Petfi Sándor's Personal Life

1824 1 1 month, when petofi was two years old, his family moved to Phil Ai Ji Harz. This is a semi-agricultural town where only Hungarians live. Here, the poet's father opened a butcher shop. He became a butcher, killing pigs and sheep, winning more profits and soon becoming rich. Petofi has always regarded this town as his hometown, and mentioned it many times in his works, because he moved to this town after living in Jishi-Cloche village for only two years, and spent his childhood here, leaving fond memories of his childhood.

1828, when petofi was five years old, his father sent him to Phil Ai Ji, a school in a small town in Hartz, but he soon transferred to Kickkmet to study. He studies Latin and Hungarian here. Petrovich has greater hopes for his son, hoping to train him to be a priest or a businessman. How difficult it is for a seven-year-old child to leave home and take care of his parents and stay at school!

/kloc-in 0/830, petrovich's family moved to Saab Saarash, and his father took him home. He only studied in the primary school in the village for one year. 183 1 year, petofi was sent by his father to a school in the small town of Salsantrinz to learn Latin. Petofi is far from home and parents. With a heavy heart, he developed a lonely, withdrawn and unsociable character. He just studies hard and concentrates on writing poems and compositions. As a child, petofi was quite clever, with excellent academic performance, especially his ability to master the language. Besides Hungarian, he can also talk freely in Slovak.

1833 when petofi was ten years old, petrovich's wish finally came true. He sent his son to the best school in Budapest to learn Latin and German. While studying in Budapest, petofi was bored with Latin and theology classes. However, he is interested in the works of Hungarian classical writers, such as Barace balint, Zrini Miclos, Qiu Konoy Videz Miayi, Bocciani Janos and so on. , especially those of Velaise Marti Miayi, make petofi infatuated. He studied literary and artistic works day and night, including the poems of Byron and Shelley, Heine and Berrenli. Besides, he has a keen interest in drama. He went to Budapest National Theatre almost every night and became a frequent visitor to the theatre. During this period, petofi's academic performance suddenly declined. This made petofi's father very angry. He thought that his son had entered the big city and was influenced by the bad atmosphere of the upper class, so he decided to let his son leave this bustling city. Petofi studied in Budapest for only one year, and was sent to the school in Aused on the Danube by his father. He studied in Aused for three years, and his thoughts have undergone profound changes due to reading many books on European progress and Hungarian classical literature. His hard life is described in detail in his travel notes:

1late winter of 843 to1early spring of 844 was a cold season, and I spent extremely hard years in this city. I was hungry and cold, alone, and fell ill in a poor and kind old lady's house. Thank god! I'm not dead. If she hadn't pitied me and shared my pain, I would have died. Dear friend, now I have to send you this letter from another world. At that time, I was a wandering little actor who was thrown out of this world. God and people ignored me, as cold as ice. Three and a half years ago, I played a supporting role in the theater and failed to attract anyone's attention. Later, I stepped off the stage and came to the broad masses of the people and became one of them. Only at this time did I hear thunderous voices: "Long live Petfi Sándor!"

Petofi hopes to be an actor, eager to publicize advanced ideas to the people through her artistic life on the stage. Petofi's wish to be an actor has finally come true. 1842 1 1 month 1 1 day, he played the fool role in Shakespeare's famous play King Lear at Pace National Theatre. About this performance, petofi wrote an eight-line poem describing the role I played for the first time:

I became an actor. The first time I performed on stage, I smiled on the stage for the first time.

I was very proud, and my smile welled up from my heart; Ah, I don't know why, I burst into tears during the performance.

