Ancient wine vessels

A container with a round belly and a big belly, with a lid and four rings in the abdomen, can be used to draw rope. It was originally used to fetch water, and later it was often used to hold wine.

Bean, a container shaped like a tripod, is covered, uncovered, made of wood and bronze; Beans are important containers for meat and vegetables, but they are also used for wine.

Bucket, some people think that bucket and bucket are also a kind of wine container, but it is a kind of wine container with relatively large capacity.

Hmmm, also known as "three" in ancient books, is shaped like a knight, but larger than a knight, with a handle, a round mouth and two columns, and a three-pointed foot under the flat; There are also small mouths, flat bellies, hollow tripods, or prismatic or cylindrical; There are also four-corner feet, covered, square and rounded. You can drink warm wine, similar to the big glass now.

This is a device for mixing wine and water. The ancients held a ceremony, and they died if they drank. People who can't drink will drink wine mixed with white water, which is called "xuan wine". The shape of the bowl is generally a big belly, with a long stream in front, a handle in the back, a cover under it and three or four feet under it; During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, cups were in the form of round feet, much like later teapots.

China's famous ancient wine vessels

1. Four Yang Fang Zun

Early devices in the late Shang Dynasty. The original musical instrument was unearthed in Ningxiang City, Hunan Province on 1938. This is a large square statue found in China. It is 58.6 cm high and weighs nearly 34.5 kg. This statue is simple and beautiful in shape, using line carving and relief technology to organically combine plane images with three-dimensional relief, utensils with animal shapes. The whole utensil was cast in blocks in one go, showing a superb casting level. The four curly-horned goats at the four corners of Fang Zun bear the weight of the statue with a solid and powerful image, which makes this instrument with an upper length (52.4 cm) almost equal to the height of the device look tall and straight, rigid and without any top-heavy feeling. Sheep meant good luck in ancient times. Four sheep and four dragons represent the supreme weather in wine vessels with their relative shapes.

Since the 1930s, a large number of bronzes have been unearthed in Ningxiang, Hunan Province, where Siyang Fangzun came from. Unearthed bronzes are called Ningxiang Bronzes Group. Siyang Fangzun is the representative of Ningxiang bronze ware group and the earliest bronze ware unearthed in Ningxiang.

2. Scorpio people

Ancient is a kind of drinking vessel popular from Shang Dynasty to early Western Zhou Dynasty. The whole body is divided into three sections, the upper mouth and thin neck are containers, the middle abdomen is solid, which is called artificial abdomen in archaeology and the lower part is round foot. This modeling design conforms to the mechanical principle, reduces the center of gravity, enhances the stability of the vessel, and looks exquisite and chic without losing composure and solemnity. The most basic combination of wine vessels in Shang Dynasty was a glass of pouring wine. There are also combinations with others. Its shape is cylindrical, its body is tall and thin, mostly trumpet-shaped, and its whole body is X-shaped. In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, wine bottles were not ordinary drinking utensils. There used to be an idiom that you can't behave yourself, that is, the number of wine bottles is related to the status, personality and capacity of the drinker. Only people with high taste can use this kind of utensils.

Zhang Tian was a drinking vessel in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. The original vessel is 26 cm high and 65438 05 cm in diameter. Now in the Anyang team of the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. Open and tie the neck, thick square lips, inconspicuous abdomen, high circle feet. The neck is decorated with back leaf pattern and scale edge decoration. The abdomen is decorated with symmetrical letters, and the circle foot is decorated with hook-nose animal patterns. There are four triangular ridges from the neck to the circle, which are decorated with geometric patterns of human figures. It is a national first-class cultural relic with exquisite patterns and rare similar shapes.

Third step

Lei is a large wine container, which can also hold water, and occupies an important position in bronze ritual vessels. There is a saying in The Book of Songs Nan Zhou Juan Er that I care about his gold. The spring official in Zhou Li said: All sacrifices are made in big jars. The letter to Emperor Gui Ming also said that two pots were crushed, indicating that pots and pots are a group of wine containers with different capacities. Money appeared in the late Shang Dynasty and was popular in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period. There are two kinds of bows, square bow and round bow. The square bow appeared in the late Shang Dynasty, and the round bow existed in the Shang Dynasty and the early Zhou Dynasty.

There are (the last three games and the next one) wine containers in the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The original container has a height of 46 cm, a diameter of 23 cm, a belly depth of 38.5 cm and a weight of 18 kg. 1973 It was unearthed in Duquan Village, Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province, and is now in the Cultural Center of Fengxiang County, Shaanxi Province.

