Zuo Qi Kyoto Hotel Bahrain

Xi 'an (Han and Tang Dynasties)

Nanjing (known as Jiankang or Jinling in the Southern Dynasties)

Hangzhou (Southern Song Dynasty)

Luoyang (Northern Dynasty)

Shenyang (Later Jin Dynasty, before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs)

Guangzhou (Nanyue King)

Chengdu (Shu, Houshu)

Dali (in Guo Li)

Lanzhou (Xixia)

There are many more, and we have to look through the history books.

The historical capital of the unified state or local government in China.

Also known as capital, capital, capital, capital.

Kyoto is not only the political center of a dynasty, but also its economic and cultural center. So its setting should be relatively stable.

However, with the development of national politics and economy and the need of expanding the situation, Kyoto often moves from the old capital to a more suitable new capital.

In the history of China, not only have many regimes experienced the gradual shift of Kyoto status in their own development, but on the whole, the status of Kyoto in past dynasties has also shown the shift mainly from east to west and then from north to south.

The relocation of Kyoto must also consider various geographical factors: ① Kyoto should be built in an economically developed and wealthy area to maintain the material needs of the ruling group; (2) Kyoto should be located in the central part of the country, or have convenient traffic conditions, so as to facilitate the implementation of government decrees and control internal and external affairs; (3) Kyoto should choose natural conditions where risks can be defended, so that it will not be destroyed by external forces and the country will have long-term stability.

The location of the capital of any political power in history can not fully meet the above three conditions, and it can only choose a relatively favorable location according to the main contradictions at that time, so the choice of the capital often reflects the general situation of that period.

On the other hand, once the capital is determined, it will also have a certain impact on the political, military and economic development of the whole country.

Pre-Qin capital

Xia Dynasty is the symbol of the formation of China country and the beginning of the emergence of China capital.

The legendary summer capitals are Yangcheng (now southeast of Dengfeng, Henan Province), Pingyang (now southwest of Linfen, Shanxi Province), Anyi (now northeast of Xia County, Shanxi Province) and Handan. (now northwest of Dengfeng, Henan), Diqiu (now southwest of Puyang, Henan), Yuan (now northwest of Jiyuan, Henan), Laoqiu (now northeast of Kaifeng, Henan), Xihe (now northeast of Tangyin, Henan) and other places.

It is distributed in the upper reaches of Heying River in western Henan, Luo Yi Basin, the lower reaches of Fenhe River in northern Henan and the southern Shaanxi and Sushui areas, with uncertain migration.

Since 1959, archaeologists have discovered two palaces with heavy workload, as well as ordinary residential sites, workshop sites, caves and tombs in Erlitou, Yanshi County, Henan Province, which are equivalent to the Xia culture era and may be the earliest capital discovered so far.

BC16th century, Shang Tang (that is, the Tang Dynasty) destroyed the summer and made its capital in Bo (now southeast of Cao County, Shandong Province).

First, the merchants moved eight times, then six times, namely Tao (now northeast of Xingyang, Henan), Xiang (now southeast of Yellow River, Henan), Xing (now northeast of wen county, Henan), Pi (now Yuncheng, Shandong), Yan (now Qufu, Shandong) and Yin (now Anyang, Henan).

After Pan Geng moved to Yin, the merchants did not move again for 273 years, until the 20th year of Shang Di Yi (1065), when he left the palace to worship the Song Dynasty (now Qixian County, Henan Province).

Yin was the capital of the heyday of Shang Dynasty, which provided the earliest and relatively complete example for studying the slave society capital of China.

The capital of the Zhou Dynasty also experienced several migrations, from the Loess Plateau to the Weihe River Basin step by step, "building a prosperous city" (now southwest of Xi 'an, Shaanxi).

Zhou Wuwang succeeded to the throne, with a small place in Fengjing, and moved the capital to the east bank of Fengjing (Doumen Town, Jin 'an City), but left the ancestral temple in Fengjing, which was called Fengjing. "The king of Zhou lived there and the princes lived there", so Fengjing was also called.

