce Coss. At this time, Guan Yu's troops were already at a disadvantage, so he sent someone to ask Liu Feng and Mengda to send troops to help him attack Fancheng, but they were rejected. Then, Guan Yu flooded the Seventh Army. The history book only says: "Guan Yu attacked the fan, the Han River flooded, and all seven armies were forbidden to shed their feathers." To tell the truth, the northern military forces that Yujin rushed to help lacked ships, and Guan Yu's Jingzhou soldiers were of course many warships and were good at water warfare, so they escaped the ban in World War I. In addition, Yujin was one of the best generals in the three countries. But the martial arts in the water is a bit ~ what's that ~ ~ ~ Battle of Red Cliffs Sun Liu Lianjun won, so it can be said that the military medal is half of his. The inexplicable defeat to Guan Yu here can only be said to be an act of god. Truth 1 1: Guan Yu was defeated. This time, Guan Yu won a great victory. Sun Quan felt great pressure. On the one hand, he deliberately let Monroe pretend to be sick and paralyze Guan Yu, trying to have a good relationship with Guan Yu. On the other hand, he secretly wrote to Cao Cao, demanding a crusade against Guan Yu. Cao Cao was overjoyed and decided to let Sun compete with Liu, so he gave Sun Quan's letter to Coss to shoot Guan Yu with a crossbow. Guan Yu, however, is just a soldier, who seriously lacks the vision of a politician and his arrogant personality. Instead of being vigilant, changing his attitude and comforting his allies, he cursed the emissary sent by Sun Quan to propose to his son. He captured 30,000 people in the Forbidden City and forced Sun Quan to collect rice in Xiangguan on the pretext of lack of food. So Sun Quan made up his mind to break with Guan Yu. Just then, Cao Cao's second reinforcements arrived, and some recruits under the command of Huang Xu had just withdrawn from Hanzhong. Guan Yu has surrounded Fancheng in January, but he has made no progress. He saw that it was his old friend Huang Xu who supported him. Without war, he first called himself "Big Brother" and was severely criticized by Huang Xu. Guan Yu could not resist the impact and was ready to storm, so he shook the original deployment of troops. Huang Xu took the opportunity to pretend to cut corners. Guan Yu was really taken in. He immediately burned the barracks, retreated, and set up new camps at Weitou and Sizhu. Huang Xu took Yancheng back. Then, Huang Xu pretended to attack Wai Tou again, but he attacked Sishu. When Guan Yu saw something bad, he hurried to save five thousand soldiers. As a result, he was defeated by Huang Xu and retreated into the camp. He wanted to use Abatis as an important base to resist the enemy, but Huang Xu used this victory to break its Abatis tenfold. Jingzhou army jumped into the water and died in the battlefield, and the number of prisoners was amazing. Later, Cao Cao listened carefully to the report on the war situation and praised Huang Xu for saying, "I have been using soldiers for more than 30 years. I heard that people who used soldiers well in ancient times did not March forward ... The achievements of generals have surpassed those of Sun Wu and Mao." This is the origin of the idiom "Go ahead bravely". Truth 12: After the defeat of Guan Yu in Maicheng, he was ready to raise a division and fight again. As a result, Monroe crossed the river in white, occupied Jiangling and broke the back road. Guan Yu defeated Maicheng and was surrounded by Wu Dongjun. He pretended to be ready to surrender, but sneaked away in the dark, was caught and finally killed. Guan Yu is a well-known figure in the Three Kingdoms. Whenever he is mentioned, many heroic stories will emerge in our minds. But why is Guan Yu popular with everyone? It's a long story What we are most familiar with is Guan Yu's "Chop Hua Xiong with Warm Wine". I don't need to say what it is. Everyone knows that. But, have you thought about it? What if it's not true? Indeed, this is not true. Hua Xiong did exist, but Guan Yu didn't kill him. Hua Xiong's beheading behavior is described in the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Why? Please continue to listen. Guan Yu is also revered by everyone because of one thing, that is, "riding thousands of miles alone", from Xuchang, Hebei Province to Jizhou for more than 2,000 miles, which reflects Guan Yu's courage and loyalty. The fact is cruel, which is also described in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Actually, there isn't, because the shortest way from Xuchang to Jizhou is only a few hundred miles, but Guan Yu in the novel inexplicably arrived in Luoyang, then ran sideways to Baima, crossed the Yellow River and arrived in Jizhou, with a total distance of more than 2,000 miles. However, according to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Liu Bei was not in Jizhou at that time, but in Yinqiang (a place name) near Xuchang. It took only half a day to ride a horse from Xuchang to the silver gun, but Guan Yu traveled more than 2,000 miles, which is really puzzling. Also, the famous "Three British Wars against Lyu3 bu4" is also fictional. Later, Liu Beijun captured Sichuan and established Shu, and Guan Yu was ordered by Zhuge Liang to guard Jingzhou. Needless to say, the strategic significance of Jingzhou can only be described as "very important". Later, Guan Yu led an army to attack Xiangyang and Fancheng. In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, he once "flooded seven armies" and defeated Cao Jun's Yu Jin and Pound, forming the first great victory. According to the records in the biography of Guan Yu, the biography of Yu Zhuo and the biography of Pound, the victory was due to the heavy rain, and Cao Jun was unprepared, so Guan Yu didn't do it. The biography of Guan Yu in the Three Kingdoms written by Chen Shou is only over 900 words in total. These battles in which Guan Yu lost Jingzhou were recorded in detail. For Guan Yu's evaluation, he first affirmed that Guan Yu was an enemy of ten thousand