Petofi joined the Wandering Troupe. By walking, by mail and sleigh, he traveled almost half of Hungary. He spent the night in hotels, inns, military camps, campsites and under the Danube Bridge. This gave him the opportunity to get in touch with the working people at the lower level and understand their miserable life and fate. In the Wandering Troupe, Petofi began to collect folk songs. He began to write poems in the form of folk songs in the spoken language of working people. At the beginning of19th century, there was a wave of Latin poetry, which was complicated and rigorous, obscure in language and isolated from working people. Petofi hopes to break through the limitations of Latin poetry by collecting folk songs and explore a healthy way in poetry creation by adopting national languages. He believes that folk songs are the creation of working people and have real feelings, but they must be refined and improved to real artistic treasures. Petofi's attempt proved that he was on the right path. Under the guidance of this creative thought, he has created more than 50 folk songs. From the perspective of development, folk songs gave petofi a new life and nurtured the growth of poets. Even in his later period, the battle songs completed on the battlefield retained the advantages of his early creation with folk rest style. 1844 1 month, petofi began to be the assistant editor of Pace Fashion. His wandering personality changed slightly, and his wandering life gradually stabilized. He began to organize radical youth in Perth and devoted himself to political and literary research. The youth led by Petofi, whose activity center is Bulwa Cafe, later became the organization of "March Youth". They played a great role in promoting the Pace Uprising. Petofi is not only the leader of this organization, but also the spiritual leader of this group of young people. During this period, petofi, as an assistant of Wahot Imre, served as the editor of Pace Fashion. This publication is not a purely literary magazine. In order to meet the needs of women, it often publishes fashionable clothing styles and publicizes the clothing reform pursued by women in Paris. It is a feudal old-school publication that worships European culture and despises national literary traditions. Petofi became the assistant editor of this journal only because of the pressure of life and a fixed salary. More importantly, petofi has a quiet environment for writing poems. Petofi is full of energy, strong-willed, and has the belief of winning in the future. He expected to take Pace Fashion and Pace News, which were founded by Cossus, as positions to fight against the feudal retro school in his country and the reactionary romantic writers in Germany. When I was an assistant editor for a year, I was madly attacked by retro feudal writers and liberal compromise writers. Besides, petofi also began to write a series of political lyrics, such as Song of Patriots, Noble, To Hungarians Abroad, Why wasn't I born a thousand years ago? ","Son of Slave Country "and so on. These lyric poems marked the beginning of petofi's revolutionary poems. At the beginning of the poem Song of Patriots, he expressed his love for his motherland:

I am yours, my motherland, my heart and my soul are yours; If I don't love you, my motherland, who else can I love?

Petofi compared himself to a church, and compared his motherland to an altar of his ancestors, which was devoutly enshrined in his mind. In this poem, the poet swears that his patriotism will never change. 1844 1 month, petofi wrote his first political satire "The Noble" in a hut in Debrecen, and began to challenge the aristocratic landlord class. Hang the gangster on the flagpole and end his sins with a stick; He steals, he steals ghosts, knowing that he has done too many bad things.

During the Enlightenment, Hungarian progressive writers also created satirical works to expose the greed, backwardness and ignorance of the aristocratic landlord class, but their purpose was to teach them how to correct or overcome these in order to make progress. Petofi is completely different from them. He called on the slaves to rise up and fight bloody battles with the aristocratic landlord class to the end.

At this stage, petofi not only wrote political poems, but also created and collected ballads with folk songs. For example, the poems in his folk songs, such as Millet Ripe, I Walk into the Kitchen, Who Can Stop Flower Spitting, Dusk, My Love Is Not, etc., were introduced by Lu Xun into the prose of "The Weakness of Confucianism-Two Injuries and Seven Treatises", set and sung by musicians, and were deeply loved by the Hungarian people. In his early poems with folk songs, petofi described the beauty of nature, shepherds on the grassland, fishermen along the Danube and Tisza rivers, young men and women working in the fields, and mountain thieves in the Nisan forest in Baccon. He recited his poems in country pubs and carriage shops, listened to the opinions of working people and accepted their examination. Many of his early poems were finalized after this test. He regards the reaction of the lower working people as an important criterion to measure his poems, and strives to make every poem loved by the masses from content to form. Although petofi's early attempts sometimes failed, he determined the development direction of national poetry and did not lose heart in exploring. In order to create national poetry and realize the ideal of "poetry revolution", petofi confidently declared: "In the future, poetry itself may bring me into the most perfect and authentic Hungarian poetry form." (Preface to Complete Poems in l847).

