What should I do if a fire breaks out while traveling and staying in a hotel?

As a practitioner in the hotel industry, I know this aspect quite well. The following fire escape knowledge should help you!

1 In the initial stage of a fire, can you escape from the fire?

Most of us think we know what a fire looks like; we've experienced many such scenes in movies and on television. But if you and I acted like movie stars in a fire, we would be dead in no time.

For example, you are sleeping upstairs, and a flaming wastebasket sets the curtains in the living room on fire. The flames spread to the wall, and the smoke alarm goes off, and the sound wakes you up. Approximately how long do you have to leave the house? (1) 2 minutes; (2) 5 minutes; (3) 10 minutes; (4) 15 minutes.

The correct answer is the first one.

The National Fire Protection Council lit a wastebasket in the living room of an experimental house and recorded the time it took for the wastebasket to catch fire and cause a fire. 2 minutes later, the smoke alarm went off. Three minutes later, the temperature in the living room rose to a lethal level of 500 degrees Fahrenheit, and the room downstairs was filled with toxic smoke. Four minutes later, the aisles upstairs and downstairs were no longer passable. After a while, those still in the house will be smoked to death or burned to death.

In the event of a real fire, there is no time to pack away valuables, put on a coat, or call the fire department—all things most people think they have to do before it is too late. Fire is explosive. As temperatures rise and gases accumulate, objects can not only burn, but can also cause jumping flames, or many things to burn at the same time.

Suppose you are asleep and the smoke alarm suddenly goes off. What will you do? (1) Get out of bed quickly and see what happened; (2) Call the fire station; (3) Lower your body and slowly move to the door.

The correct answer is the third one.

If there is a real fire and smoke appears, standing upright will kill you in a short time.

One of the things that most people don’t know about fires is that the heat at a fire scene can be astonishing. When we watch the fire scene in the movie, everything is very clear. But in a real fire scene, you can basically see nothing. You may become so disoriented that you may not know where the windows and doors are even in a room you have been living in. If you take just a few breaths while standing, carbon monoxide can suffocate you. As smoke and heat rise, the air is cleaner and easier to breathe closer to the floor.

Let’s say you hear a smoke alarm going off in that hypothetical bedroom. What would you do? (1) Open the door quickly; (2) Touch the door with the back of your hand to see if it has become hot; (3) Open the door slowly and observe the situation outside through the crack in the door.

The correct answer is the second one.

If the door is hot and you open it, the smoke and fire that enter the bedroom will kill you. If the door is not warm, the fire is probably not that big and you can escape the room through normal means.

If you encounter thick smoke in the stairs or hallway after leaving the room (be sure to close the door behind you to prevent the fire from spreading), stop immediately and do not try to exit the room. Escape from a fire, and don't hide in attics or closets that are inaccessible to others.

Go back to the room where the fire has not yet reached and close the door. A closed door can provide insulation. A standard wooden door will buy you an extra 15 minutes - enough to escape via a second route. Metal doors, like those used in most buildings, can make flames inaccessible, buying you more time.

Suppose you live on the 16th floor of a high-rise dormitory building. It is impossible for you to leave through the window, and the corridor is filled with smoke. What should you do? (1) Retreat to your house and call the fire department; (2) Place wet towels around the door; (3) If you need air, carefully open a window and check for nearby fire first; ( 4) Stay near a window and call for help from a firefighter.

The above methods are all correct. Never ride in an elevator unless directed to do so by the fire department. Because the power supply system may have a short circuit, trapping you inside. If you can't leave the house, lower yourself closer to the lower part of a window so you can get fresh air. A damp towel on the door frame can prevent smoke from seeping in.

A party guest drops a cigarette among the cushions on your living room couch. How long will the cigarette burn slowly before the couch bursts into flames? (1) 15 minutes; (2) 30 minutes; (3) 1 hour; (4) more than 3 hours.

The correct answer is the fourth one.

Careless smoking is the main cause of fire casualties. This is partly related to the fact that it takes such a long time for fires caused by cigarettes to be discovered. By the time the fire breaks out, everyone may have fallen asleep.

Since fires caused by smoking take longer to detect, it is best to install a smoke alarm on the first floor of the house and outside every area where you sleep.

