What was the capital of ancient Song Dynasty in China? Where is the port for foreign trade?

Song Dynasty was divided into Northern Song Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty. During the Northern Song Dynasty (960- 1 127), with Kaifeng as the capital, Bianliang (named after Bianshui and Liangshui) or Tokyo (now Kaifeng, Henan), then there was Xijing Luoyang. The capital of the Southern Song Dynasty (960- 1 127) was Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang).

In Kaifeng today

There were four capitals in the Northern Song Dynasty. At the beginning of the Five Dynasties, the old system of Jin, Han and Zhou was adopted, with Kaifeng Prefecture (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) as "Tokyo" and Henan Prefecture (now Luoyang East, Henan Province) as "Xijing". In February of the third year in Jingdezhen, Song Zhenzong (1006), after Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu, Songzhou (now Shangqiu, Henan) which was taken over by German military envoys was the base of imperial industry. Promoted to Yingtianfu (10 14) in the first month, and also promoted to "Nanjing". In May of the second year of Song Renzong (1042), the Khitan army gathered in a secluded place and among thorns, claiming to invade. Lv Yijian entered Daming House (now northeast of Daming, Hebei Province) in the third year of Xianping, Song Zhenzong (1000), and asked to build Daming House as "Beijing".

Kaifeng was originally named Kaifeng. Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period. Zheng Zhuanggong built a city in Gucheng Village, Zhuxian Town, south of Kaifeng, named Kaifeng. That is, it means "open edge sealing". So in the later days, it was called unsealing. In the first year of Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty [BC 156], Emperor Jing of the Western Han Dynasty (Liu Qi) avoided the emperor's taboo and changed to Kaifeng.

Etymology "Bian Liang" article: "Place names. Kaifeng City, Henan Province. During the Warring States Period, it was the land of Wei and Liang Dynasties, and during the Jin Dynasty, it was the land of the Eastern Wei and Liang Dynasties. Sui and Tang dynasties changed sides. This was true in the Five Dynasties, Liang, Jin, Han, Zhou and Northern Song Dynasties. The Northern Song Dynasty called Bianjing, and in the twenty-five years from Yuan to Yuan, Nanjing Road was changed to Bianliang Road. In the first year of Ming Hongwu, it was changed to Kaifeng. "

Cihai's "Bianliang" article: "Kaifeng House was another name in the old days. Kaifeng was Dewey's main beam during the Warring States Period. Later generations called this place the girder. Beam for short. In the Tang Dynasty, it was located here, referred to as "Bian". After Jin and Yuan Dynasties, they were collectively called Bianliang.

Kaifeng, Tokyo, located between Huanghuai and controlled by Bianhe River, Huimin River, Guangji River and Jinshui River, has the advantage of convenient water transportation. It was designated as the capital of the Song Dynasty and became the political, economic and cultural center of the country. On the basis of Bianzhou City in the Tang Dynasty and Kaifeng House in Tokyo in the following week, Tokyo City in the Northern Song Dynasty underwent large-scale reconstruction and expansion. * * * Outer city, inner city and imperial city are three parts. The outer city, also known as the "new city" or "Luocheng", was built by Zhou Xiande in the third year (956), with a circumference of more than 48 miles. Zhao Heng, Song Zhenzong, and Zhao Yong, Song Shenzong were rebuilt, and the southern part of the city wall was built in the sixth year of Zhenghe, Song Huizong (116). It was surrounded by five-mile 165 steps, which were rhombic, long from north to south and slightly narrow from east to west. There are twelve gates in the outer city, and four rivers, namely, side canal, Huimin, Jinshui and Guangji, run through the city, with nine water gates. There is a moat outside, called Hulong River, which is more than ten feet wide. Willow trees have been planted inside and outside the city, and people are forbidden to come and go. The outer city is equipped with horse faces, battle sheds and female heads every 100 steps, and it is trimmed at dusk. In cities, elms and willows are planted in the shade. A fortress is set up every 200 steps to store defense devices. There are twenty soldiers under Optics Valley, who are making clay sculptures every day. It can be seen that its structure is perfect and its defense is strict.

Bianjing was already a big city with a population of more than one million at that time, and rural towns (also known as "grass market") gradually developed. In these towns, businesses are prosperous and shops are extremely developed. According to "Tokyo Dream", in the Northern Song Dynasty, the market was the most prosperous outside Donghuamen, the capital of Tokyo ... Diet, fashionable flowers and fruits, fish, shrimp, turtles, crabs, preserved quails and rabbits, treasures and clothes are all miracles in the world. If its taste is tens of minutes, and the guests have one or twenty flavors of wine, they can have it upon request. When he is old, fruits and vegetables are newly listed, such as eggplant (a kind of gourd, which can be eaten when tender), and each pair can last until 30 thousand to 50 thousand, and the disputes between cabinets are taken away at a very expensive price. What a scene of prosperity. In addition, thousands of pigs are driven to the meat market in the city to be slaughtered every day, and thousands of tons of fish are eaten every day. At this time, the night market is also more prosperous, often to the third night, the market transaction volume, often tens of millions. There is also "Wasi" as a storytelling entertainment place, which can accommodate thousands of people. Many well-known storytelling and historical stories have spread to thousands of households here through the wonderful interpretation of storytelling artists. The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan, a famous painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, has been handed down to this day, providing powerful and vivid evidence for understanding the prosperity of Bianjing shops at that time.