The Western Zhou Dynasty took Haojing as the center, enfeoffed governors, issued decrees, and gathered craftsmen from all over the world to make them here. For 300 years, it was the largest political and cultural center and economic metropolis in the Zhou Dynasty.

When King Wu was in business, he once "camped in Luoyi and then went".

Guan, Cai and Wu Geng conspired, and the Duke of Zhou marched eastward. In order to strengthen the control of the eastern governors, Wu Wang built a new city on the north bank of Luoshui, which was called "Luoyi" (now Luoyang Wangcheng Park) as the capital of the East. He also built a military castle in the east of the city to monitor the "stubborn people", which was called "Chengzhou" in history (now Luoyang, the ancient city of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei Dynasty).

Luoyi became the Zhou Dynasty because it was in the middle of the world, with a balanced road, which was convenient for governors from all directions to pay tribute.

King Cheng moved from Haojing to this city and Jiuding to show his state of being a country, making Luoyi gradually become the national economic and ceremonial sacrifice center and the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty.

In 77 1 year BC, he was captured by Gou Rong. The following year, Pingtung moved to Luoyi, known as the "King City". From Zhou to Xia, the two cities alternate as capitals.

The implementation of the capital system in the Zhou Dynasty was a pioneering work in the history of capital construction in China, which was followed by later generations.

During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and other countries, the use of iron brought about the development of agriculture and handicraft production, the separation of commerce and the surge of population, thus promoting the rise of cities.

With the decline of the royal family in the Zhou Dynasty, princes competed for hegemony, and many countries built fortifications and cities, forming the capitals of many countries where princes lived.

The fate of the capital is closely related to the fate of the vassal States, which is what the so-called "city breaks the country and dies" means.

There is also a process of site selection and relocation in capitals of various countries, which is a reflection of the ups and downs of vassal power, the struggle for which is more conducive to their own development, the desire to communicate with the outside world, and the uneasiness in corners (see attached table for capitals of various countries).

In the early days, most of the capitals of China chose plain hills and hills or the contact zone between two landforms (mountains and plains), and they were connected by a river.

Xia, Shang and Zhou moved the capital successively. Although it is difficult to locate accurately, it has not left the valley plain area of the Yellow River Basin, which is caused by the emphasis on fertile and fertile areas in the early capital location.

In the late Shang Dynasty, the capital was in Yin for a long time, and within two weeks, Guanzhong and Luoyang Basin were the political centers respectively, which laid a pattern of moving eastward and westward with the Yellow River as the axis in the early history of capital construction in China feudal society.

The major capitals from the Qin Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty were unified autocratic and centralized countries established by Qin Shihuang. During the more than 1,300 years when the Zhao and Song regimes crossed south in the early12nd century, Chang 'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng or Yeh were the capitals of unified political power and ruled the northern region of China. Jiankang only served as the capital of China's southern regime during the period of split and opposition between North and South. However, the capitals of the separatist regimes of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms did not exist for a long time.

During this period, the capital migration mainly concentrated in Chang 'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng and Ye Jian in the Central Plains.

The formation of this situation is the inevitable result of the development of natural environment and national conditions in the above areas.

Before the 8th century, the Central Plains was the richest and most densely populated area in China, which could provide reliable economic support for the capital.

If a regime can effectively control this area, it is enough to control the whole country.

Chang 'an has the longest capital and the greatest influence.

Guanzhong basin, surrounded by mountains, besieged on all sides, besieged on all sides, the east is enough to control the inland, and there is a tendency to choke the waist; When Xiongnu, Turkic and Tubo from the northwest posed a great threat one after another, Guanzhong was chosen as the capital, which was also convenient to resist foreign invasion and expand territory to the northwest. Therefore, Chang 'an was the capital of the Western Han Dynasty and Sui and Tang Dynasties, and great achievements were made both inside and outside the system.

