Who can introduce a city in Berlin, Germany in detail, including economic and political tourism?

Berlin (German: Berlin), the capital and the largest city in Germany, has about 3.4 million residents. Berlin is located in the northeast of Germany, surrounded by Brandenburg. Rivers from spree river and Havel flow through the city. Berlin is a transportation hub between East and West Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea in the north and the Czech Republic in the south, with a distance of less than 200 kilometers.

Basic profile

Berlin is located in the center of Europe and is the intersection of eastern and western cultures. The city covers an area of 883 square kilometers, of which parks, forests, lakes and rivers account for about a quarter of the city's total area. The whole city is surrounded by forests and grasslands, just like a big green island. The population is about 3.39 million.

Berlin has been the capital of the Germanic Empire since the Prussian dynasty in19th century. Berlin became a trading market town as early as13rd century, and developed into a local political, economic and cultural center in17th century. It was the capital and largest city of Germany before World War II. After the war, East and West Berlin parted ways and developed independently. With the reunification of Germany in 1990, Berlin ended the situation of one city, two systems and became the capital of Germany again. Berlin is the main traffic artery between East and West Europe, with a distance of less than 200 kilometers from the Baltic Sea in the north and the Czech Republic in the south.

Berlin's economic and cultural undertakings are very developed. Bird's-eye view of Berlin, surrounded by forests, lakes and rivers, the city seems to be immersed in a green ocean. Spree river flows slowly through the city from the south. The TV tower in Alexandria Square is surrounded by modern hotels, shops, conference halls, teachers' halls and other large buildings, which are magnificent in spirit and beautiful in shape. Courfez Tengdam Commercial Street is 3 kilometers long, with shops, clothing stores and galleries. The famous Bodhi Tree Street is the most famous boulevard in Europe.

In addition, Brandenburg Gate, Notre Dame Cathedral with 800 years history, city hall, ancient buildings on the museum island, "Crystal Palace", the official and Humboldt University are also very famous. The ancient Chatterburg Palace is surrounded by Egyptian Museum, Antique Museum, Early Prehistoric Museum, Applied Art Museum and other important cultural buildings, which contain many precious cultural relics and artworks. There is an octagonal new church on the straight side of the ancient memorial church of Emperor William. 1957 The silver conference hall on the mussel roof is one of the representative works of modern architecture.

Berlin is also one of the important cultural and academic exchange places in the world, with a modern international conference center. The biennial Berlin International Film Festival also attracts the attention of world-class movie stars and movie lovers.

physioclimate

Berlin is located in the lowland plain of northeast Germany, with an average elevation below 70 meters and high latitude, so the temperature is low all the year round. However, Berlin is very beautiful even when the lake freezes, but there is no doubt that it is a city suitable for summer tourism. Because Berlin began to pick up in May, Berlin began to enter the "severe winter" after September, so it is best to avoid traveling in winter when traveling to Berlin.

Berlin is a transitional climate between temperate maritime climate and temperate continental climate, with an average annual temperature of 9.4℃. It is cold in winter,1the average temperature in October is-1℃; It is cool in summer, and the average temperature in July is 18℃. The annual precipitation is 580 mm, which is evenly distributed during the year, but it rains a little more in summer. Snowfall often occurs in winter, accounting for about 1/4 ~ 1/5 of the total annual precipitation. The average annual snow cover period is 50 days.

geographical environment

The moraine plain, located in the north of Germany, is low and slightly undulating, with an average elevation of 35 meters. The highest natural point is at Fort Roitz, 66 meters above sea level. Spree river runs across the city and flows westward into Havel River. The latter twists and turns, forming a series of Havel lakes, with Lake Miguel and other lakes at the eastern end. Great lakes become the water source of the city, and several large forests are distributed among them. Because there are many forests and lakes, it is called "the capital of forests and lakes".

The development of history

Brandenburg principality

Berlin is a very old city. Originally a swamp in the northeast of the Elbe River, there were two settlements of West Slavic tribes, named Berlin and Cohen (C? Lln). It was not until the12nd century that the Germans expelled the Slavs who settled here that they established two villages and towns along spree river and adopted their Slavic names. Berlin, built in 1237, is located on the east coast of spree river where merchants live, and Cohen is located on the west coast of spree river. It is a fishing village.

1307, Berlin and Cohen merged into one city, named Berlin, and became an important commercial center under the rule of Ashcar family. /kloc-In the 4th century, Berlin joined the Hanseatic League, which is an important commercial alliance between the Baltic Sea and Northern Europe. But at this time, Berlin was just a wild town in the frontier of the holy Roman Empire.