Many people believe that if they fall asleep, the smell of smoke will wake them up. This is a wrong idea. The carbon monoxide gas in smoke can suffocate you before you even smell it.

A pot of cooking oil burns on the stove. How long do you have to put out the fire? (1) Within 2 minutes; (2) 5 minutes; (3) 7 minutes; (4) 10 minutes.

The correct answer is the first one.

Never try to put out a stove fire with water, as it will cause burning cooking oil to scatter. It is best to extinguish the fire with a properly sized fire extinguisher, but you can also use a lid or toast soda to slowly suffocate the fire. If you don't put it out within two minutes, leave the room.

Almost everyone will encounter some form of fire in their lifetime. Understanding fire and learning how to deal with it is the best fire insurance you can get.

2 When you encounter a fire, how do you escape and save yourself?

1 When opening the door, touch the doorknob with the back of your hand first. If the doorknob is hot or smoke comes out from the door gap, do not open the door. Touch it with the back of your hand first because the heat transfer ratio of metal doorknobs is lower than that of metal doorknobs. The door frame is fast, and the back of your hand will immediately retract as soon as it feels hot

2. If the door handle is not hot to your hands, you can open a crack to see if you can get out, and put your feet against the bottom of the door to prevent the hot air from blowing the door open. If there is a fire outside the door, opening the door will blow up gusts of wind, fueling the fire. Opening the doors and windows is like fanning the fire, so all doors and windows should be closed as much as possible

3. Climb forward as the smoke spreads from top to bottom. , the closer to the ground, the thinner the smoke, easier to breathe, and clearer vision

4 If the exit is blocked, try opening the window or walking to the balcony, and close the balcony when you walk out Door

5 If you live upstairs, and the floor is not too high from the ground, and the landing point is not on a hard ground, you can hold the window and hang it outside the window and straighten your arms to shorten the distance to the ground. . Although doing so may cause sprains and fractures of limbs, it is an active survival after all. Before jumping off, release one hand, use this hand and both feet to push yourself away from the wall and jump off. Only when there is really no other way can you jump from a high place. Or use all the useful things around you (such as sheets, sheets, etc.) to tear up the long rope and tie it to the furniture, and climb to the ground along the rope.

6 If you want to escape through a broken window, you can use something (harder object) you can grab to smash the glass, clean up the broken glass pieces, and then escape along the window. If there is nothing you can do, close the door, open the window, and shout for help. When calling for help on the balcony, you should first close the doors and windows at the back.

7 If there is no balcony, try to prevent the fire from spreading while waiting for rescue

8. Sprinkle water on the wood, doors and windows to prevent the fire from spreading, and use wet cloth to block the doors, windows and door gaps to prevent the fire from spreading. Smoke and flames entered the room to avoid being burned alive. If there is a fire in the adjacent room, do not open the door and move out from the window or balcony. If you open the door rashly, hot air and thick smoke can take advantage of it and make you suffocate. If you suddenly find a fire while sleeping, don't panic. You should lie on the ground and crawl forward, because there will be residual fresh air near the ground. Don't gasp for air, but breathe slowly.

9 In the event of a fire, use indoor water, wet towels, cloth, etc. to cover your mouth and nose as much as possible.

3 What are the tips for escaping from a fire?

There are many techniques for escaping from a fire. Some experts have summarized the 13 tips for escaping from a fire as follows based on past experience:

The first tip: rehearse the escape and stay calm in the face of danger.

Everyone should have a clear understanding of the structure and escape routes of the building where they work, study or live. If necessary, emergency escape rehearsals can be organized to make everyone familiar with the fire protection facilities and equipment in the building. Self-rescue and escape methods. In this way, when a fire occurs, there will be no desperate situation.

Please remember: rehearse beforehand,

Second tip: Be familiar with the environment and secretly memorize the exit.

When you are in an unfamiliar environment, such as staying in a hotel, shopping in a shopping mall, entering an entertainment venue, etc., for your own safety, be sure to pay attention to the evacuation passages, safety exits, and staircase directions, so that you can escape as soon as possible at critical moments. Flee the scene.

Please remember: When you are safe, you must reserve a path for yourself based on the actual situation.

The third trick: the exit of the passage is unobstructed.

Stairs, passages, safety exits, etc. are the most important means of escape in the event of a fire. They should be kept clear and unobstructed. Do not pile up debris or lock gates so that they can pass safely and quickly in an emergency.