The deficiency of Guanzhong lies in that it is separated from the densely populated and economically developed plain area in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, and the land is limited, so it is difficult to meet the border defense expenses of the capital and northwest. However, transferring water to the canal requires a lot of labor.

After the Anshi Rebellion in the Tang Dynasty, Heshuo United and refused to pay taxes, so he had to take the capital from the Jianghuai area thousands of miles away. In addition, Chang 'an has been repeatedly hit and ruined, and the status of the capital is difficult to maintain.

Luoyang was once the ancient capital of the Nine Dynasties.

Regarding the consolidation of rivers, Luo Yi River Basin has the conditions to build the capital by relying on risks. Although the land is not as vast as Guanzhong, it is close to the plain area in the lower reaches of the Yellow River with rich products and developed economy. It has the convenience of land and water transportation, and there is almost no need to worry about lack of food.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Luoyang was built as the eastern capital and lived in Luoyang. At that time, people dubbed it "the son of heaven chasing grain". It is precisely because of Luoyang's moderate geography that it is convenient to gather tributes.

The advantage of Luo Yi Basin lies not only in its superior shape and center, but also in its promotion to the south. Anyone who looks at Jianghan from the south and wants to swallow the summer trend (such as Cao Shi and Tuoba Wei) must take Luoyang as the capital.

Luoyang deviated from the northwest frontier defense, so it was difficult to take care of it that there was always a feeling of inability to cope with the northwest in the Eastern Han Dynasty and the Western Jin Dynasty.

Ye, located in the lower Yellow River plain east of Taihang Mountain, the most economically developed "Shandong" center in China before the 8th century A.D., was chosen as the capital. Although there was no danger to defend, it benefited from economic advantages and land and water transportation.

After Cao Cao conquered Yuan Shao and pacified the north, he left Yanzhou and Xuchang, which had been in business for many years. Yecheng was burned by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty in 580 AD, and it has been the capital of the northern region for nearly a hundred years.

If the Shang Dynasty is included, it has a history of 370 years.

Ye is also a springboard for the northern nomadic regime to go south, which has a special relationship with Luodu.

Relying on his power to help Luo push south, but doing it according to his power, it is difficult to do it with his power.

There are many reflections in the history of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.

Kaifeng, as the capital, began in the Five Dynasties.

Since the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the national economic center of gravity has gradually shifted from the lower reaches of the Yellow River to the south of the Yangtze River. The rise of the Khitan in the northeast made the main border troubles of the Central Plains regime no longer come from the northwest. Relying on the material support of Jiangnan, Guanzhong, which has poor water transportation, has been devastated by war and is declining day by day, and has lost the conditions for choosing the capital.

As a result, Zhao Yan is the main city in the north, Jianghuai in Nantong, and Kaifeng, with a large population, has replaced Chang 'an and Luoyang and become the capital of Hou Liang, Houjin, Houhan, Houzhou and Northern Song Dynasties.

It took 22 1 year to build Kaifeng, the capital of the Jin Dynasty, in order to avoid the pressure from Mongolia.

The rise of Kaifeng is mainly due to the convenience of land and water transportation, and the rise and fall of the city is closely related to the blockage of the canal.

Kaifeng Siye defends Wan Li without danger. In addition to strengthening the defensive construction of the city wall, we should also learn that all soldiers in the world should stay in Gideon.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, redundant expenses increased, and the country was always in the trend of accumulating poverty and weakness, which was inseparable from Kaifeng, its capital, and had to rely on the policy of "strengthening the weak with the strong" and "insufficient at home".

During this period, most of the local political power of the separatist party was ruled by States (counties).

For example, during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, when the Han Dynasty was founded, Chengdu was the capital. According to Liangzhou in Liang Qian, Guzang is the capital city.

Generally, separatist regimes only set up the national capital, and there is no capital system.