14 1 1 year, Frederick, a family from the southwestern German family, became the governor of the border (Markgraf), pacified the war in this area and became the elector of Brandenburg. From 14 15, Berlin became the capital of the elector of Brandenburg. From 1640 to 1688, Frederick William I (the great elector) initiated the cultural and artistic prosperity of Berlin, built palaces, armories, churches and Potsdam Palace, and won the reputation of "Athens on Carnival" for Berlin.

Prussian kingdom period

170 1 year, the elector Frederick I was crowned king of Prussia, and Berlin became the capital of Prussia. Beginning with Frederick William I and frederick the great in the18th century, Berlin built a large number of Baroque and Rococo-style buildings in the west of the medieval old city, forming a new urban area named "Friedrich Stadt". Its western border is three squares and gates: Paris Square and Brandenburg Gate; Leipzig Square and Potsdam Gate; Union Square and Belle Union Square and Harley Chester.

Berlin was occupied by Austrian and Russian troops in the Seven Years' War and by French troops in 1806. Although the city was not seriously damaged, Napoleon ordered the carriage of the goddess of victory at the Brandenburg gate to be dismantled and transported back to France, and 18 14 was returned.

Since the19th century, Berlin has expanded on a large scale again. Architects Langhans and Schinkel built many neoclassical memorial buildings, such as National Theatre, Ancient Museum, National Art Gallery, Brandenburg Gate, Tielia Street, and many museum buildings on the museum island: Old Museum, New Museum, National Art Gallery, Pagemont Museum and Emperor Frederick Museum. Berlin thus won the title of "Athens on Carnival".

On the other hand, Linnaeus, director of Prussia Royal Gardens, made an excellent plan for the urban greening of Berlin, built a large-scale urban green belt with Berlin Zoo as the center, and built a Berlin "East-West Axis" consisting of Linden Street and Charlottenburg Street, connecting the government area in the east of Berlin with the commercial and garden areas in the west.

18 10, Berlin university was founded. Starting from 1837, Prussia began the process of industrialization and established Siemens and other factories in Berlin. 1848 during the revolution, there was also an uprising in Berlin.

During the German Empire,

1862, William I appointed Bismarck as prime minister. 187 1 year, Berlin became the capital of the German Empire. 1894, the architect Vallot built the parliament building.

By the beginning of the 20th century, Berlin had reached the level of London, new york and Paris in industry, economy and urban construction, and became another world political, economic and cultural center. During this period, Berlin built a large number of roads, bridges, subways and station buildings, as well as luxurious office buildings, commercial areas and residential areas. 1900, the population of Berlin has reached 2.7 million.

Weimar Republic

World War I did not bring serious damage to Berlin, but in 19 19, a worker uprising and a civil war broke out in Berlin. 1920 There was a Karp riot. On April 27th of the same year, Berlin and its surrounding eight towns and 59 villages merged into "Great Berlin", and the population of Berlin doubled overnight, reaching 4 million. While suffering from the economic crisis in the 1920s, Berlin has also entered a period in which new thoughts and new arts emerge one after another, which is called the "Golden Art Age" in Berlin.

The Third Reich.

193365438+1On October 30th, Hitler became German Chancellor. On February 27th of the same year, there was an arson case in Congress. 16 Olympic Games was held in Berlin in 1936, and Nazi Germany used it as a window to show itself. 1938 in the crystal night incident, there was an incident of smashing and looting Jewish property in Berlin.

1939 When World War II broke out, Hitler dreamed of building Berlin into the capital of his European empire after the war and renamed it "Germania". His royal architect speer designed a huge sand table model for this purpose.

In the later period of World War II, Berlin was devastated by the allied air strikes and the attack of the Soviet Red Army. 1943165438+1On October 22nd, the Royal Air Force sent 764 bombers to launch a large-scale bombing operation in Berlin, destroying the whole area from Tiergarten and Charotenburg in the east to Spandau and Siemens Stadt in the west. From 1943, 165438+ 10 to 1944, "Berlin Campaign" launched 13 large-scale air raids on Berlin, of which 9 air raids exceeded 500, destroying the urban areas, suburbs and 0/3 of Berlin. 90% of the buildings in the urban area were destroyed, all the trees were cut down, and the hydropower system was also damaged.

On April 6th, 1945, the Soviet Red Army mobilized 22,000 artillery pieces of the Belarusian army and 10 group army to start a general attack on Berlin. /kloc-in may, the flag of the Soviet red army was planted at the Brandenburg gate and the parliament building. Germany surrendered on May 8th.

Cold war period

With the victory of the Allied Forces in the Second World War, not only Germany, but also Berlin was divided into two parts according to the administrative divisions of Berlin before the war-East Berlin controlled by the Soviet Union (including 12 area in 23 areas before the war) and West Berlin controlled by the United States, Britain and France. Berlin became the gathering place of the Soviet-American Cold War.