1in the winter of 844, petofi fell in love with a girl named Qiao Bao Adeka 15 years old. They fell in love at first sight and adored each other. The poet wrote a love poem in the first love stage, dedicated to the girl:

Girl, have you seen the Danube? It flows through the center of an island; I said that your beautiful face gently rippled my heart.

Green leaves were swept into the blue waves from the island. I said, the shadow of your hope is quietly scattered in my heart.

-"To Adelka"

However, shortly after they met, Qiaobao Adelka suddenly fell ill and died on 1845 1 7, and was buried in Lebeis's cemetery. This is a great spiritual blow to the poet. In her "memory", Job Maria recorded the death of her sister Job Adelka in this way: "Adelka died just two weeks after Christmas. Two poets, my husband and petofi, buried her. Petofi burst into tears in front of the coffin. After Adelka was buried, petofi stayed in our house for fourteen days. He lives in the room where Adeka's body is parked, which is the bed where Adeka slept before his death. " In the two months after the death of this handsome girl, petofi often came to the Graves Cemetery and wrote many poems in memory of Adeka. On March 20th of the same year, the collection of poems "Cypress in front of Adeka's Tomb" was published. The collection of poems includes thirty-four short poems. Judging from the contents of this collection of poems, the poet deeply shows his naive nostalgia for his first love girl Adeka. Petofi's grave-robbing poems are different from those of his predecessors, and petofi's poems contain radical elements of criticizing the times. In the poem "Bai Ye on Adelka's Tomb", petofi eagerly expressed his yearning, pursuit and nostalgia for the girl's pure love, and with a strong sentimental interest, cried that the girl died young; At the same time, the poet endowed the ideal love with beautiful romance. For example, "Alas, the death knell is ringing! Poems translated into Chinese by Bai Mang, a revolutionary poet in China, such as Ancient Earth, Petals Falling from Branches, Snow, You are the Shroud of the Earth, all belong to this kind of works. 1 April, 8451day, petofi began his long journey. He set off from Budapest by mail and went to the foot of Carpathian Mountain. He traveled almost half of Hungary and returned to Budapest on June 24 of the same year, which lasted nearly three months. The important achievement of his trip is the completion of travel prose works. During the trip, petofi was warmly received by hard-working people. When passing through the northern mountains of Aberesh and Kish-Marquez, young men and women lined up, playing music and holding torches to welcome him. Because petofi's poems are highly praised by readers, people are proud to know this new poet. When he went to Lim-Sombot and Gomorrah, he was elected as an appeal judge in the general election. He stayed at the home of his poetry friends Gregni and Dunbar for a month. They discussed the development direction of national poetry, held poetry competitions and visited historical sites. He visited the ruins of Filek, Samoshk and Sargou castles in northern Hungary, and heard many legends about ancient fighting against Turks. All this increased petofi's interest in this trip. He wrote in Travel Notes: "Except the people, which poet can have such a rich imagination?" 1846, he wrote a long narrative poem "Salgu Castle", which is an important achievement of this visit to three castle sites.

Travels is not only an account of petofi's experiences on the way according to his travel distance, but also a despicable means by which he used the title to criticize landlords and bourgeois politicians for seeking status, speculating and soliciting votes in bourgeois parliamentary elections. At the same time, he strongly criticized the affectation and weakness of romantic writers in the literary and art circles at that time, as well as the ruthlessness and platitudes of feudal retro writers. This travel book can also help readers understand the tragic life of the poet in his youth, describe the magnificent rivers and mountains of the motherland, and reflect the poet's patriotic feelings. Petofi was only twenty-two years old when he wrote this travelogue. At that time, his thoughts were immature, he had not been baptized by the 1848 revolution, and he lacked complete life and combat experience. Some paragraphs in travel notes or descriptions of individual events and scenes have no profound meaning, and some places are glib and even naturalistic. The weakness of this article reflects the shortcomings in petofi's early creation as an outstanding poet.