Please remember: if you cut off your own retreat, you will surely die.

The fourth trick: put out small fires and benefit others.

When a fire occurs, if it is found that the fire is not large and has not yet posed a great threat to people, when there are sufficient fire-fighting equipment around, such as fire extinguishers, fire hydrants, etc., efforts should be made to control the small fire. Put it out; never scream and run around in panic, ignoring a small fire and causing a big disaster.

Remember: race against time to extinguish "incipient fires" while also protecting yourself.

The fifth trick: stay calm, know the direction, and evacuate quickly.

When encountering a fire suddenly and facing heavy smoke and fire, you must first force yourself to stay calm, quickly judge the dangerous and safe locations based on your usual familiarity with the environment, decide on escape methods, and evacuate the dangerous area as soon as possible; Never blindly follow the flow of people and crowd or bump into each other. When evacuating, you should pay attention to overcoming the difficulty of low visibility. Run towards a bright place or an open area outside. Try to run below the floor. If the passage has been blocked by fireworks, you should leave with your back to the direction of the fireworks and go to the balcony, transom, rooftop, etc. Outdoor escape.

Please remember: Only when people are calm can they come up with good ideas.

The sixth trick: Don’t go into danger and don’t be greedy for money.

In a fire scene, human life is the most important thing. When you are in a dangerous situation, your first priority is to evacuate as soon as possible. Don't waste your precious escape time on dressing or looking for and moving valuables out of shyness or concern for valuables. People who have escaped from dangerous situations must not return to dangerous areas and throw themselves into a trap.

Please remember: keep the green hills, even if there is no firewood.

The seventh trick: simple protection, crawling with your nose covered.

Most of the evacuees have to pass through smoke-filled routes before they can leave the dangerous area. Preventing smoke poisoning and suffocation is the first step in fire scene escape and self-rescue. In order to prevent people from being choked by the thick smoke at the fire scene, you can use a towel or mask to cover your nose and crawl forward. Smoke is lighter than air and floats in the upper space. Traveling close to the ground is the best way to avoid inhaling smoke and filter out poisonous gases.

To pass through the fireworks blockade area, you should wear gas masks, helmets, flame-retardant and heat-insulating clothing and other protective equipment. If you do not have these protective equipment, you can pour cold water on your head and body or use wet towels, wet quilts, wet blankets, etc. Wrap your head and body well before rushing out.

Remember: It’s better to have multiple protective tools at hand than bare hands.

The eighth tip: Make good use of the passages and do not enter the elevator.

Generally, buildings will have more than two escape stairs, passages or safety exits. When a fire occurs, you must choose a relatively safe stair passage according to the situation. In addition to using the stairs, you can also use the balconies, window sills, roofs, etc. of the building to climb to safe places around you. You can also escape by sliding down the stairs along the protrusions in the building structure such as downpipes and lightning protection lines. In high-rise buildings, the power supply system of the elevator may be cut off at any time in the event of a fire or the elevator may be deformed due to heat, causing people to be trapped in the elevator. At the same time, because the elevator shaft is like a continuous chimney that leads directly to each floor, toxic smoke is a direct threat. The lives of the trapped people are at risk, so never take an ordinary elevator to escape.

Please remember: when escaping, taking the elevator is the most dangerous.

The ninth trick: Escape slowly and slide the rope to save yourself.

High-rise and multi-story public buildings are generally equipped with high-altitude descent devices or lifeline ropes, through which personnel can safely leave dangerous floors. If these specialized facilities are not available, the safe passage is blocked, and rescuers cannot arrive in time, you can quickly use the ropes around you or sheets, curtains, clothes, etc. to make a simple lifeline and wet it with water. Slowly slide along the rope from the window sill or balcony to the floor or ground below for safe escape.

Please remember: if you are brave and careful, the lifeline is always at your side.

Tenth tip: Stay in the refuge place and wait for help.

If you touch the door and it feels hot, once you open the door, flames and thick smoke will inevitably rush towards you; this has proven that all escape routes have been cut off and no one will be rescued in a short period of time. . At this time, you can create a refuge place and wait for help. First of all, you should close the doors and windows facing the fire tightly, open the doors and windows facing away from the fire, use wet towels or wet cloths to plug the door cracks, or soak the quilts with water to cover the doors and windows, and then keep drenching the room with water to prevent the penetration of fireworks, and stay in the room. until rescuers arrive.