1948, in order to oppose the currency reform carried out by the Allies in West Germany and force the Allies to withdraw from Berlin, the Soviet Union blocked Berlin for half a year. Allied forces foiled the Soviet air raid attempt in Berlin.

On June 1953 and 17, workers in East Berlin staged an uprising to protest against the decline in living standards, which was soon suppressed by Soviet troops. 1958165438+1010, Khrushchev declared that the occupation of Berlin by the four great powers was outdated, demanded that the United States, Britain and France withdraw their troops from West Berlin, and said that within six months, West Berlin would become a "free city" where Soviet troops could freely enter and leave.

The Berlin Wall was built in East Germany on August 196 13 due to the influx of East German residents into West Berlin and West Germany through the undefended Berlin border. 10 year10.25, American tanks drove to the Charlie checkpoint south of Friedrich Street, trying to enter East Berlin and confronted Soviet tanks 90 meters away 16 hours. Since then, Berlin has become the forefront of ideological confrontation between East and West.

Due to various historical problems and institutional defects, 1989, people in eastern Europe launched a great protest against socialism and the regime of the * * * production party. 1989165438+1Late at night on October 9, East Germany was forced to declare the Berlin Wall open. 1990101On October 3rd, Germany was unified and Berlin held a grand celebration. The Berlin Wall was torn down.

199 1 year, the german parliament voted to move the capital from Bonn to Berlin before 2000. Since then, Berlin has begun a large-scale reconstruction work. The new parliament and the prime minister's office are built in the north of the parliament building. Potsdam Square, once a warning zone covered with mines at the foot of the Berlin Wall, has now become the commercial center of Berlin. Germany has regained its position as the cultural and economic center of Europe.

administrative division

Berlin was originally divided into 23 districts. 200 1, 1, Berlin implemented administrative reform and merged 23 districts into 12 districts (Bezirke). Each district is subdivided into Stadtteile, which represents the traditional urbanized areas. After the administrative reform, the reorganization among local governments continues. At present, there are 96 local governments in the whole 12 area of Berlin, and each local government consists of several streets (Kiez).

The 12 district in Berlin has its own district council (Bezirksamt) and five judges (Bezirksstadtr? Te) and a district head (Bezirksbürgermeister). Members of the District Council are elected by the District Council. However, the district of Berlin is not an independent city, because the power of the district government is limited, and it belongs to the senators of Berlin. The heads of districts form district councils, which are led by the mayor of Berlin and make suggestions to the senators in Berlin.

Provinces do not have their own governments.

Demographic situation

The total population (2006/11) is 3.405 million.

Population density is 38 18/km? (9889/mi？ )

Urban area 3.7 million

Metropolitan area 4,262,480

General situation of economy

Berlin is a major industrial area in Germany. Motor, electronics, instrumentation are the most developed industries, followed by machinery, metallurgy, chemical industry, clothing, food processing, printing and other departments. Industries are mostly distributed in industrial areas on the edge of cities such as Spandau, Charlotte, Creutzberg, Temperhoff, Kepernik and Treptow. Agricultural land accounts for a considerable proportion of Berlin's area, providing it with vegetables, fruits, flowers and so on. It is a distribution center for wheat, oats and other agricultural products produced in nearby areas, especially in the eastern inland areas. The traffic is developed, and there are traffic arteries such as Ring Road and expressway, which meet with many railways. In addition, the air corridor can easily connect major cities in China and other European countries.

traffic network

Berlin is an internationally renowned big city with a dense population and a tourist city. But there is no traffic jam at all, because private cars generally don't go. People either take the subway, light rail, bus or ride bicycles. There are 65,438+00 subways and 65,438+05 light rails in Berlin, some of which are circular, and most of them pass through and radiate outward, interwoven into a large network, extending in all directions, forming one of the largest transportation networks in Europe. The interval between vehicles is very short, and there is an electronic prompt at any time, which car will arrive in a few minutes. Most people going to Berlin go in and out by train. Instead of taking a taxi, they take the subway and transfer to the light rail, which is very convenient. So the environment and sky in Berlin are relatively clear.

Go sightseeing

Berlin's economic and cultural undertakings are very developed. A bird's eye view of Berlin is surrounded by forests, lakes and rivers. The city seems to be immersed in a green ocean, and spree river flows slowly through the city from the south. The TV tower in Alexandria Square is surrounded by modern hotels, shops, conference halls, teachers' halls and other large buildings, which are magnificent in spirit and beautiful in shape. Courfez Tengdam Commercial Street is 3 kilometers long and has many shops, clothing stores and galleries. The famous Bodhi Tree Street is the most famous boulevard in Europe. In addition, the Brandenburg Gate, Notre Dame Cathedral with 800 years of history, the ancient buildings on the city hall and museum island, the "Crystal Palace", the National Palace and Humboldt University are also very famous. The ancient Chatterburg Palace is surrounded by Egyptian Museum, Antique Museum, Early Prehistoric Museum, Applied Art Museum and other important cultural buildings, which contain many precious cultural relics and artworks. There is an octagonal new church on the straight side of the ancient memorial church of Emperor William. 1957 The silver conference hall on the mussel roof is one of the representative works of modern architecture.

