Excuse me, the history of food culture in Qinhuangdao area

This is really a very professional question, so I won't publish anything, just post some related content for you. Besides, Qinhuangdao was also a tiny place in the pre-Qin period, which may not be very civilized. Instead of being confined to this place, it is better to study the diet in Hebei. However, at that time, the food between the north and the south may not be clear, because at that time, the food was not developed, there were many cooking methods, and there were no ingredients (I once learned a little cooking, and I knew a little about this), so it was not as good as nationwide research.

As early as the Book of Rites 1, the menu of the banquet was recorded. First, drink, then eat meat and vegetables, and then eat. The procedure is basically the same as now. At a banquet with sixteen kinds of dishes, the dishes were arranged in four rows, four in each row. The vegetables with bones are placed in the left main position, and the cut pure meat is placed on the right. The rice is on the left of the eater and the soup is on the right. Put minced meat and barbecue farther away, and vinegar and sauce closer. Steamed onions and other condiments are placed next to it. Drinks such as wine pulp and soup are placed in the same direction. If the display is beef jerky, etc. It is curved on the left and straight on the right.

There are gifts for the guests at the party. First, the host takes the wine baron to the guest table and comes in. This is called' offering'. The second time, the guest retaliated, calling it' strong'; After the host pours the wine into the bowl, he drinks it himself first, and then advises the guests to drink it with him. This is called' reward'. This is called a "gift" together. Today's guest banquet is also called entertainment, which emphasizes etiquette itself.

Roast, boil, steam and rinse.

Generally speaking, in the Neolithic Age, people gradually changed the unadjusted simple "fire food" cooking method, and by the Shang Dynasty in Zhixia, the cooking technology had reached a certain height of the times. There are a series of cooking terms in pre-Qin literature, such as burning, roasting, frying, steaming, boiling, exploding, stewing, stewing, boiling, stewing, pickling, pickling, pickling, stewing, soup and so on. For example, "Zhou Li Tianguan Fu Shan" has a cloud: "Where Wang Zhi takes six grains as food, six livestock as food, six clear foods as drink, one hundred and twenty products as shame, eight things as treasure and twenty altars as sauce." It involves the types of food, the choice of condiments, the collocation of main and non-staple foods, the knife treatment of food, the cooking operation, the suitability of taste and many other contents. As far as the "eight treasures" are concerned, one of them is called "eight treasures", and its proper names in the Book of Rites are Chunzao, Chun Mu, Man-eating Dolphin, Tao Chin, Dyeing, Boiling, Naan and Liver. And the production process is introduced in detail. It is a rare and well-known food spectrum in ancient times. According to scholars' research, the spring pot is rice paste mixed with rice; Chun mother poured rice with millet meat sauce; Canned dolphin meat is roast suckling pig or lamb, which includes eight processes, such as slaughter, cavity cleaning, belly brewing, roasting, paste hanging, frying, cutting into pieces, and slow stewing for three days and three nights. Pearl Krabs is a steak; The stain is wine-flavored beef; Boil into dried meat; Three fresh baked rice; Liver? Wrap the dog's liver in baking net oil. It is generally believed that "Eight Treasures" revealed a high-level masterpiece of cooking and seasoning technology in the Zhou Dynasty. In fact, this is caused by the forced memory of the so-called "three generations" cooking level in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. As we will discuss in the next section, some of them existed at least in the Xia and Shang Dynasties.

In a word, the diet content in the gift book is generally a normative expression of the diversification of cookware and the great progress of cooking skills since ancient times, which somewhat reveals the gradual process from the original cooked food method to the "way of fire food".

The earliest etiquette in China originated from eating activities. China was a family political country in ancient times, with strict hierarchical structure. In the pre-Qin period, diet, as an important part of social life, also showed obvious hierarchy.

In China, a state of etiquette, food etiquette is an important content. The earliest etiquette in China originated from eating activities. "Li Yun" said: "The beginning of husband ceremony begins with diet. Flat, millet, dolphin, dirty and respectful, but it is expensive to catch and drum up. If you can still worship ghosts and gods. " It can be said that the most primitive etiquette begins with the act of eating. Ancient China was a family political country. The hierarchy is the core structure of this country, and the country is derived from the expansion of the family. Therefore, the family's respect for the old and love for the young is naturally reflected in the national hierarchy, and on this basis, the ancient social structure of China was formed. ("Zuo Zhuan") Zhao Gong said in seven years: "There are ten days in the sky and ten levels in people. Therefore, in everything, there is a * * * god. Therefore, Wang Chen Gong. ...