Please remember: Why should a strong shield be afraid of a sharp spear? Man can conquer fire!

The eleventh trick: Throw slowly and gently to seek help.

Persons who are trapped by fireworks and cannot escape temporarily should try to stay on balconies, windows and other places where they are easy to be discovered and where they can avoid the proximity of fireworks. During the day, you can shake brightly colored clothes out of the window or throw light dazzling objects; at night, you can use a flashlight to flash in the window or tap on things to send out an effective distress signal in a timely manner and attract the attention of rescuers. Because firefighters groping along the walls when entering the room, when they are suffocated by smoke and lose the ability to save themselves, they should try to roll to the wall or door to facilitate the search and rescue by firefighters; in addition, rolling to the wall can also prevent the house from The structure collapsed and injured him.

Remember: Only by fully exposing yourself can you save yourself.

The twelfth trick: Do not run away when the fire has reached your body.

If people at the fire scene find that their bodies are on fire, they must not run away or beat them with their hands, because running or beating will create wind, which will accelerate the replenishment of oxygen and promote the fire. When your clothes are on fire, you should quickly take off your clothes or roll on the spot to extinguish the flames. It is more effective if you can jump into the water in time or have someone pour water on you or spray fire extinguisher.

Please remember: Although rolling on the spot is embarrassing, you can avoid being burned by the fire.

The Thirteenth Strategy: There is a skill in jumping off a building to survive despite the damage.

People who are exposed to fire smoke often suffer from extreme mental terror and are close to collapse. Their panic can easily lead to desperate and harmful behaviors, such as jumping off a building to escape. It should be noted that the method of jumping from a building should only be used when firefighters have prepared life-saving air mattresses and commanded to jump off the building, or when the floor is not high (generally below 4 floors) and people will burn to death if they do not jump off the building. Even if there is no way out, if your life is not seriously threatened, you should calmly wait for rescue by firefighters.

Jumping from a building also requires skills. When jumping from a building, you should try to jump to the middle of the air cushion, or choose a direction with a pool, soft awning, grass, etc.; if possible, try to hold some soft items such as quilts and sofa cushions or open a large umbrella Jump down to slow the impact. If you jump from a building with bare hands, be sure to grab the window sill or balcony and let your body hang down naturally to minimize the vertical distance. Before landing, you should hold your head with both hands and bend your body into a ball to reduce injuries. Although you can survive by jumping off a building, it will cause some damage to your body, so be careful.

Please remember: jumping off a building does not mean committing suicide. The key is to have a way.

4. Psychological misunderstandings about fire escape

Faced with billowing smoke, ferocious fires and heat waves, why are some people able to face danger without fear and successfully escape the disaster and recover? newborn? And some people are eager to survive and want to take one step beyond the point of death, but the result is counterproductive and they die early? In this, escape psychology plays an important role.

In order to escape safely in a fire, in addition to learning some common sense of self-defense and self-rescue, you must also work hard to overcome certain psychological misunderstandings during escape. The psychological misunderstandings in escaping mainly include the following types: panic psychology, habitual psychology, light-seeking psychology, extroverted psychology and blind obedience psychology.

(1) Panic psychology

It is a common human habit to feel fear in a fire. Panic is a psychological state caused by people in an extremely unbearable and terrifying environment. When escaping, panic can lead to some unreasonable and irrational behaviors, often with unfortunate consequences. For example, some people are overwhelmed by the thick smoke and jump from high-rise buildings to their deaths; some people see a fire and just run in the opposite direction regardless of whether there is an exit; at the fire scene, the deceased is often found squatting in the corner of the house or stretching his head. These are irrational behaviors caused by panic and fear. Panic is just an irrational behavior of some individuals at first, but because panic is contagious, it will spread to everyone very quickly, often leading to uncontrollable fear and unnecessary heavy casualties.