people, and he was a brave military commander, resolute in character, but also conceited. When Liu Bei attacked Liu Zhang, he subdued the valiant Ma Chao. When Guan Yu heard about it, he quickly wrote to Zhuge Liang, demanding to compete with Ma Chao. Zhuge Liang understood Guan Yu's character and wrote a letter praising Guan Yu, the messenger of Guan Yu. Guan Yu gave up the idea of competition. This shows the conceited side of Guan Yu's character. The Battle of Lost Jingzhou is called "Lost Jingzhou" in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, but is it really lost Jingzhou? After Guan Yu's "seven armies flooded", Lu Xun of Soochow wrote two letters praising Guan Yu. In the letter, Lu Xun praised Guan Yu's bravery, convinced Guan Yu that Lu Xun, who replaced Monroe, was incompetent, and made Guan Yu relax his defense on the Dongwu coast and put himself into attack more. Later, he was defeated, captured by Wu Dong and beheaded. Chen Shou believes that Guan Yu lacks military ability and failure is doomed! That's why Guan Yu is so popular. After Guan Yu's defeat, according to the ancients, he came to no good end, so he became a spectre. In the early statue of Guan Yu, there were some ghost images. Until the Sui Dynasty, a monk named Master Wise Man came to Yuquan Mountain near Jingzhou. He wants to build a temple on the mountain to spread Buddhism, but the geographical situation on the mountain is extremely complicated, with deep pools and swamps. It is said that one day a wise man was chanting scriptures on the mountain, and suddenly Guan Yu and Guan Ping were headless. The spirit of Zhou Cang came here and shouted, "Give me my head back!" The wise man said: you clamor for your head back, then who will return the head you cut off? After enlightened by the wise man, Guan Yu realized that he had promised the wise man to build the temple within seven days. Sure enough, with the help of many heavenly soldiers and generals, the temple was built. The image of Guan Yu was changed for the first time in history. Later, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei attended the sacrifice in Jiang Shang together, and they were worshipped by everyone. With the decadence of the Eastern Jin regime, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms came, and then an emperor came to the temple. He was the first emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhao Kuangyin. He first decorated the statue of Jiang Shang, and then removed Guan Yu and Zhang Fei from the sacrificial procession. The reason is that Guan Yu and others have a high reputation, but they do nothing. More importantly, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Liu Bei once became sworn brothers in Taoyuan. Liu Bei claimed to be a descendant of Liu Sheng, the king of Zhongshan, and a descendant of the royal family. However, Zhao Kuangyin was born in a humble background, and he was very suspicious, disgusted and disgusted with Liu Bei's identity. On the contrary, I admire Cao Cao for defeating Liu Bei. In Zi Zhi Tong Jian, Sima Guang also wrote a question about Liu Bei's royal identity. But the folk worship and admiration for Guan Yu never changed, so at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Huizong sealed Guan Yu. Later, after the Yuan Dynasty and in the early years of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang removed Guan Yu from the seal. The reason is that Guan Yu is worshipped by the people, so the people are martial. But not only that, Feng Menglong, a writer in the Ming Dynasty, wrote in The Story of Warning that a child was cut by a knife and didn't cry. The family was surprised and asked him why. The child said that Guan Yu could hold back the great pain and scrape the bone to heal, and smiled and laughed. I want to be like Guan Yu. From here, we can see the educational significance of Guan Yu to the people. Not only that, it is said that at the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Minister Lu Xiufu and the little emperor of the Song Dynasty fled to the south in defeat and finally died in the sea. In the Ming Dynasty, the statues of Guan Yu and Zhou Cang were built here on the side of Guan Yu Temple. Guan Yu and Zhou Cang were masters and servants, which was not allowed in the hierarchical feudal society. Craftsmen skillfully created a legend. The souls of Lu Xiufu and Song Emperor floated into Guan Yu Temple and entered the statues of Guan Yu and Zhou Cang respectively, which enabled Guan Yu to regain the identity of a national hero. And before that, Guan Yu was regarded as a protector by some people for a long time, so Guan Yu, who has a triple identity, should be sealed by feudal rulers. Therefore, during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming government began the climax of sealing the country, and three times of sealing the country pushed Guan Yu to the throne. The imperial court sealed Guan Yu not only to comply with public opinion, but also because Guan Yu really had extraordinary power, but because he really played an exemplary role in educating the people. The Romance of the Three Kingdoms shaped him into the perfect embodiment of benevolence, righteousness, reason, wisdom and faith, so he became the best candidate to carry forward Confucian ethics. At the end of the Ming dynasty, he (. The Qing Dynasty was no exception. In the thirty-third year of Qianlong, Guan Yu was given the cross of "Loyalty and Righteousness to SHEN WOO, Spiritual Blessing to Emperor Guan Sheng". After that, emperors repeatedly sealed it for 100 years. When Guangxu was sealed by the emperor for the last time in 5 years, his title was complicated and lengthy, with 26 words. According to statistics in the late Qing Dynasty, there are tens of thousands of recorded Guandi temples in China, far more than Confucius temples. /kloc-more than 0/700 years have passed, times have changed, dynasties have changed, and respect has fluctuated. Guan Yu was finally shaped by people as the most sacred, sacred and eternal benevolent and demon.