Are there any special signs on the map?

The classification and color of 1. symbol are the same as those of other topographic maps. Cross-country maps also require a complete and detailed representation of landforms, water systems, buildings, roads, vegetation and boundaries, which is the so-called "six elements of maps". According to the special needs of orienteering, FIBA divides the symbols of cross-country maps into five categories: landforms, which are expressed in brown. This symbol also includes hills, small depressions, earth cliffs, gullies, steep slopes, earth walls and other special symbols representing the detailed form of the ground. Rocks and stones are represented in black. Rocks and stones are special forms of landforms, which can not only provide useful reference for reading maps and fixing points, but also show athletes whether they are dangerous or runnable. In order to distinguish it from other landform symbols, this kind of symbol uses black. Water system and muddy land (swamp), represented by blue. This symbol includes open water system and aquatic or swamp plants. Vegetation, represented by blank or yellow-green common dyeing. It is very important to distinguish and express vegetation in detail. Vegetation is expressed according to the following basic principles:

—— White (blank) refers to the area where the density of trees on the general undulating ground is moderate, and shrubs or weeds on the ground can run at normal speed without hindrance.

-Yellow blank area. It is divided into open space, semi-open space and messy open space.

-Areas with high density of green forests. According to the operability, it is divided into jogging: reducing the normal running speed by 20-50%; Running difficulty: reduce the normal running speed by 50-80%; Traffic difficulty: the normal running speed is reduced by 80- 100%. The above differences in mobility depend on the forest ecology, such as tree species, density and the growth of dwarf trees, grasses, ferns, thorns and nettles. Man-made ground objects, represented by black. Including all kinds of road, house, fence, boundary and other map symbols. 2. The level of symbols

According to the frequency of various symbols appearing on orienteering maps around the world, and in order to promote the standardization of orienteering maps around the world, FIBA divides the symbols of orienteering maps into three grades:

A—— Applicable to various international competitions and world championships;

B- can be used for a certain terrain category;

C c———— Supplementary non-international common symbols for Grade A and Grade B in special terrain. In FISU 1982, there are 73 Class A symbols, 25 Class B symbols, and there is no uniform provision for Class C symbols ... 3. In order to show the terrain completely and in detail, and ensure the clarity and readability of off-road maps, the International Federation has stipulated the minimum size of symbols in off-road maps, as well as the principles and minimum intervals for dealing with the relationship between symbols that are close to each other. The size of symbols, the thickness of lines and the minimum distance between symbols are all based on the normal vision and map printing ability under daylight conditions. Usually:

—— Rock symbols, river and ditch symbols, with a minimum length of not less than 0.6 mm; ;

-A dotted line symbol with at least two paragraphs;

-A dot symbol with at least two points;

-The minimum area of silt should be two lines with a length of 0.5 mm;

—— Blue, green, gray and yellow common dyeing blocks and black spots, with a minimum area of 0.5mm2 on the drawing; The minimum area of blue, green and yellow spots is1.0mm2..

-The minimum distance between two lines of the same color, such as black and black, brown and brown, is O.15 mm; ;

-The minimum distance between the two blue lines is 0.25mm When several small and important features are close together, the smallest symbol is used to represent them, and when the size of the symbol exceeds the size of the ground features, these symbols only keep the correctness of their mutual position relationship, and the actual precise position has moved reasonably. 4. Graphical characteristics of symbols (excluding C-level symbols) No matter what kind of ground objects, their plane shape characteristics in the field can be understood as: face, line and point. So far, we find that the graphic features of various symbols on the map are strikingly similar to the shape features of real objects, and they correspond to each other. Area: This kind of symbol usually has a large area in the wild, including Woods, lakes, wide rivers, muddy land, buildings and so on. They are represented by symbols drawn on a ruler or outline symbols. We can directly measure the length, width and area of ground objects on the map, so some textbooks call such symbols "symbols expressed by scale". Linearity: Such symbols include rivers, highways, railways, narrow forest roads and stone walls. Their length is drawn on the map according to the scale, but their width is not expressed according to the scale, so this symbol is also called "semi-scale symbol". Dot: The area or volume of these symbols on the field is usually small, but their shape or function has obvious orientation function, which is an important reference for athletes to March. Such as puddles, stones, tower buildings, wells, etc. Represented by pattern symbols or dot symbols that are not drawn to scale. On the map, the point symbol itself does not represent the size or area of the feature, so it cannot be measured. This symbol has its own "anchor point", that is, the exact position of the ground object in the field:

Symbol example anchor point

■△×□●▲ In the center of the graph

The dotted line symbol at the center of gravity of the symbol is also called "symbol without scale".