(2) Habitual psychology

This kind of psychology is often manifested in that people will only evacuate towards frequently used entrances, exits and stairs. Even if they are crowded there and block the exits, they still try to escape. They fight for the way and refuse to leave. On the one hand, because of the disaster, people huddle together to relieve their psychological loneliness and fear; on the other hand, it is also due to lack of understanding of the environment, uncertainty about other exits, and even lack of understanding of safe evacuation exits, including Which stairs and doors and windows. Especially when it comes to building fires, most people are accustomed to running down when they hear the fire alarm, but when encountering smoke, they will rush up again. The smoke speed is 3-4 meters/second, which is much faster than the speed of people going upstairs. During this round trip Among them, the best opportunity to escape was delayed, and even lives were lost. For example, when a fire breaks out in a hotel or theater, most tourists and spectators are accustomed to evacuating through the original entrance and rarely find other exits and stairs to evacuate. Out of habit, some people only look for other ways to evacuate even when the original way out is blocked by fireworks and there is no way to go, even in the place where they live, but it is often too late.

(3) Phototropism

People have the habit of gravitating toward light, so they have the instinct to move toward bright directions and open spaces. For example, when there is smoke in the hotel corridor, if one end of the corridor is dark and the other is bright, people will generally evacuate in the bright direction. Phototaxis is sometimes beneficial, but if you are in an unfamiliar fire environment and blindly run away in the direction of light, you can easily stray into dangerous situations, such as "bag corridors" in buildings, which are very dangerous.

To avoid straying into dangerous escape routes, you must be familiar with your environment. When we enter a relatively unfamiliar building, we have to go to the corridor to take a look at the location of the alarm, evacuation exits and stairs. This kind of carefulness is very necessary. Only by developing a habit and knowing what is known can we be saved at critical moments. One life.

(4) External psychology

When a fire breaks out, people’s survival instinct usually prompts people to always want to run outdoors. This is okay for low-rise buildings with simple structures, but For high-rise buildings with more complex structures, this idea is unrealistic, because in environments with higher floors or more complex structures, it will take a longer time for people to run outside, which will delay escape. timing. Therefore, it is sometimes not the best idea to just run away during a fire. When there is no way to escape, you must choose a relatively safe place to take refuge and wait for the arrival of the fire brigade. Of course, even if you choose to take refuge in an evacuation room, it can only be temporary. The purpose is to evacuate as soon as possible or be rescued safely. Therefore, you should consider and prepare for the next step when choosing to take refuge.

(5) Blind obedience psychology

Blind obedience psychology is a continuation of panic psychology, which is manifested in the loss of normal judgment ability in fire danger, lack of independent opinion, following the crowd, and regardless of the consequences. For example, they follow the crowd and run blindly, without knowing where they are going or whether they can get out; for example, their sense of bewilderment increases sharply, and when they see people jumping down from upstairs, they jump down with them. I don’t care about the consequences of jumping. To be precise, the behavior caused by this kind of blind obedience is no longer a normal escape. The occurrence of many fires involving mass deaths and mass injuries is closely related to the negative consequences brought about by this blind obedience.

Based on the above analysis of escape psychology, it is not difficult to see that once a person goes into a misunderstanding psychologically during an escape, it is as dangerous as a person walking into a misunderstanding in a fire scene. In order to escape safely in a fire, in addition to possessing a certain degree of fire awareness and mastering certain self-prevention and self-rescue knowledge, we must also work hard to overcome various psychological barriers, get out of psychological misunderstandings as soon as possible, and cultivate good escape psychological qualities. Lead yourself into a safe zone at the critical moment.

Why is thick smoke from fires the biggest cause of fire deaths?

Statistics at home and abroad show that among the deaths caused by fires, only a small number of people are directly burned to death. 80% of them die from smoke poisoning, or are poisoned and comatose first and then burned to death. The general toxicity of smoke from fires includes:

1 Toxic effects of various toxic gases: Carbon monoxide is produced when various items are burned, and hydrogen cyanide, Hydrogen chloride, phosgene and other highly toxic gases can cause coma and death soon after inhalation.

2 Thermal burns to the respiratory system caused by high-temperature gas and smoke: Soft tissues such as the nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi, and lungs in the human respiratory system will cause mucous membrane burns as long as they encounter hot gas or smoke above 70 C. Congestion, hemorrhage, blisters, and even tissue necrosis.