In the12nd century, the main capital from the Southern Song Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the Jin soldiers went south, Kaifeng fell, and the Zhao and Song regimes moved south in panic.

After several twists and turns, he settled in Hangzhou and was promoted to Lin' an House. In the eighth year of Shaoxing (1 138), Lin 'an Prefecture was officially the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, but it was named "Walking in" (see the Four Scenes of the Northern Song Dynasty, Walking in the Southern Song Dynasty).

In the first year of Zhenyuan (1 153), King Jin Hailing moved from Huining House in Shangjing (now Baicheng Zi in Acheng, Heilongjiang) to Yanjing (now Beijing), the seat of Xijin House in Liaoning and Nanjing, and sealed Daxing House in Zhongdu.

The confrontation between the North and the South in the Song and Jin Dynasties began a period in which the capital of China was located on the eastern coast and the north and the south followed each other.

Hangzhou has been the capital of two dynasties for more than 200 years from the establishment of Qian's capital to the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty.

Its capital condition is not because of its middle position and no dangerous terrain to rely on, but because it is located in the national economic center of "Suzhou and Shanghai are ripe and the world is full" and has no worries about supply; The dredging of the Jiangnan Canal has made Jinjiang in Hangzhou a hub of southeast transportation, with a length of 20 miles and 430,000 square meters. In addition, a series of Fu Gang, such as Jiangtai, Fenghuang, Wu Shan and Wansongling, are condescending and provide an ideal address for building a palace.

It was the strong economic strength that made the Southern Song Dynasty, which chose Hangzhou as its capital, last for more than 100 years.

The three unified dynasties of Yuan, Ming and Qing all took Beijing as their capital and lasted for 600 years.

As for Nanjing, although it is close to the rich south of the Yangtze River, and there is the danger of great rivers as a barrier, it is enough to build the capital and protect the family. However, after all, the Yangtze River defense can only be "set in the sky, so it is divided into north and south", which is suitable for protecting half of the southeast.

The Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties chose to build their capital and health, so they could prolong their life. If the north and the south are unified, it will be difficult to control.

Beijing caresses the Central Plains in the south and meets Shuomo in the north. It is located at the gateway of transportation links between North China Plain, Northeast China and Mongolian grasslands, and is close to mountains and seas.

When the northern nationalities establish a unified dynasty or the external threat mainly comes from the northeast, taking Beijing as the capital is of great significance to maintaining their ancestral home and national luck.

Therefore, Beijing can become the longest-lasting Kyoto for China to unify a multi-ethnic country in the late feudal society.

However, Beijing also has a negative side. It is far away from the rich Jiangnan Economic Zone, which makes the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties always make great efforts to solve the supply problem of the capital, and thus produces many political problems.

Capital of the Republic of China

19 12 On New Year's Day, the Republic of China was temporarily established, with Nanjing as its capital and Beijing as its capital in April.

1April, 927, the whole country was founded with Nanjing as its capital.

1932 After the "November 28th Incident", it once moved to Luoyang, and 165438+ 10 moved back in the same year.

After the outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the capital was moved to Chongqing 1937 1 1 in June, and Chongqing was designated as the capital.

After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War,1Nanjing remained the capital in May 1946, and1Nanjing was liberated on April 23, 1949 (see the capital of the Republic of China).

Capital system

Taking Beijing as the capital is one of the important features in the history of China's capital construction.

In the Western Zhou Dynasty, Luoyi, the eastern capital, was built outside Haojing, and later generations followed suit.

The reasons for the establishment of Beijing's auxiliary capital in past dynasties are as follows: ① As a supplement to Kyoto's functions, such as Haojing and Luoyi in the Western Zhou Dynasty, Chang 'an and Luoyang in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and North and South Beijing in the Ming Dynasty.

(2) To show respect for Wang Faxiang's inheritance, such as Taiyuan House in the Northern Song Dynasty (now Jinyuan Town in the southwest of Taiyuan) and Yingtianfu in Nanjing (now Shangqiu, Henan).