Flat hem, square lips, inclined neck, shoulders with a pair of animal heads and ears, arch and abdomen inclined, high circle foot. The neck is decorated with dragon patterns, the dragon looks up, the upper lip is long, curled and drooping, and the tail is rolled up. Six large vortex patterns on the shoulder are alternately arranged with the variant Kuiwen. The abdomen is decorated with drooping banana leaves, each of which consists of two opposing dragons. The circle foot is decorated with two strings.

The casting period (three fields above and one field below) is a historical stage in which Zhou people gradually got rid of the mysterious and complicated artistic tradition of Yin and Shang dynasties and formed their own solemn and elegant style. From the shape point of view, it has gradually changed from the thin and tall shape of Shang Dynasty to the short and thick shape with full shoulders. At the same time, by expanding the edge and the circle foot, the whole device reached a more stable shape than in Shang Dynasty. In terms of decorative patterns, the reliefs are relatively low, and there are no sharp eyes that protrude from the surface of Shang Dynasty artifacts. Although the whole instrument is decorated with real dragons, it is very deformed, and other details are degenerating into a decorative pattern. Obviously, the fierce dragon has faded out of the belief world of Zhou people.

4. Bird-patterned Jue

Jue is the earliest bronze ritual vessel, used for drinking and warming wine. Shuo Wen: Jue, the ritual vessel is also. Jue, a kind of wine vessel, is named after its bird-like shape, with flowers in front, like a sparrow's edge, tail behind and slender belly. In ancient times, Jue and que were homophonic. Bird-patterned Jue was a drinking vessel in the middle of Western Zhou Dynasty. The original vessel is 22 cm high, with a caliber of 17.4 cm× 7.5 cm and a weight of 0.88 kg. Enter the Palace Museum in Tibet from 1946.

Wide flow, hat-shaped long column, round bamboo, slightly narrowed middle waist, three wide knife-shaped feet. Feng Huangwen, with high crown and long tail, has a relaxed and informal shape. There are few remains of princes decorated with bird patterns.

5. Cape Zhao Ning in the morning.

Pit is a new type of wine vessel evolved from Jue, which appeared in large numbers in the late Yin and Shang Dynasties or the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Its use is the same as that of Jue, and it is also a drinking device. "Book of Rites. "Book of Rites" says: When offering sacrifices in ancestral halls, the honorable person raises the flag and the humble person raises the horn. Kao Zi Ren is quoted from Han Shi: one liter is called Jue, two liters is called Fu, three liters is called Fu, four liters is called Jiao, and five liters is called San. Generally speaking, the wine vessels unearthed in tombs are a combination of scorpions and Jue, but sometimes Jue is replaced by horns. For example, the tomb of Yin Ruins 160 in Anyang is a match of ten scorpions and ten horns, and there was a similar phenomenon in the tomb of Lu Yi in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Although the angle has the same purpose as the knight, its number is much less, and the covered angle like Chen Zhaoning's angle is even less common. The horn mentioned now is the customary title of the Song Dynasty epigraphists for the Jue-shaped vessel with two wings and one tail, and its capacity is similar to that of Jue.

Chen Zhaoning cellar was a drinking vessel in the early Western Zhou Dynasty. The original container was 28 cm high. 1986 Unearthed at Shihetan, Shihegang Township, Xinyang County, Henan Province in August, and now in Xinyang District Cultural Relics Management Committee.

V-shaped mouth, deep belly bottom, triangular pyramid foot, animal head needle, wing belt door edge. There is a half-ring button and a blade edge at the top of the cover. The belly cover is decorated with mine base plate animal face pattern, bamboo animal face pattern, and foot decoration with banana leaf cicada pattern. The turret is ingenious in conception, beautiful and solemn, and its shape and decoration are outstanding compared with similar artifacts of the same period.

6.longwenguo

Pots are ancient containers for wine or water, which first appeared in the early Shang Dynasty. Pots in Shang dynasty were mostly round, flat and retort-shaped, and square and oval shapes were added after Zhou dynasty. After the Warring States Period, the pot with a big belly was named Zhong, the square pot was named Wei in the Han Dynasty, and the flat pot was named Potassium in the Warring States Period.

Suolongwen pot is a kind of wine container in the late Spring and Autumn Period. The original pot is 44.6 cm high and 26.6 cm wide. It was unearthed in Liyu Village, Hunyuan, Shaanxi Province, and is now in the friel Art Museum.