3 Hypoxic suffocation: In normal air, oxygen accounts for 21%. In a fire scene, the burning of combustible materials reduces the oxygen content, especially in a closed environment. Once a fire breaks out, the oxygen content will decrease rapidly. When the oxygen drops to 16% to 12%, people will have headaches and shortness of breath; when the oxygen drops to 14% to 9%, people's judgment will be slow, they will appear intoxicated, and purple spots will occur; when the oxygen is lower than 10% to At 6%, the person's consciousness becomes unclear, convulsions, and death.

6. How does the smoke from the fire spread?

The smoke produced by burning materials has a high temperature, averaging about 500 C, and has thermal expansion. The pressure generated inside the smoke causes the hot smoke to billow out, causing the diffusion and spread of the smoke.

1 Fire smoke is a buoyant gas

Fire smoke is a buoyant gas due to high temperature. Once a fire breaks out in a building, smoke first floats on the ceiling and flows along the ceiling to the outdoors (such as corridors and windows). Therefore, in a fire scene, the place close to the ground is a relatively safe place. An important principle for escape is to lie on the ground, so as to avoid inhaling thick smoke and being directly attacked by high temperature.

2 Chimney Effect

Due to the high floors of modern buildings, vertical passages such as stair passages, elevator passages, pipelines, etc. form vertical passages like chimneys, which is the "chimney effect" ".

Since the "chimney" has a strong draft effect, the smoke flows upward at an extremely fast speed and accelerates the burning speed of the fire items. Therefore, when a fire occurs, the stairwells and elevator rooms of the building are the most dangerous places.

3 The speed at which thick smoke spreads

According to tests, the vertical upward flow speed of smoke can reach 2-3 meters/second, while the horizontal flow speed is 0.5-1.0 meters/second. In comparison, the horizontal running speed of a single person is 4-6 meters/second, even if there are many people and it is crowded, it can reach more than 2 meters/second, while the speed of people going up the stairs is only about 2-3 meters/second, which is not the same as the horizontal running speed of a person. Smoke spreads upwards at a constant speed; therefore, if you evacuate upwards along the stairwell in a crowded situation, you are in danger of being killed by the smoke.

7 How to escape if you are woken up by thick smoke in your sleep?

A) Do not panic, the first thing to do is to observe where you can escape. A moment can determine life or death; B) Cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel; C) Lower your posture and crawl along the floor (there is residual air within 20 cm from the ground); D) Stand by the window, with curtains or sheets torn into pieces. Connect the pipes, crawl down along the water pipe billboards, telephone poles, or escape from the outdoor safety ladder; E) Children can be wrapped in quilts and hung from the window with ropes; F) When passing through the flames, the clothes they are wearing should be soaked in water. Wet or soak with quilts, blankets, etc. and then wrap yourself up and rush out quickly; G) If there is a fire alarm at night, you should first notify the people sleeping upstairs to escape, and do not just focus on fighting or escaping yourself; H) Smoke rises much faster than going up the stairs It comes quickly, so you should quickly escape to the ground in case of fire; I) Do not jump from the building to avoid casualties from falling.

8. If a fire breaks out in a shopping mall on the first floor of a building, can the people trapped in the building escape from the thick smoke?

(1) If you are on the first floor, when you see smoke spreading in front of you, you must leave within 2 minutes. Three minutes later, the room was filled with toxic smoke. Four minutes later, the thick smoke made it impossible to identify the direction. If time passes, those who remain in the house will be killed by the smoke.

(2) If you are on the second or third floor and suddenly see smoke, you should run downstairs immediately without waiting for a second; if you look left and right again, you must wait until you are convinced If a fire breaks out before initiating escape operations, it may be too late. If the delay reaches 1-2 minutes, the chance of getting out of the fire is very small.

(3) If you are on the fourth floor or above and suddenly see smoke, the possibility of you rushing out of the building facing the thick smoke is extremely low. At this time, you need to consider how to escape through other passages, or hide in a safer room to make next plans.

7. How do people call for help when they are trapped indoors in a fire?

When a fire occurs, the situation is complicated. People are trapped indoors. Sometimes they do not understand the surrounding fire conditions and cannot evacuate the fire scene for a while. Due to the fierceness of the fire, the doors and windows were sealed, and it was easy to get lost in the smoke.