(3) Nanking refuge, such as the capital of Tang Dynasty and Nanjing.

(4) Zhongxing Mansion, such as Fengxiang Mansion in Tang Xijing.

⑤ Hometown of Zuling, such as Fengyang House in Ming Dynasty (now Fengyang in Anhui Province) and Shengjing in Qing Dynasty (now Shenyang in Liaoning Province).

⑥ Just as a form, for example, four Beijing and four auxiliary facilities in the east, west, north and south are set according to the orientation. They don't all play the role of the capital, and their choices also change with the shift of the location of the capital. For example, in the first year of Tongguang in the later Tang Dynasty (923), Weizhou (now northeast of Daming, Hebei Province) was taken as the capital, and the Tangfu in Tokyo was built, Xijing as the original residence, and Shengzhenzhou (now Zhengding, Hebei Province) as the real capital; Later, Taiyuan was originally the northern capital, and Luoyang was Xijing; After moving the capital to Luoyang, Tokyo was changed to Yedu.

Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, takes Yingtianfu as Nanjing, Henan Province (now Luoyang) as Xijing, Daming Prefecture as Beijing and Kaifeng Prefecture in Tokyo as the four capitals.

During the Liao Dynasty, Huanglinfu was Gyeonggi (now south of Baling, Zuo Qi, Liaoning), Liaoyang was Tokyo (now Liaoyang, Liaoning), Xijingfu was Nanjing (now southwest of Beijing), Datong was Xijing (now Datong, Shanxi), and Dading was built in Beijing (now west of Ningxi, Liaoning), so it was called the five capitals of Liao.

After the Jin Dynasty moved its capital to Daxing House (now Beijing), it changed Liaozhongjing to Beijing, Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, to Nanjing, and Jinghuining House was also called Jason Wu.

In the history of China, the distribution of the capital was influenced by the relocation of the capital. When the location of Kyoto fluctuates in the east-west direction, capital is also distributed in the east-west direction. When Kyoto moves eastward to the offshore, Kyoto and its capital are often located in the north and south to take care of it.

Auxiliary Beijing is surrounded by the capital to show its arch.

The appearance of Beijing, the capital of Beijing, has a certain influence on the political, economic and cultural development of the region and the establishment and abolition of local administrative divisions.

The shape of Kyoto

Most of the early capitals of China developed from sacrificial centers. Royal life and ritual buildings such as palaces, ancestral temples and sacrificial places account for a large proportion in the city, which is different from ordinary houses and workshops.

Miyagi has walls, but the whole capital is not marked by the presence or absence of walls.

During the Western Zhou Dynasty, there was a record that the capital was planned and designed in advance and then built.

Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji was written in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which represents the design concept of China's early capital planning. Among them, the main body of the palace sits on a square wall facing south, which highlights the central axis and is symmetrically arranged left and right, which is the product of the combination of the ritual principle of worshipping gods and ancestors in the Central Plains and the monsoon climate environment, thus framing the leading direction and principle of the architectural forms of China's capital cities in previous dynasties.

During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the military defenses in capitals of various countries were prominent, and nearly square city walls were generally rammed. The whole city consists of two parts, Miyagi and Guo Cheng, which have a high geographical position.

Miyagi has a monarch to live in and a tall building; There are government agencies, houses and handicraft workshops in Guo Cheng outside the Palace.

After the Qin and Han Dynasties, the architectural form of the capital of China gradually standardized, and developed into a closed Li Fang system, reaching its peak in the early Tang Dynasty.

This is the result of the strict social hierarchy, the strengthening of personal attachment and the slow development of urban commerce in this period.

