Summary of geography knowledge points in senior two

The first chapter looks at China from the world.

1. Location: Hemisphere (Eastern Hemisphere, Northern Hemisphere), land and sea (East Asia, the west coast of the Pacific Ocean), advantages (most of them are located in the middle latitude, belonging to the north temperate zone, with few tropics and no frigid zone)-both land and sea.

2. Vast territory: area: 9.6 million square kilometers.

China has four borders: East-Wusuli River, South-Zengmu shoal, West-Pamir Plateau and North-Mohe River.

Population: 1, the most populous country in the world; 2. China government regards family planning as a basic national policy; 3. Population dividing line: Heihe-Tengchong line (densely populated in the east and sparsely populated in the west).

5. Ethnic groups: 56 (Han nationality and 55 ethnic minorities), of which Zhuang nationality has the largest number.

Sixth, ethnic distribution: Han people are all over the country, with the most concentrated in the east and middle; Ethnic minorities are concentrated in the southwest, northwest and northeast of China.

Seven, ethnic distribution characteristics: large mixed residence, small settlement.

Chapter II Natural Environment of China

I. Topography and landforms

Topographic features of China: high in the west and low in the east, with a ladder-like distribution. Divided into three steps

Level 1: The first and second dividing lines between Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Qaidam Basin.

Kunlun Mountain, Qilian Mountain and Hengduan Mountain

Grade II: Tarim, Junggar, Sichuan Basin, Yunnan-Guizhou, Loess and Inner Mongolia Plateau.

Daxinganling, Taihang Mountain, Wushan and Xuefeng Mountain

Level 3: Northeast China, North China, Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River,

The terrain is complex and diverse:

Four plateaus: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau and Loess Plateau.

Three plains: the Northeast Plain, the North China Plain and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

Great basin: Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin, Qaidam Basin and Sichuan Basin.

Mountainous Daxinganling, Changbai Mountain, Taihang Mountain, Qinling Mountain, Kunlun Mountain, Himalayan Mountain, Tianshan Mountain, etc.

Hills Shandong hills, Liaodong hills, southeast hills, Guangdong and Guangxi hills

Second, climate.

Temperature: North-South difference (latitude influence) winter-great difference.

The temperature is generally high in summer (except the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau).

Precipitation: the difference between east, west, north and south. The general trend is decreasing from southeast coast to northwest inland.

Climate characteristics: monsoon climate is remarkable: tropical, subtropical and temperate monsoon climate.

Complex and diverse: in addition to the above three, there are plateau mountain climate and temperate continental climate.

Three. Rivers and lakes

Neiliu River-Neiliu Lake-Neiliu Lake-the largest lake in China (Qinghai Lake)

The largest (long) inland river (Tarim River) in China.

Outflow River-Outflow Area-Outflow Lake-Freshwater Lake China's largest river-Yangtze River Golden Waterway, a treasure house of hydropower.

Poyang Lake, the largest outflow place of Hu in China.

The longest and earliest artificial river in the world-the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal.

The Yellow River originates from the Bayan Kara Mountains in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and flows into the Bohai Sea in a zigzag way.

The Yangtze River originates from Nyainqentanglha Mountain, and the east peak of Gladang has the longest length, the largest water volume and the widest drainage area, and flows into the East China Sea.

Chapter III Natural Resources in China

1. Natural resources: sunlight, forest, land, minerals, water, etc. This is valuable for human beings.

2. Classification of natural resources: renewable resources: land, forest, water, etc.

Non-renewable resources: minerals.

3. Evaluation of China's resources: the total amount is rich and the per capita is insufficient.

4. Land use types: cultivated land, woodland, grassland and construction land.

5. Water resources: The freshwater resources used by human beings are mainly rivers, lakes and shallow groundwater.

6. The temporal and spatial distribution of fresh water resources in China is uneven: in time, precipitation is concentrated in summer, and less in winter and spring.

Space: Nanfeng is lacking in the north.

7. Solution to uneven distribution of water resources in time and space: build reservoirs and transfer water across basins (South-to-North Water Transfer-Yangtze River System) to save water.

Chapter IV Economic Development of China

First, transportation-the "vanguard" of economic development.

1. Modern modes of transportation: railway, highway, water transport, aviation and pipeline.

2. Distribution: The traffic network density is high in the eastern region and low in the western region.

3. Railway transportation is the most important mode of transportation in China:

North-South trunk line-Jingha-Beijing-Guangzhou line, Beijing-Shanghai line and Beijing-Kowloon line.

East-west trunk line-Longhai-Lanxin line, Beijing-Baotou-Baolan line

Second, agriculture-the basic industry of the national economy.

1, classification: planting, animal husbandry, forestry, fishery and sideline.

2. Agricultural development (according to local conditions)

3. Ecological agriculture (mulberry fish pond, biogas)

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Chapter V Geographical differences in China.

1. Geographical regions are diverse: administrative regions: provinces, counties and townships (34 provincial administrative regions: 23 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities directly under the Central Government and 2 special zones).

Natural areas: topographic areas, climatic areas, etc.

Economic regions: industrial areas, agricultural areas, special economic zones, etc.

Climate and temperature are tropical, subtropical, warm temperate, middle temperate and cold temperate.

Rainfall is humid, semi-humid, semi-arid and arid.

2. Four geographical regions of China: northern region, southern region, northwest region and Qinghai-Tibet region.

Significance of Qinling-Huaihe line

The dividing line between north and south

1 month 0℃ isotherm

800 mm isoprecipitation line

The dividing line between subtropical zone and warm temperate zone

The dividing line between dry land and paddy field

The dividing line between humid and semi-humid areas

North-south difference

Boundary temperature, precipitation and vegetation agriculture

south

Qinling-Huaihe River

1 month Paddy fields of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest above 0℃ and above 800mm: rice, sugarcane and rape.