When people trapped in a building by fire call for help, it is difficult for people outside to hear them. Because the raging fire forms a wall of fire, it is actually very difficult to call for help. People trapped at this moment should stay calm and lie on the ground and call for help. Because the fire rises along the air flow, in low places where combustible materials have been burned or there are still unburned areas, the sound waves calling for help can be transmitted outward through these gaps. In this way, the outside world can easily hear the cry for help and can try to rescue them in time.

8 If you are trapped in a fire scene, which floor is safer to wait for rescue?

If you learn that the building is on fire and find that the stairway has been blocked by thick smoke; you run up and find that the rooftop door has been sealed. Where are you going to hide next?

Many people think that the highest floor of the building is the farthest from the fire source and therefore the safest, so they stay on the highest floor to avoid the fire. This is a fatal mistake. The smoke rises rapidly along the stairs and soon reaches the top floor. At the highest level, smoke is blocked and accumulated, where the smoke concentration and temperature are highest. Even if you have wisely hid in the room, the thick smoke will first spread to the corridors and rooms on the highest floor. The high temperature is enough to cause the wooden door of the room to burn. When the wooden door is burned, the thick smoke will pour into the room. Only after the top layer is filled with thick smoke will the smoke layer further drop to the next lower layer.

Prior to this, the smoke density and temperature on each floor were much lower than those on the top floor.

Therefore, when you find a roadless rooftop on the highest floor, you should not stay on the top floor, but quickly go down to the middle floor that is far away from the fire source and the top floor, and hide in a room with a strong door and a water source in the house. room waiting for rescue.

9. How to choose an evacuation room?

When people trapped in a fire cannot rush out of the building, they must choose a safe place in the building - that is, the refuge room to take shelter temporarily and wait for rescue. So how should you choose an evacuation room?

First, choose a room facing the street, because that way you can easily observe the fire situation and get in touch with the rescuers through shouting, gestures, etc., which is of great benefit in obtaining timely rescue.

The second is to choose a room with a balcony, so that you can easily get rescue, and you can also try to escape downstairs through the balcony in an emergency.

The third is to choose a room that is easily accessible from the stairwell.

10 How to correctly judge the fire situation in the room next to the door?

When there is a fire in the room next to the door, if you open the closed door rashly, you will often be attacked. The intense heat and thick smoke made it impossible not only to escape but also to close the door again, and instead caused a fire to enter the house.

To determine the fire situation in the room next to the door, you can generally use the following methods. When the door surface feels warm, it means that a serious fire has occurred in the partition door. To determine whether the temperature rises by touching the door, the higher it is from the ground, the better. Leaving the perimeter of the door to feel the door surface temperature is very effective for hollow metal doors. However, it is not effective for metal fire doors and solid wooden doors with high thermal insulation, so sometimes a cold facade cannot guarantee that the partition door will be safe. It is a very effective way to check whether there is smoke flowing in from the door crack. Most of the smoke should flow from the upper part of the door. But relying on smoke alone to determine a fire threat is not always reliable when a house's ventilation system is operating or fire-resistant hard door gap seals are installed. When the door is exposed to flames for less than 1 minute, the bottom of the metal door handle can be felt to heat up. Therefore, it is usually an effective and reliable way to detect whether there is a fire in the partition door by touching the bottom of the handle on the all-metal through-door door with your hand to see if the bottom of the handle heats up. method.

11What should you pay attention to when jumping or dying?

In a fire, if you are trapped on the third floor or above, jumping off the building is a very dangerous behavior. Even if you do not die, you will be seriously injured. Do not underestimate the fatality of jumping off the building. When encountering a fire, usually as long as we take protective measures in advance, such as closing the door in time to block the smoke, cooling the door with water, using sheets as escape ropes, etc., we will rarely be forced to jump off the building. Many of the current cases of people jumping to their deaths could have been avoided. In the case of death by jumping, measures should be taken to reduce the injuries caused by jumping:

First, hold some soft items such as quilts and sofa cushions, which can slow down the impact.

The second is to choose to jump downstairs to the asbestos tile carport, flower beds, lawns, pools, riversides or trees with lush foliage, which can reduce the degree of casualties.

Third, when jumping with bare hands, you should hold your head tightly, bend your body, and roll up into a ball. This can reduce the possibility of your head hitting the ground.

Note: Do not choose to escape by jumping off a building unless it is absolutely necessary.