In the Han Dynasty, palaces occupied the main part of the city, and the functional areas of the city, such as palaces, roads, yamen, armory, workshops and markets, were isolated by walls, which made the whole city tend to be closed, reflecting the need to abide by the etiquette system and meet the needs of the emperor's political life.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and Sui and Tang Dynasties, the palaces of the capital were located in the north or northwest corner, and three walls of Miyagi, Imperial City and Waiguo were built respectively to strengthen defense. Houses, official halls and temples are all confined in Guo Cheng outside the imperial city, and a number of closed rectangular or square areas are surrounded by tall square walls, which helps to strengthen the control of citizens.

Shops are concentrated in one or two squares, managed by the government, and open and close regularly.

The whole city presents a grid-like closed pattern.

In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, with the widespread practice of tenancy, the personal attachment relationship was relaxed and the urban population surged.

With the development of private businesses and handicrafts in the city, the exchange of materials is frequent, shops are set up along the street, night markets are prevalent, and new trading areas appear outside the "market" defined by the government. The strengthening of commercial activities in these cities began to break through the restrictions of city walls and walls, fundamentally shaking the closed market system.

Kaifeng, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, changed the plane layout from an open long street to a closed alley system that prevailed for hundreds of years, which was the first sign of the transformation of the layout and shape of the capital in the middle and late feudal society of China.

Kaifeng Miyagi is located in the center of the city, which makes the central axis running through the city more prominent.

Although the planning and design of Dadoucheng in Yuan Dynasty realized for the first time part of the principle of "facing the market, leaving the ancestors and the right" of Zhou Li and Gong Ji, the overall layout of the city is still the development and continuation of the reform of street opening system that has gradually appeared since the Northern Song Dynasty.

The architectural planning of Beijing, the second-generation capital of Ming and Qing Dynasties, further highlights the central position of Miyagi in the whole city. The north-south central axis and the cross street in front of Miyagi form a T-shaped palace square, and the central yamen is concentrated on both sides of the central axis in front of Miyagi in turn, which is the most concentrated and typical expression of the theme of imperial power supremacy in the capital planning of past dynasties.

However, the distribution of streets and markets in Beijing marks the final completion of the transformation of China's capital from closed to open.

Bibliography Tan Qixiang: Seven Ancient Capitals in the History of China, Problems in History TeachingNo. 1982,No. 1, No.2.

Shi Nianhai: Geographical Factors in the Establishment of the Ancient Capital of China, Research on the Ancient Capital of China, No.2, Zhejiang People's Publishing House, Hangzhou, 1986.

Hou Renzhi: On the Transformation of Old Beijing, Urban Planning No.3, 1984.

Ye Xiaojun Zhu: On the Formation and Function of the Capital System in the History of China, The Study of the Ancient Capital of China, Series 3, Zhejiang People's Publishing House, Hangzhou, 1987.

The ancient capital is also called evolution

* There were four ancient capitals in the early days. The four ancient capitals refer to Xi, Luoyang, Nanjing and Beijing.

* Since 1930s, Kaifeng has been called the five ancient capitals together with Xi, Luoyang, Nanjing and Beijing.

* Since the 1940s, Hangzhou, Xi, Luoyang, Nanjing, Beijing and Kaifeng have been called the six ancient capitals of China.

* Since 1980s, Anyang, Xi, Luoyang, Nanjing, Beijing, Kaifeng and Hangzhou have been called the seven ancient capitals.

Zhengzhou initiated the declaration of the eight ancient capitals of China at the beginning of 2 1 century.

After more than 50 years of formal archaeological excavation of the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties dating project, Zhengzhou was officially listed as "the earliest capital of Shang Dynasty".

Zhengzhou was the capital of Tang Dou and Du Qiao in Shang Dynasty, and Xinzheng was the capital of Zheng and Han in Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

Zhengzhou, as a unified king's capital, was founded in 170, earlier than other cities in the eight ancient capitals.

Zhengzhou has been the capital for more than 700 years, and its ancient capital is second only to Xi, Nanjing, Beijing and Luoyang.