After returning to Budapest from a trip to the northern highlands, petofi finished the creation of the drama Zolt Malsy at the invitation of playwright Egre Gerbauer (1808- 1866). The National Drama Committee failed to pass the play because it was not suitable for stage performance. In a fit of pique, petofi burned the manuscript. Hungarian progressive writers and critics always feel sorry for the irreparable loss caused by the poet's "anger" and "excitement"

Petofi's wandering life as a teenager brought him endless suffering. But it also gives him the opportunity to contact the poor in all aspects. On the one hand, he saw the splendor, wealth and luxury of Beijing, the arrogance and cruelty of aristocratic landlords, and the profiteering of speculators; On the other hand, I also saw beggars wandering along the Danube, the poor's black bread, the tears of orphans and widows, the sweat of working people, and tired figures.

1In the 1940s, petofi regarded Budapest as two cities with the clearest and sharpest class contradictions. All the contradictions are concentrated in this ancient city. Petofi looked at this ancient capital from the perspective of working people, and he himself was burdened with exploitation and tortured by poor life. He opposed himself to the aristocratic landlords who enjoyed themselves, advanced along the road of civilian poets, appeared as a civilian singer, and mercilessly exposed the aristocratic lords who were full, careless and ignorant. During this period, the distinct democratic tendency and radical factors against the old world in petofi's poetry creation increased. Petofi felt the writer's responsibility more and more. He set strict demands on himself, made firm progress and fought against the old forces. He repeatedly stressed: "whoever is a poet must go forward bravely and share weal and woe with the people!" " "At the same time, he is good at uniting writers around him and guiding them to create for the working people. For example, in the preface of Enemy of Poetry and China New Literature Series: Novel II, Lu Xun introduced petofi's poem entitled "Mrs. B·B2's Photographic Poetry" (that is, "In Mrs. Washan's Album") and translated it into prose: "I heard that you made your husband very happy, I hope not, because he is a distressed nightingale, and now he is silent in happiness. Be hard on him and let him often sing sweet songs. "This poem was written by petofi to Mrs. Centaure, Joe ... Petofi criticized the poetess for indulging in her so-called personal happiness in her married life. Lu Xun repeatedly quoted this poem because some writers in China's real society were trapped in the narrow circle of individualism. 1823 65438+ 10 1, Petfi Sándor was born in a Hungarian town on the Afping Plain on the Danube under the Austrian Empire. His father was a poor Slavic butcher and his mother was a serf in magyars. According to the law at that time, his family was at the bottom of society.

Part of their ancestors came from Hungary, and they were Xiongnu tribes who moved westward in China in the Han Dynasty. They were characterized by the fierce collision between eastern and western cultures and occupied a special position in European history. Due to long-term discrimination and oppression by neighboring ethnic groups, Hungarians are good at using poetry as a horn to inspire their national struggle for nearly a thousand years, and a large number of outstanding patriotic poets have emerged in modern times. /kloc-after the 0/7th century, Hungary has been ruled by the Austrian Empire, losing its independent status, and the uprising struggle for freedom broke out one after another.

Living in this environment, petofi was willing to listen to the legend of the uprising led by the national hero Hoss when he was a teenager. In the pub, he chatted with his companions about the story of the Hungarian people's struggle for independence, which left a deep imprint on his young mind. This "free forum" atmosphere has also greatly promoted the development and progress of petofi language. I can talk freely in Hungarian and Slovak at an early age, and I have a certain foundation in Latin.

1835, 12-year-old poor boy petofi had the opportunity to study in Aused. In three years, he showed his intelligence, completed his studies, and organized a progressive student group to read and study the history of the French Revolution and the works of Hungarian classical writers. 1838, petofi wrote the satirical poem Farewell with his virgin Petfi Sándor. This poem inherits and develops the tradition of Hungarian classical poetry, and initially embodies the characteristics of the popularization of poetic language that he followed all his life. He is a soldier, a wandering actor and an assistant editor of Pace Fashion. Rich social experience deepened his creative source.

