Brief Introduction of Classical Gardens in Song Dynasty in China

Classical gardens; Social background; Prosperity; In the Song Dynasty, the landlord and small-scale peasant economy was very developed, the urban commerce and handicrafts were unprecedentedly prosperous, and capitalist factors had been bred in the feudal economy. However, the Song Dynasty was a dynasty whose national strength overwhelmed the weak. After the heyday of Sui and Tang Dynasties, it was at the beginning of decline. The contradiction between economic development and national strength overwhelming the weak leads to ups and downs, extravagance and waste and morbid prosperity in court and social life. Under the influence of this social atmosphere, all emperors and ordinary people are building and gardening extensively. Royal gardens, private gardens, temple gardens and so on. Its construction quantity is large and its distribution is wide, even more than that in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The richness and diversity of individual and group images and sketches in gardens; The cultivation techniques of ornamental trees and flowers have been improved, and methods such as grafting, introduction and domestication have appeared. Stone products have also become widely used as gardening materials, especially in Jiangnan area. All these provided technical support for the extensive development of gardens and also marked the maturity of gardening at that time. The civil servants in Song Dynasty had a high position and were good at poetry and painting. The poems of intellectuals in Song Dynasty mainly focus on emotional life, describing scenic spots, tea, wine, calligraphy and painting, flowers and trees, courtyard springs, stones and so on. Garden poems and garden words became a main category of poetry in Song Dynasty. Painting reached its peak in the Five Dynasties and the Song Dynasty. Landscape painting in Song Dynasty attached great importance to decorating scenery with various buildings. Picture composition highlights the elements of human landscape to a certain extent, indicating the gardening tendency of natural landscape. Scholars widely participate in landscape planning, and accordingly cultivate their interest in landscape architecture. Some of them directly participated in the planning and design of gardens, and some wrote articles describing some famous gardens, thus developing a literary genre of garden records. A large number of literati gardening activities gradually formed the literati gardens in Ming Dynasty, which further contributed to the prosperity of literati gardens in Song Dynasty. Religion and Buddhism developed to the Song Dynasty, and various sects began to merge. Zen and Pure Land Sect became the main sects, and Zen was especially powerful. Also completed the final course of China, and became the authentic China Buddhism. Correspondingly, the gardens of Buddhist temples are more similar to private gardens, and the tendency of secularization is more obvious. Taoism absorbed the teachings of Buddhism in the early days and imitated the Buddhist ritual system. In Song Dynasty, Taoism moved closer to Buddhism. Taoist gardens, like Buddhist temples, show an obvious trend of convergence and secularization to private gardens. To sum up, the development of politics, economy and culture in Song Dynasty promoted the maturity of gardens and contributed to the prosperity of gardening. The prosperity of gardens in Song Dynasty can be found in many documents. 1 Tokyo Garden in Northern Song Dynasty As the capital of Northern Song Dynasty, Tokyo must be the gathering place of royal gardens. The royal gardens in Tokyo are the Imperial Palace and the Imperial Palace. The former belongs to Hou Yuan, Yanfu Palace and Genyue. The latter are distributed inside and outside the city, including Xiefang Garden, Yujin Garden, Jinmingchi Garden and Yichun Garden. And the Yanfu Palace and Genyue built at that time. Moreover, Genyue is particularly famous. It is not only a famous garden in the Northern Song Dynasty, but also a symbol of the maturity of China classical gardens and an epoch-making garden work. In addition to the imperial gardens in Tokyo, there are also a large number of private gardens and temple gardens in the surrounding areas of cities and suburbs. In the literature, teahouses, hotel gardens and public gardens have also been built. Around the capital, there are gardens, and there is no land within a hundred miles. There are many Buddhist temples and Taoist temples in Tokyo, and most of the temple gardens are open to the public during festivals or special periods. In addition to religious gatherings and temple fairs, temples and public activities of temples are also a major content, so these gardens have the function of urban public gardens. Att

Li, a poet in the Song Dynasty, wrote an article about the famous gardens in Luoyang, which recorded his experience, which was heavier than the 19 garden at that time, and most of them used the base site of the abandoned gardens in the Tang Dynasty. Among them, 18 is a private garden, of which 6 buildings are attached houses: Fuzheng Park, Huanxi Park, Huyuan, Miaoshuai Park, Roy and Dazimiao Park; 18 is an independently built leisure park: Dongshi West Park, Dongshi East Park, Du Paradise, Liushi Park, Congchun Park and Shuibei Hushi Park. This is an important document about private gardens in the Northern Song Dynasty. It describes the overall layout of the recorded gardens and the landscape composed of mountains, ponds, flowers and trees, which can represent the general situation of private gardens in the Central Plains. According to the description of more than a dozen famous gardens in Luoyang, four points are worth mentioning: (1) Apart from the houses attached to luxury houses, most of the gardens are built independently; Luoyang's private gardens are famous for planting flowers and trees; There is a large forest landscape, and a certain area in the park is used as a garden for planting flowers, medicines, fruits and vegetables; There is no mention of building rockeries with stones in the recorded gardens, which shows that at that time, the private gardens in the Central Plains were mainly earthen mountains, and only a few stones were used in places with special needs, such as building caves, which were rarely or even used. The image of buildings in the courtyard is rich, but the number is small and the layout is sparse. In the middle of the garden, one part is used as an ornament of the garden landscape, and the other part is used to overlook the garden landscape at the same height. The naming of buildings can point out the characteristics of the landscape and has certain artistic conception, such as Sijing Hall, Woyun Hall, Hanbi Hall and Zhi Zhi Temple. Lin 'an, a garden in the Southern Song Dynasty, is Hangzhou, with West Lake in the west, mountains on three sides and Qiantang River in the east. It has always been a city with beautiful scenery. Like Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty, the royal garden in Lin 'an, China is both the imperial garden in ouchi and the royal garden in the palace. There is only one palace, which is the backyard of Miyagi Garden District. There are many palaces and gardens here. Deshou Palace and cherry orchard are in outer cities, and most of them are located in scenic spots, such as Ji Fang Garden on the bank of Hubei. Yuhu Garden and Jujing Garden in the East Lake, Pingshan Garden and Nanyuan Garden in the south bank of Hunan, Xiangyan Garden and Qiongyuan Garden in the small and medium-sized isolated mountain in the lake, Meigang Garden and Mutong Garden in the north mountain, etc. These royal gardens overlook the West Lake and have two peaks. Pavilions and pavilions, dancing in tibetan songs; The four seasons are different, and the joy is endless. The rest are located along the Qiantang River in the southern suburbs of the city and scenic spots in the eastern suburbs, such as Golden Garden and Garden. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the construction of private gardens reached an unprecedented scale. As the imperial palace of the Southern Song Dynasty, Lin 'an was not only the political, economic and cultural center at that time, but also the beautiful lakes and mountains. All these provide superior conditions for folk gardening. Therefore, since Shaoxing reached a peace agreement with the Jin people in the 11th year of the Southern Song Dynasty, which formed a relatively stable situation, the grand occasion of private gardens in Lin 'an has surpassed that of Tokyo and Luoyang in the Northern Song Dynasty. There are nearly a hundred kinds of private garden names mentioned in various documents. Most of them are distributed in the West Lake generation, and the rest are distributed in the urban area and Qiantang Lake in the southeast suburb of the urban area. Therefore, as early as the Song Dynasty, Jiangnan has become the most prosperous area of folk gardening activities, laying the foundation for Jiangnan gardens to be the best in the world.