Southeast and northwest of Kyoto, China

* West Capital (Xi 'an, Chang 'an and Xianyang, the ancient capital of the same area nearby)

* Du Dong (Luoyang, Chengzhou, Kaifeng and Bianjing are near the same area).

* Nanjing (Jinling, Jiangning)

* Beijing (Beiping, Yanjing)

Major ancient capitals

As the Central Plains is the birthplace of China culture, Zhengzhou, Xi, Luoyang, Nanjing, Beijing, Kaifeng, Hangzhou and Anyang are all located in today's Henan.

Anyang

In the ancient era of Three Emperors and Five Emperors, two emperors, Zhuan Xu and Di Ku, both established their capitals in Anyang.

Yin Shang period was the Yin Ruins of Shangdu.

After the end of Han Dynasty, Anyang became the capital of Cao Wei, Hou Zhao, Wei Ran, Yan Qian, Eastern Wei and Northern Qi Dynasties with Yecheng as the center.

Beijing

Beijing was the imperial capital of the Five Dynasties (Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing).

* During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was the capital of Yan State, then called Ji.

* The Liao Dynasty was the capital, called Yanjing.

* Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) is the capital city from to 12 17.

* The Yuan Dynasty was the capital.

* The Ming Dynasty has been the capital since Emperor Yongle, and it is called the capital.

* After the Qing Dynasty entered the Central Plains, it also took Beijing as its capital.

* * * Beiyang period of the Republic of China, then called Peiping.

* It is currently the capital of People's Republic of China (PRC).

Xi'an

Xi 'an, known as Chang 'an in ancient times, is also known as Xi Du, Xijing, Daxing City, Jingzhao City and Fengyuan City. It is the city with the most dynasties and the longest duration in the history of China.

There were 13 dynasties, including the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Qin Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty, the New Dynasty, the Eastern Han Dynasty (early Xian Di), the Western Jin Dynasty (Yu), the former Zhao Dynasty, the former Qin Dynasty, the later Qin Dynasty, the Western Wei Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Sui Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty. The capital was established here more than 1 100 years.

It is also the capital of peasant uprising regimes such as Chimei, Lvlin, Daqi (Huang Chao) and Dashun (Li Zicheng).

Therefore, Xi 'an ranks first among the six ancient capitals in China, one of the four ancient capitals in China and one of the four civilized ancient capitals in the world.

See Chang 'an entry for details.

Hangzhou

Hangzhou was the capital of wuyue during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

After the Jin Dynasty destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, the royal family Zhao Gou fled to the south, making Hangzhou the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, which was then called Lin 'an.

open

Kaifeng was the capital of the four major political powers in the Central Plains, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty and the later Zhou Dynasty during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, and was called Liang.

After the mutiny in Chen Qiao, Zhao Kuangyin and the founding of the Song Dynasty, Kaifeng remained the capital.

Luoyang

During the Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Eastern Han and Three Kingdoms periods, Wei, Western Jin and Northern Wei (the capital was moved from Datong in 493), and Luoyang was the capital of Sui, Tang, Jin and Tang Dynasties.

It is the oldest and longest capital of China.

Nanjing

Nanjing was called Jianye during the Three Kingdoms period and was the capital of the State of Wu.

In the Western Jin Dynasty, Sima Ye was taboo, and he changed his name to Jiankang.

This city was the capital of Eastern Jin, Song, Qi, Liang and Chen in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, so Nanjing is also called the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties.

Nanjing was the capital of the Ming Dynasty before Chengzu moved to Beijing.

During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, it was changed to Tianjing, which was the capital of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.

1937 After the Northern Expedition of the Republic of China, before the Japanese invasion of China (during which Chongqing was the temporary capital-the capital), and after the war 1949, before Chiang Kai-shek's national * * * retreated to Taiwan Province Province, they were all located in Nanjing.

In theory, Nanjing is still the official capital of the Republic of China, but the number of times this statement has been mentioned in the Republic of China has gradually decreased.

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