Bianjing Central Street is called Yujie Street, which is 200 steps wide and has royal cloisters on both sides of the road. The government of the Northern Song Dynasty changed the old rule that residents in Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang dynasties were not allowed to open the door to the street or engage in business activities outside the designated market, and allowed citizens to open shops and shops in the Imperial Gallery and do business along the street. In order to enliven the economic and cultural life, the curfew was relaxed, and the city gate was closed late and opened early. On the Imperial Street, a military patrol shop is set up every 200 to 300 steps to patrol the corner of the shop during the day to maintain traffic order and divert people and cars; Guard official buildings and commercial buildings at night to prevent theft and fire and prevent accidents. This is probably the earliest patrol in history.

linan

In the Song Dynasty, it moved south, 1 138 made its capital in Hangzhou and changed its name to Lin 'an. Lin 'an was originally the capital of Wu Yueguo (907-978), a local political power, and was chosen as the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty because of its good economic foundation. Since then, the original wuyue Palace has been expanded, more sacrificial altars and temples have been built, rivers and lakes have been dredged, more roads have been built, traffic has been improved, commerce and handicrafts have been developed, and it has become the political, economic and cultural center of the country. Until the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty in 1276, a full 138 years.

1. Urban layout

Lin 'an is bordered by Phoenix Mountain in the south, West Lake in the west, plains in the north and east, and the city is an irregular rectangle with long and narrow north and south. The imperial palace monopolizes the Phoenix Mountain in the south, and the whole city block is in the north, forming the pattern of "Nangong North City", while the Imperial Street extending from the north gate of the imperial palace runs through the whole city and becomes the bustling area of the city. The southern section of Yujie is Shu Ya District, and the middle section is the central comprehensive business district. At the same time, there are also many industrial streets and "tiles" where entertainment activities are concentrated. The official business circle is on the east side of the southern section of Yujie Street. Commerce and handicrafts all over the city occupy a large proportion in the city. The residential area is in the middle of the city, and many dignitaries' mansions are located behind the commercial street next to Yujie Street. The official handicraft area and warehouse area are in the north of the city. The cultural area consisting of imperial academy, imperial academy and martial arts school is located at Qiantangmen near the northwest corner of West Lake. Lin 'an not only combines the city with beautiful scenic spots, but also has many gardens dotted among them.

2. Urban roads

Lin 'an takes Yujie as the main road, which starts from the north gate and Ningmen of the Palace and ends at Jingling Palace in the north of the city, with a total length of about 4,500 meters. In addition, there are four north-south roads similar to Imperial Street. There are also four east-west trunk roads, all of which are passages between the east and west gates. There are also several sub-level streets, all leading to the Central Imperial Street. The whole city adapts to local conditions, forming grids of different sizes, and the roads are inclined and named after "Fang", which is evidence of the collapse of the system.

3. Urban rivers and lakes

There are four rivers in the city, among which Yanqiao River is the main traffic river, and there are many downtown areas along the river. There are many rivers outside the city, which are connected with the Grand Canal. These criss-crossing rivers and lakes form a water transport network, which plays an important role in Lin 'an's economic development.

4. Commercial streets and handicraft workshops

There are businesses all over Lin 'an. "From Hening Gate Branch to Guanqiao Bridge, everything is bought and sold" ("Meng Lianglu"), which is the scene of Yujie. It belongs to the central comprehensive business district, where there are specialized commodity markets, such as gold and silver trading markets and general commodity markets. In addition, there are many "tiles", including teahouses, hotels and acrobatic performances. The official handicraft workshops in Lin 'an are mostly concentrated in Wulin Square and Zhaoxian Square in the north of the city. The official kiln of porcelain is at the foot of Fenghuang Mountain in the south of the city, which is called Inner Kiln. Private handicrafts are spread all over the city, and silk spinning industry is mostly industrial and commercial workshops, concentrated in Guanxiang area in the middle of Yujie Street. The shed bridge in the middle section of Yujie Street is the largest book market in Lin 'an, and the engraving workshop is near the shed bridge.

The population of Lin 'an was "26165-173" at the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, with 552507 people in 692 households, and reached the end of the Southern Song Dynasty (1265-12707) There are as many as 20 public entertainment places, both inside and outside the city. Today, there are 13 "Goulan" in Beiwa, the largest place south of Zhongqianqiao, performing various zaju, acrobatics, sumo wrestling, puppet shows, storytelling and telling history. Day and night.

Lin 'an in the Southern Song Dynasty was also the national cultural center. Engraving printing industry is the highest in China, and Hangzhou Engraving Book has become the essence of China Song Edition Book. Imperial College, the highest institution of learning in the Southern Song Dynasty, is located near Jijiaqiao, with the largest scale. In addition, there are specialized schools for mathematics, calligraphy and medicine, as well as official schools in Lin 'an and county schools in Qiantang and Renhe counties. Under these schools, there are a large number of "rural schools, family schools, libraries and book clubs. There are one or two in each lane, and strings can often be heard." It can be seen that its education is popular.

Main ports: Mingzhou (Ningbo), Guangzhou, Quanzhou and Hangzhou, as well as Dengzhou and Laizhou in the early Northern Song Dynasty. Quanzhou was the largest port in the world at that time.

In the fourth year of Kaibao (AD 97 1), he set up a city ambassador in Guangzhou to be responsible for maritime trade. In July of the first year of Chongning, Hui Zong set up shipping companies in Hangzhou, Mingzhou (now Ningbo), Mizhou (now Jiaoxian, Shandong) and Xiuzhou (now Songjiang, Shanghai), which were responsible for inspecting the goods entering and leaving the ship, purchasing monopoly goods and managing foreign businessmen. Jianyan (A.D.1127-1130) was originally a shipping company in Fujian and Zhejiang, and later transferred to a freight forwarding company.