Brandenburg Gate is located on the southwest edge of Mitterrand district of the city. It used to be the Arc de Triomphe as a symbol of Berlin. It was built in 179 1 year, all made of ivory granite, and a bronze statue of victory stands on the gate. Bodhi Tree Street extends to the east of Brandenburg Gate, which is a boulevard with a length of 1.2km and a width of 60m. There are many palaces on both sides, which complement modern architecture. William Street runs through Bodhi Street from north to south, which was once the activity center of Hitler's government. In the east of Alexandria Square, there is a new office building, which is the seat of the former East Berlin municipal government. There is a magnificent palace next to it, all inlaid with giant special glass. This is the building where the People's House of the former GDR held its meeting. There is the former Empire State Building on the west side of Brandenburg Gate, which has been partially restored. Parliament building was completed in 1957, located in Gaten district of Sidir. It is one of the representative works of modern architecture, and hundreds of international conferences are held here. At the western end of this area is Berlin Zoo, which was built in 184 1, and is one of the largest zoos in the world. In the southwest of Tiergarten District, Kul Fierst Dam Avenue extends, flanked by modern shops. Berlin Botanical Garden and Botanical Garden were built in17th century. They were originally royal gardens, which were rebuilt after World War II. There are large lakes and forests along the Havel River in the west of the city, and the Olympic Stadium in the north. It was specially built by 1936 for hosting the 1 1 Olympic Games. There are swimming pools, skating rinks, tennis courts and racetracks covering an area of 100 hectares around the stadium. There are also Humboldt University (built in 1809), Free University, College of Arts and Sciences, Museum, Library, Opera House and other cultural facilities in the city, and cultural undertakings are developed. Due to the special history and pleasant landscape, the tourism industry is developed.

Famous scenic spots: Berlin Central Station, Museum Island, German Chancellery, German Science and Technology Museum, German National Museum, Parliament Building, Brandenburg Gate, June 17 Street, Bodhi Street, Charlie Checkpoint, Berlin TV Tower, Potsdam Square, Imperial Palace, St. Hedwig Cathedral, Berlin Cathedral, Nikolai Community, Alexander Square, Berlin Zoo, and Emperor-elect.

Recreation and physical education

Berlin lies on the main road between East and West Europe. Berlin seems to be immersed in a green ocean, and spree river flows slowly through the city from the south. Prussian style ancient buildings and modern commercial skyscrapers complement each other. Berlin is rebuilding as a "cultural capital", with three opera houses, a large orchestra, dozens of theaters and countless world-class museums. The buildings in Berlin are colorful and spectacular. There are magnificent Friedrich Square in baroque style, schenkel Theatre in neoclassical style, magnificent palaces and works of world-famous modern architectural schools. Berlin is a famous cultural city, and there are almost cultural festivals all year round.

culture

There are many opera houses, theaters and orchestras in Berlin. There are also a lot of cinemas, nightclubs and dance halls.

Berlin Deutsche Opera House

state opera under den linden

Komische operation

Berlin orchestra

Schopihaus in Berlin.

Berliner Philharmoniker

sports

List of sports teams in Berlin: Harbin Berlin (Bundesliga Football League)

1936 Berlin successfully hosted the Olympic Games.

education

There are four famous universities in Berlin:

Free University of Berlin

Humboldt University

Technical University of Berlin

Berlin University of the Arts

outstanding

Karl Friedrich Schinkel

John gottfried Johann Gottfried Schadow.

Wilhelm Von Humboldt

Alexander von Humboldt

Kurt Tucholsky

Marlene Dietrich

Bertolt Brecht

Erich Muhsam

Walter Gropes

A. Hitler

sister city

Los Angeles (1967)

Paris (1987)

Madrid, Spain (1988)

Istanbul, Turkey (1989)

Moscow, Russia (1990)

Warsaw, Poland (199 1)

Budapest, Hungary (199 1)

Brussels, Belgium (1992)

Jakarta, Indonesia (1993)

Tashkent, Uzbekistan (1993)

Mexico City, Mexico (1993)

Beijing, China (1994)

Tokyo, Japan (1994)

Buenos Aires, Argentina (1994)

Prague, Czech Republic (1995)

Windhoek, Namibia (2000)

London, England (2000)