The neck of the tall body protrudes, a pair of animal-shaped ears are put around the neck, and a pair of vertical leaf stripes of dragons are filled in the lower decoration along the mouth. The neck and abdomen are decorated with five ribbons, all of which are bounded by ribbons. The first and third patterns are real dragons, the second pattern is real phoenix, the fourth pattern is birds and beasts, and the fifth pattern is vertical leaf pattern filled with real dragons. The hoop feet are decorated with drooping leaf patterns and deformed dragon patterns. The whole body is decorated with patterns, which is extremely delicate.

7. Phoenix Column

A is a bronze ritual vessel, which prevailed in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. It is usually used as a container for holding naked wine ceremonies (the ceremony of pouring wine into the ground in ancient times) and warming wine.

Phoenix pillar was cast in the late Shang Dynasty. The original vessel has a height of 4 1 cm, a diameter of19.5cm and a weight of 2.9 kg. 1973 Unearthed in hejia village, Qishan County, Shaanxi Province, and now in Shaanxi Provincial Museum of History.

There are 35 bronzes unearthed in the same tomb, among which the phoenix pillar is the most exquisite. There are two rows along the mouth, three triangular pyramid feet, and the bottom of the device protrudes slightly outward, and a high-crowned phoenix is placed at the top of each row. The bird stood with a crown, round eyes and bulging eyes. Its graceful and robust figure and posture symbolize the vitality of life, with strong decorative effect and artistic modeling. Abdominal ornamentation is divided into upper and lower sections, both of which are gluttonous patterns composed of Yun Leiwen. The cross section of this segmented coffin is T-shaped, which is similar to similar objects in the second phase of Yin Ruins, but the pattern is slightly changed.

Phoenix is the king of birds. It has always been regarded as a symbol of good luck and happiness and a metaphor of love. As early as 3000 years ago, it was idealized and endowed with various mysterious colors.

Phoenix bird, as a bronze ware, has many decorative patterns and different expressions, showing its extraordinary charm. However, most of these decorative patterns are line carvings, while the phoenix birds on the double pillars of the phoenix column are round carvings, which are quite rare in this kind of wine vessels, reflecting the profound attainments of bronze plastic arts in Shang Dynasty more than 3,000 years ago.

8. Bronze ice guide

The bronze ice guide is an ice wine vessel in the Warring States period. The original 1977 was unearthed in the tomb of Zeng Houyi in Suixian County, Hubei Province. A large number of bronzes have been unearthed from the tomb of Zeng Houyi, and their shapes and ornamentation have made great innovations on the basis of inheriting the bronze culture tradition of the Central Plains since Shang and Zhou Dynasties.

The bronze ice sculpture is the representative object of the bronze wares in the tomb of Zeng Houyi, which embodies the novelty, strangeness and exquisiteness of the bronze wares in the tomb of Zeng Houyi.

The four legs of the bronze ice guide are four powerful, steady and powerful leading beasts. Four faucets extend outward, and the animal's body crawls on its hind legs. The whole animal shape seems to be trying to support the full weight of the bronze ice guide. As a square, its four sides and four corners have eight dragon ears, which are arched and crouching. These dragons are all wrapped in tails, and they are dotted with two small five-petal flowers.

In ancient China, people liked warm wine, which didn't hurt the spleen and stomach. I also like to drink ice wine in summer, so I can escape the heat. The bronze ice guide is a double-layer vessel with a piece in it. In summer, you can put ice cubes in the wine cellar and wine in the wine cellar to cool down. Therefore, the bronze ice guide is the earliest and most primitive refrigerator discovered so far. Of course, warm water can also be added to the abdomen to make the wine in the jar heat up quickly and become warm wine to drink in winter.

9. dragon pattern

Gong is a vessel for holding wine or drinking, and its name often appears in the Book of Songs. For example, in July, it is called farewell. Fu first appeared in the middle and late Shang Dynasty, lasted until the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and gradually disappeared in the late Western Zhou Dynasty. Its shape has a lid, a flower, a pot, and a square base or four feet. The charm is beautifully decorated, and there are many lifelike animal patterns, which should be the most valuable object at that time.

Dragon pattern water bottle was a wine container in the late Shang Dynasty. The original device is 19 cm high and 44 cm long. 1959 Unearthed from Taohua Village, Shilou, Shanxi Province, now in Shanxi Provincial Museum.