1846 In September, 23-year-old Petofi met Sendley Yuria, the daughter of Count Naudts, at the dance. The purity and frankness of this slim and beautiful girl with pale blue eyes made the young poet fall in love at first sight, but the earl who owns a lot of land estates refused to marry his daughter to a poor poet like petofi. In the face of resistance, petofi's affection for Julia maesa is still irresistible. In half a year's time, he sent out a series of love poems, such as to Julia maesa, I am a loving person, you love spring, the bleak autumn wind whispered in the forest, and gave me twenty kisses at once. The treasures in these lyric poems encouraged You Liya to break the shackles of his father and family and enter the wedding hall with Petofi a year later.

At this moment, the European land has been surging with the torrent of revolution, and the uprising of the Hungarian people is also like surging magma. Petofi's honeymoon was mixed with joy and melancholy. Unwilling to indulge in private life, he wrote the famous proverb poem "Freedom and Love": "Life is precious, love is more expensive …" This masterpiece is a touching poem, which inspired the progressive youth in the world in the next hundred years. 1848 In the spring of Petfi Sándor, ethnic and class contradictions in Hungarian under Austrian rule reached a fever pitch. Petofi witnessed the people being invaded and enslaved and shouted, "Are we going to be slaves for generations? Will we never have freedom and equality? " The poet began to closely link the ideal with the revolution, determined to rely on the poor people to fight, and wrote a series of concise poems as a horn to inspire people to move towards the national democratic revolution.

He and other leaders of the uprising agreed on the uprising in a cafe in Perth and adopted the political program "Twelve Articles" aimed at bourgeois reform. That night, petofi wrote "Song of the Nation" of the uprising:

Get up, Hungarians, the motherland is calling!

It's time, it's not too late!

Do you want to be a free man or a slave?

Choose for yourself, that's the problem!

15 in the morning, the March Uprising in Perth, which shocked the world, began. More than 10000 insurgents gathered in front of the National Museum, and petofi recited his Song of the Country in public. The insurgents were thunderous and quickly occupied Budapest, making it the center of the European revolution at that time. In April of the following year, the Hungarian Parliament also adopted the Declaration of Independence and established the Republic. Engels once pointed out: "Hungary is the only country that completely abolished farmers' feudal obligations in law and practice since the March Revolution. "

In the face of the Budapest Uprising, the Austrian emperor Ferdinand, who was determined to maintain the old order in Europe, immediately joined forces with Russian Tsar Nicholas I, and 340,000 Russian-Austrian allied forces violently pressed Hungary with a population of only 5 million. At the time of national crisis, petofi wrote to Bem, the most skillful general: "Please let me go to war with you. Of course, I will still try my best to serve the motherland with my pen ... "In the war-torn year of 1848, petofi wrote as many as 106 lyric poems. In June 5438+the following year 10, petofi became a major officer. He wrote poems and took up arms directly against the Russian-Austrian Coalition forces. On March 15, a student uprising broke out in Pace, the capital of Hungary. Petofi, a patriotic poet and democratic revolutionary, led the uprising. The purpose of this revolution is to abolish the feudal system and liberate Hungary from Austrian rule. On the morning of March 15, more than 10,000 revolutionary people gathered in front of the National Museum in the rain. petofi publicly recited his battle poem "Song of the Nation" written on the night of the Vienna Uprising on March 13. The uprising team led by Petofi, led by the Hungarian tricolor flag, advanced to the largest Landner printing house in China and seized the printing house with "in the name of people". They broke through the censorship of books and newspapers, printed petofi's Song of the Nation and Twelve Articles drafted by Jokay Moore, and carried out bourgeois reform. The uprising team rushed to Buda prison and released Tan Qiqi Mihai, a political prisoner who was detained for founding Workers Daily. In Song of the Nation, petofi raised the most acute question of that era: "To be a slave or a free man?" He shouted so passionately: Hungarians, get up, the motherland is calling! It's time, it's not too late! Willing to be a free man or a slave! You choose, that's the problem!

The rule of the Austrian royal family and the oppression of the domestic feudal monarchy forced the peasants to revolt many times to resist foreign aggression and the oppression of the landlord class. 15 14 The peasant uprising led by Dorje Jurji, first in Transylvania and then all over Hungary, shocked European countries and laid a profound ideological foundation for the bourgeois democratic revolution of 1848.

