When did the tenth Russian-Turkish war break out? The result of the tenth Russian-Turkish war

The 10th Russian-Turkish War refers to 1877- 1878, in which Russia and Turkey fought for spheres of influence. 1877 On April 24th, Russia declared war on the Ottoman Empire. Russian troops occupied the Hipka Pass and conquered Pleven. Then, the two sides launched a tug-of-war. 165438+ 10, Russian troops captured kars fortress in Caucasus and surrounded erzurum. 1878 65438+1October 30th, under the command of skobelev, Russian troops arrived at the gate of Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire. On March 3rd, the two sides formally signed a treaty in Santostefano, recognizing the independence of Romania and Serbia, and Bulgaria became an autonomous country under Russian jurisdiction.

background

The Ottoman Empire was once a powerful empire spanning Europe, Asia and Africa. However, it began to decline in the second half of19th century. In order to save the empire, people of insight led by Mustafa Resit Pasa and Midkhat Pasha launched a series of national salvation movements and carried out democratic reforms. At the end of 1875, the situation inside and outside the Ottoman Empire deteriorated rapidly. There was a great famine in northern and central Asia Minor, and the finance was on the verge of collapse, and the shadow of foreign powers' interference hung over the whole country. In this situation, the domestic political struggle has become fierce. 1876 On May 30th, Abdul Aziz was overthrown, and Murad V was established as Sudan. On August 3rd, Kloc-0, Abdul Hamit II replaced Murad, who was insane, as Sudan. It became a constitutional monarchy country, but ethnic contradictions spread under the banner of democracy. Uprising broke out in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria one after another, and soon spread to Serbia and Montenegro, two vassal countries of Turkey. Turkey brutally suppressed the uprising, but failed to control the change of the situation, and its rule in the Balkans began to shake.

Faced with this situation, Russia, Austria and Britain, among the major European countries, expressed special concern. Russia, in particular, thinks that the Crimean War of 1853~ 1856 has made it lose face, prestige and influence in the Balkans, and it needs to find opportunities to return to the Balkans and restore everything. More importantly, Russia wants to control the Balkan Peninsula and the Bosphorus Strait, the throat from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea, so as to open the only sea port in the southwest that it has been seeking for a long time. Therefore, it gloated over the deterioration of the situation in Turkey and actively intervened.

Under the banner of "saving Christians oppressed by the Turkish Empire" and "protecting Slavic brothers", the czar government first put pressure on the Turkish government through diplomatic channels, but the effect was not obvious. Its proposal for collective protection of Slavs was opposed by Britain, which was supported by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Later, he advocated the autonomy of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria, which was also rejected by Turkey.

With the support of Britain, Turkey tried to completely defeat the insurgents and Serbia and Montenegro, and Serbia and Montenegro declared war on Turkey on June 30th, 876. When the battlefield situation was obviously favorable to the Turkish government, it was convenient for the czar to formally declare war on Turkey on April 24th, 1877. In May, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro all announced that they would join Russia against Turkey.

process

Danube front

After the declaration of war, the troops of the Russian Danube Army began to move to the Danube, the starting area of the attack. However, due to the backward railway transportation and the flooding of the river, the crossing time was delayed. Until June 22nd, Russian troops in the lower reaches of the Danube crossed the Danube in Galac and Brailov. From June 27th to July 2nd, the 14 Infantry Division under the command of General mikhail ivanovich Dragomirov and the main force of the group army following it also crossed the river in Jimnica. The Danube Army attacked in three ways from the landing point in the Vaud area of Sisto: the West Road troops attacked Nicopol and Kublat Kubrat Pulev; The East Route Army attacked Lushuk; The vanguard troops attacked the pass in the Balkans. About 70,000 people stayed on the battlefield and approached the highway as a reserve. General Joseph vladimirovich Gourko's vanguard troops 15000 troops advanced rapidly, captured the Bulgarian ancient capitals of Vavo and Thurnau on July 7, and quickly occupied the Shipka Pass across the Balkan Mountains on July 14, thus opening the passage to Bosphorus and Constantinople. Due to the improper configuration and command error of the Russian army, the war period was delayed. After the West Road troops occupied Nicopol, they failed to occupy Kublat Kubrat Pulev before the arrival of Ottoman Nuripaska Turkish troops from Witting. Therefore, the communication line of the Russian Danube Corps was threatened by the enemy. The first time the Tsar's sense of security in the army was improved, most Russian troops were forced to stop besieging the Pleven fortress because they didn't want to repeat the tragedy, and the Russian military's battle plan of quick victory was completely disrupted.

After the Russian vanguard troops occupied the city of Eskimo-zahra, they were countered by the Turkish army under the command of Su Liman Pasha from Montenegro, so they retreated to Sipka. Soon, the newly formed South Road Army came here, and about 1/3 of the Ministry was a Bulgarian militia.