Dragon-shaped dragon-shaped dragon is like a beast's horn. The front end of the dragon head is raised and the back end is wide and even. The dragon head has raised his eyes, his horns are up, and his teeth are bared, showing a ferocious image. The spine behind the dragon's head is covered with a mushroom-shaped button in the middle of the lid. The dragon's body is placed on the cover, winding left and right, and its tail is curled, which is integrated with the device. There is a rectangular short round foot with a notch on each side in the longitudinal direction. On both sides of the abdomen are carved crawling salamanders and dragons with heads held high, tongues sticking out and tails sticking up, dotted with fish-like animals and paddles. This device is unique in shape and is the only example of bronze ware. The catfish pattern looks like a crocodile, which is extremely rare in bronze decoration.

10. Zun-This is a big-mouthed wine container with a tiny neck, a bulging belly and a flat bottom. It is used for banquets and general hospitality. The ancients said that "the decisive battle is between respect (respect) and respect", that is, winning with the negotiating party at the banquet of drinking and eating meat. This is a container for meat. Because of its wide range of uses, future generations simply regard "Zun" as synonymous with wine glasses.

Bean-a tall wooden vessel, bean is actually an ancient vessel for holding meat and vegetables. It is usually used to hold juicy condiments, such as sauce and vinegar, but it is also used to hold wine. "Flower King Gong Ji" has a record of "eating a bean of meat and drinking a bean of wine". Some people say that beans and barrels are connected, and barrels are also containers for wine.

Barrel-also a container for wine, can't be mixed with the bucket of the measuring device. But it is indeed a wine vessel with a relatively large capacity. The poem "Poetry, Elegance, Walking on the Weeds" contains the poem "Tactics of Fighting", and the lyrics of Li Keyong in the Peking Opera "Zhen Changzhai" also contain the sentence "Taibao gives orders to fight with fear". Fighting wine is probably the right amount of alcohol for ordinary people, and a barrel is a headlight.

Jue-an open wine vessel shaped like a bird (Jue, homophonic with sparrow) or decorated with bird-shaped patterns, with three feet under its abdomen. Jue is a kind of wine vessel used in ceremonies, and the king gives wine to his servants for use. Therefore, it is associated with "Jue Lu" and "title".

A large-mouthed wine vessel with a flat bottom, a handle and a cow concave pattern on the mouth. There is a poem in "Poem Nan Zhou Curled Ears", and the old note says: "It is seven liters, and the concave corner is it." But it doesn't have to be made of angles. Archaeologists found a copper concave, the capacity is indeed larger than the usual wine glass, so later generations often call it a big wine glass.

In ancient times, the word "gourd" and "gourd" were linked together, that is, the ancient people often used gourd shells as floating slurry, and of course they could also hold wine, from which the name of this wine container probably came. A wine bottle is a wine container with a large bottle mouth and a indented bottom. Its capacity, according to the "Book of Rites" Zheng Xuan's note: "Jue, one liter; Two liters; Three liters (also a big mouth wine container); Angle, four liters. " But some people say that the speaker can hold three liters.

-A wine vessel with three legs, a big belly, a handle and a grain pattern. According to Shuo Wen Jie Zi, namely Jue, Xia Dynasty called Jue, Shang Dynasty called Jue and Zhou Dynasty called Jue, with different names. There are unearthed pottery and bronzes underground, but Zuo Zhuan says it is a jade wine vessel. What I see now is bigger than Jue, and the ancient book says that it can hold six liters of wine.

Er-an oblate pot-bellied wine container. According to historical records, Liu Bang's Wuwei Fan Kuai was given wine by Xiang Yu at the Hongmen banquet, so it was a large-capacity wine vessel. According to historical records, Xiang Yu gave Fan Kuai a "glass of wine", which is a particularly large cup that can hold one liter.

Horn-a round wine container and a measuring tool. "Lushi Spring and Autumn Period. Mid-Autumn Festival: "Zheng Junshi, Qi Shengjiao" means to calibrate a measuring instrument and weighing instrument. Note: "Stone, elevation, angle, all measuring tools are also". Arranged in sequence, the horn is obviously smaller than the liter, and the long-handled wine handle used to scoop altar wine in later wineries is the horn. Heroes in Water Margin often call restaurants for a few cents in hotels, which shows that this happened in Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties. At present, there are two kinds of wine raisins (horns) in the hotel: one is half a catty, and the other is four liang (now it is two and a half scales).