(two or three seasons a year)

Dry land of temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest below 800mm below 0℃ in North China 1 month: wheat, beet and peanut.

One crop a year or three crops every two years.

Traffic and water transport with steep roofs and high walls

Land transportation with small roof slope and thick wall

Arid Northwest China: Tarim River, the largest inland river in China.

Tarim Basin, the largest basin in China.

Taklimakan Desert, the largest desert in China.

Cold Qinghai-Tibet Region: the highest plateau in the world-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world.

Abundant solar and geothermal resources (Lhasa)-"Sunshine City"

Four Pastoral Areas in China:

Three hippos and three cows in the pastoral area of Inner Mongolia

Fine wool sheep in Xinjiang pastoral area

Yaks and Tibetan sheep in Qinghai pastoral area

Tibetan pastoral area

Chapter VI Understanding Provinces and Regions

1, Beijing-(northern region) is located on the northern edge of North China Plain, facing Bohai Sea.

National political and cultural center and international exchange center.

Location of NPC Standing Committee-Great Hall of the People

Zhongnanhai, where the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council are located.

Zhongguancun is the earliest experimental zone for high-tech development in China.

Places of interest: Great Wall, Forbidden City, Zhoukoudian ape-man site, Summer Palace, Temple of Heaven, etc.

2. Hong Kong and Macau: (Southern Region)

Located at the southeast end of Chinese mainland, on the east and west sides of the Pearl River estuary (east to Hongkong (Shenzhen) and west to Macau (Zhuhai)).

Hong Kong is a vast country with a small population: Hong Kong Island, Kowloon, New Territories, 1997.7. 1 Returning to Heaven-building tall buildings.

Going out to sea-reclaiming land from the sea

Macau: Macau Peninsula, Taipa Island, Coloane Island, 1999. 12.20 Return trip.

3. Taiwan Province Province: Located in the southeast of Chinese mainland.

Northeast China Sea, South South China Sea, West Taiwan Province Strait and East Pacific Ocean.

Taiwan Province Island (the largest island in China), Diaoyu Island and Penghu Islands.

The laudatory name of Taiwan Province Island is: Treasure Island of the Motherland, Pearl of the Southeast China Sea, Asian Natural Botanical Garden, Hometown of Fruits, Camphor Kingdom, Sea Rice Warehouse and Oriental Sweet Island.

Economic characteristics: import-processing-export economy (processing trade economy)

4. Xinjiang: the largest province in China.

Terrain: "Three Mountains and Two Basins" (Three Mountains refer to Altai Mountain, Tianshan Mountain and Kunlun Mountain)

(Two great basin refer to Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin)

Characteristic agricultural products: cotton, sugar beet, various fruits and vegetables.

Population and agriculture are mainly distributed in (oasis); Water diversion project: karez;

Oil and gas resources: West-East Gas Transmission (Shanghai-Lunnan)

In summer, there is enough heat and strong light, which is beneficial to the coloring of fruits and vegetables.

The large temperature difference between day and night in summer is beneficial to the accumulation of sugar in fruits and vegetables.

The summer climate is hot and dry, and the irrigation water source is stable-high quality cotton.

Chapter VII Understanding the Regions in the Province

I. Pearl River Delta:

1, located in the southeast of Guangdong Province, at the lower reaches of the Pearl River, adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, across the sea from Southeast Asia, with convenient land and water transportation, is known as the "South Gate" of China.

2. The mode of cooperation between Hong Kong, Macao and the Pearl River Delta region is "store in front and factory in back"

3. Four industrial zones in China.

Shanghai is a comprehensive industrial base dominated by light industry in the Pearl River Delta, the core of Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou industrial base and the largest industrial city in China.

Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou area is the largest comprehensive industrial base in China.

Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan area is the largest comprehensive industrial base in northern China.

South-central Liaoning, a famous heavy industry base in China.

2. Xishuangbanna: Located in the southwest border of China, south of Yunnan (mainly Dai).

Rich in tourism resources, rich in animal and plant resources, looking up to the sky, plate-shaped heels, strangled plants, single tree into a forest

"Tropical Animal Kingdom" green peacocks, Asian elephants, etc.

Various ethnic customs, Dai Bamboo House, Water-splashing Festival, peacock dance, etc.

Hainan Province and Xishuangbanna are the most intact places where the original tropical rain forest in China is preserved.

Chapter VIII Understanding Inter-provincial Regions

1. Loess Plateau: 1, starting from Taihang Mountain in the east, reaching Wushaoling Mountain in the west, the Great Wall in the north and Qinling Mountain in the south.

2. It is the loess accumulation area in the world, and it is also the area with the most serious soil erosion in China.

3. Landscape: loess beam, loess plateau and loess promontory.

4. Natural disasters: droughts and floods, mudslides, landslides and collapses.

2. Areas along the Yangtze River: 1, starting from Shanghai in the east and reaching Panzhihua in Sichuan in the west.

2. Take the Yangtze River as the axis, form an "H"-shaped economic pattern, take east and west as the link, and radiate north and south through the north-south flow direction and the north-south railway trunk line.

Four megacities: Chongqing, Wuhan, Nanjing and Shanghai, surrounded by three stoves (except Shanghai).

The upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration have formed the embryonic form of "automobile industry corridor".

Three major problems facing mankind in today's world: population, resources and environment.

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