In August, the new commander of the Turkish army, Mohammad Ali Pasha, a German who converted to Islam, led his troops to fight back in the Balkans. Su Liman Pasha's troops tried to capture Pusika Pass in August, but failed due to the heroic defense of Russian troops in Pusika. The Turkish army's attack on the Russian East Route Army was also repelled. The Russian army raided Levin three times and suffered a fiasco. Only the second defeat lost 1/4 soldiers. Milyutin admits that if we continue to fight like this, our huge army will be wiped out in a very short time. The czar's determination to fight was seriously shaken, and he believed that the Russian army was in an extremely unfavorable and even dangerous situation. The commander-in-chief of the Danube Corps, Archduke Nikolai, turned to Romanian calori I for help, and 40,000 Luo troops entered the war as Russian allies. With the arrival of 65,438+10,000 Russian reinforcements, 70 kilometers of trenches were built and the siege war lasted for two months. When the Turkish army ran out of ammunition and food, it forced 30,000 defenders in the city to surrender on 65438+February 10.

With the fall of Pleven, the war turned to a turning point. The Russian army has gained an advantage of more than 2: 1 over the Turkish army in terms of strength and weapons. The czar himself made a decision, which made the Russian army immediately attack the south of the Balkan mountains in the cold. The Russian Danube Army launched a multi-channel assault along the front line with a width of 150 km, but the Turkish army was unable to retreat because of insufficient strength, so it was swallowed up by the frenzy of Russian attack. Serbia joined the anti-soil war in 65438+February 65438+March, and transferred its troops to Nice. With the active assistance of Bulgarian residents and guerrillas, General Gourko's troops on the western front crossed the Balkan Mountains under extremely difficult conditions in severe winter, defeated 42,000 Turkish troops in the direction of Sofia, and occupied Sofia on 10/878. Russian-Chinese troops under the command of General fyodor Fedorovici radetzky surrounded and captured 30,000 troops of Wiezell-Pasha in the Battle of Shenovo on1October 8-9, 1878. The Danube Army launched an attack to the south of the Balkan Mountains, defeated Su Liman Pasha's army in the Filippoli Battle from June 5438 to1October1May to June 5438+07, captured Adrijana Fort on1October 20, and advanced into Constantinople one month later.

Caucasian front

The Caucasian army originally estimated that the enemy was twice as big as itself and it was estimated that it would carry out defensive operations. Later, when it was discovered that the Turkish army was less than itself, it launched an offensive, occupied Bayazit and Ardahan Fortress from April to May, and blocked Kars. However, the group army was countered by the effective forces of Ahmed mukhtar Pasha's army, and the three attack detachments were split in two by the Turkish army. In June, they retreated to the border and turned to defense. During the period of 65438+ 10, Russia defeated the Turkish army in the battle of Avil-Harraca in the Caucasus. 1 17 10/7 night, Russian troops stormed and occupied kars fortress and launched an attack on erzurum. In the Caucasus, Russian troops blocked erzurum and occupied Batumi.

Final results

The victory of the Russian army caused panic among the ruling groups of Great Britain and Austria-Hungary. The British Benjamin Disraeli government sent the Royal Navy Sub-fleet to Marmarahy, posing as a break, forcing Russia to abandon its plan to March into Constantinople. 65438+1October 3 1 day, the warring parties signed an armistice agreement, and on March 3, 1878, the Treaty of San Stefano was signed. The treaty was concocted in advance by Russian Foreign Minister Alexander mikhailovich Gorchakov, Tsar and others. For Turkey, it is an alliance under the city, and there is no room for manoeuvre. According to the treaty, Turkey recognizes the complete independence of Montenegro, Serbia and Romania; Recognize that Bosnia and Herzegovina has gained autonomy, but it is still in Turkey; Establish a greater Bulgaria and allow Russian troops to exist in Bulgaria; Return the southwest of Sarabia to Russia, and merge Kars, Batumi Ardahan and Bajazt into Russian territory; Modify the Bosphorus rules to allow warships from countries along the Black Sea, such as Russia, to pass through.

The signing of the Santostefano Peace Treaty aroused strong dissatisfaction from Britain, Austria and other countries. Together, they put pressure on Russia to spit out the swallowed fruit. German Chancellor Angela otto von bismarck intervened and claimed to be an honest middleman. Because the balance of power is extremely unfavorable to Russia, Russia was forced to redefine the Berlin Treaty with the powers and make major amendments to the Santostefano Peace Treaty: Great Bulgaria became a small Bulgaria; The Bosporus Strait is still closed to Russian warships. Russia's influence in the Balkans has been contained, and its attempt to develop naval forces in the direction of the Mediterranean has failed again. It just recovered the territory ceded in the Crimean War. The Treaty of Berlin also stipulated that Turkey ceded Cyprus to Britain and Bosnia and Herzegovina was ruled by Austria-Hungary. It is essentially a partial division of Turkey, but it is far from solving many extremely important Balkan conflicts. It was many decisions it made that later became the starting point of various conflicts and played an important role in promoting the outbreak of the First World War.