On March 15, the uprising and procession continued until late at night. The whole Budapest is boiling. The streets are decorated with colored lights and flags, and portraits of petofi are hung everywhere. On the night of the uprising, Governor Bunker, the famous tragedy of Kotono Iurov's resistance to German rule, was staged at Perth National Theatre. Petofi's "Song of the Nation" has been set to music, and a solemn and stirring song rang out from the audience, which made the attendees burst into tears. As soon as the song stopped, everyone invited Tan Qiqi, who had just been released from prison, to give a speech at Mihai Station. Petofi wrote in a copy of his diary on March 15: "Hungarian Freedom, I salute you on the day you were born! I pray for you and fight for you, and now I am the first to welcome you. My happiness is so boundless. " Petofi thinks it is a shame for a nation to live like an ox or a horse without independence and freedom. In the history of Hungary in 1848, ethnic contradictions and class contradictions reached a fever pitch. Petofi, like the Hungarian working people, witnessed the long-term invasion and enslavement of the motherland by the Turkish and Austrian empires, and they themselves suffered greatly. Why can't they devote themselves to their own liberation? Petofi believes that it is time to seize political power and master the destiny of the country. We should unite and hold high the flags of Dorje Giurgi and Lacozhi ferenc, the leaders of the peasant uprising, and March forward to the revolution. It's time to ascend the throne with a saber in hand and cut off the king's head. So Petofi wrote to arani on March 2 1, saying: "I think the revolution is a violent change!" In a copy of his diary on March 17, he wrote: "Everything we demand should be obtained by force." Petofi is completely different from liberal writers, and the revolution must take the road of armed forces.

The Pace Uprising led by Petofi affected all classes in Hungary. The revolutionary wave is pounding remote and backward villages and farmhouses. On March 18, the serfdom was abolished, and the farmers in the northwest automatically got up and divided the land of the manor owners equally. In Bakersfield and Jonah, the rebels occupied the barons' pastures, rushed into the document management office and burned all the title deeds and documents.

Divide the land equally among the poor farmers. Petofi spoke highly of the heroic behavior of the peasant uprising. He compared the wave of people's uprising to a flood, praised the power of the flood, let the flood roar and wash away the decadent feudal system. 1849 In the summer of Petfi Sándor, the Hungarian Revolutionary Army fought to the last moment under the oppression of a strong enemy. On the morning of July 3 1, General Bem formed a cavalry unit with 300 men who could fight, and specifically told petofi to stay before the battle began. However, the poet disobeyed the general's orders and set off behind the cavalry. These heroic Hungarian fighters were quickly submerged and melted when they stuck with enemies several times their own. The thin poet was surrounded by two Russian Cossack cavalry, and a machete came at him fiercely. The poet dodged, but at the same time another sharp spear pierced his chest and the poet fell down in pain. ...

In the following decades, the Hungarian people no longer wanted to believe that their poet was dead, and legends kept appearing. Some people said that they had seen him in a farmer's house, while others said that they had seen petofi in Russia after being captured. The Hungarian parliament also conducted a special investigation, but it is disappointing that this "witness" has never been a soldier and has not been captured. ...

After the resistance of the Hungarian people, the Austrian Empire was forced to sign an agreement with Hungary in 1867, recognizing that the dual regime of the United States of America could be established on the premise that the Austrian emperor was the unified head of state, and the country name was also changed to Austria-Hungary. The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed at the end of World War I, and Hungary achieved complete independence at the end of 19 18.

Petofi died at the age of 26, leaving behind a 22-year-old wife and a 1.5-year-old son. He wrote more than 800 lyric poems and 8 narrative poems in his life, in addition to more than 800,000 words of novels, political essays, plays and travel notes, quite a few of which were completed in the war. Such a high output is very rare in the history of European literature.

Petofi occupies a unique position in the literary history of Hungary and even the whole nation. He laid the foundation stone of Hungarian national literature, inherited and developed the fighting tradition of enlightenment literature, and was praised as "a thorny rose growing on the fertile black land soaked with slave blood". For more than a century, petofi, as the banner of national liberation and literary revolution, has also been recognized by progressives all over the world. His famous poems are still widely read today.