However, judging from Wang Bao's tea-drinking activities such as asking servants to cook tea, buy tea and clean utensils in the Book of the Western Han Dynasty, the wind of drinking tea gradually prevailed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China from Qin Dynasty to Han Dynasty. but

In Bashu area, drinking tea is earlier, which should start from the Qin Dynasty.

On Pre-Qin Diet Culture from the Book of Songs

The Book of Songs is China's first collection of poems, which has a far-reaching influence on the development of China literature. Many contents in the poems also objectively express the food culture in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, which is worthy of our serious study. Its characteristics are roughly as follows:

First, the wine culture in China has basically taken shape. In the Book of Rites Eleventh Special Sacrifice, it is said that when giving money and dates, "give food on the left and drink on the right". The reason is that "every drink nourishes yang"; All food, nourishing yin and benefiting qi. "So, the ancients can't eat without drinks, especially wine. At that time, although the variety of wine was only grain brewing, it was already high and low. The top grade "sake" on the top of the jar should be used to worship ancestors first. For example, "What is Beishan? "Xin Nanshan": "Sacrifice sake and follow it. "The bottom of the can has been clarified as' Zanjiu', which is used to reward family members after heavy physical labor. For example, "Logging in Luming Literature": "Logging is allowed, and wine is delicious!" And "purport wine" is mellow wine ("Hu Sang Zhishi Hu Sang": "purport wine is soft", which means the entrance is not spicy. ) entertain distinguished guests. Such as "Luming Literature in Luming Literature": "I have a glass of wine with a guest's heart. "Book of Rites Jade Algae XIII" says: "All venerable people will be offered wine. "Since the wine is dark red, it is estimated that" Xuan wine "is" purport wine "! There is also wine as a general drink. At that time, people had considered the civilization of drinking. For example, remind people to drink moderately. " Xiao Min's "Xiao Zhi Wan": "Everyone is a saint, but he winks when he drinks. "That is to say, when drinking, you should pretend to be a saint, your style should be gentle and honest, and you should exercise restraint when drinking. So what if I'm really drunk? " "The First Banquet between Hu Sang and Bing" tells us: "You are drunk and blessed. "Is drunk take the initiative to leave, noisy at the banquet is not good for everyone. At that time, people also paid attention to good wine with food. " What is Hu Sang? ":"wine and purpose, food and good. "

The contents in Zhou Li and Li Ji show that there was a clear division of labor in animal husbandry at that time, but judging from the Book of Songs, it has not yet formed a large scale. People mainly get meat by hunting in the wild, fishing on the shore and casting nets. Animals include tigers, leopards, bears, deer, pigs, rabbits and dolphins. Birds include pheasants, pigeons, magpies, bustard geese, cranes, mandarin ducks and yellow birds. Fish include carp, bream and silver carp. Hunting with nets and arrows, fishing with nets and fishing, because of the lack of metal weapons or in order to win the favor of beauty, people will fight with wild animals when necessary. For example, Uncle Zheng Feng is out of town: "Give the office a tiger." It's about a young man, topless, bravely fighting the tiger and giving his dead tiger to the public. There is also Taifeng Xintai, which talks about fishing and writes: "If a fishing net is set, Hiroshi will leave it." According to Mr. Wen Yiduo, "red" is not a bird, but a chorus of "bitterness", that is, a frog. "Leaving" and "suffering" are the same. It means fishing with a net, but I caught toad. Fully embodies the humor and helplessness of the parties. Cattle, sheep, chickens, pigs and dogs are clearly mentioned in the Book of Songs. Judging from the relevant content, the sheep industry at that time seemed to be very prominent. People eat mutton and sacrifice it to gods and ancestors. "Lamb skin" is even more essential for people to keep out the cold. "What gives birth to people? "raw people": "take the donkey to lick and carry a burnt one." That is, people put the ram offering sacrifices to the gods on the fire for barbecue. Gong Liu: "In prison, use it as you see fit." Prove that there were pigs in captivity at that time. There is a difference between "dolphin" and "wild tapir" in the Book of Rites, and it is reminded that "dolphins can only eat after removing their brains". However, because pigs eat a lot and are not tamed, people think it is not as cost-effective as raising sheep, so the Book of Songs only mentions "pigs" once ("Nan Zhou's troubles": "People who live there are unhappy and have five troubles at once, so they are worried!" It appeared at the banquet of princes and nobles, so pork was more precious than cattle and sheep at that time. Mr. Feng Wang in service: "Chickens live in the city", which shows that chickens have formed an attachment relationship with human beings at that time, and perhaps food is relatively more precious. Although there are "chicken soup" and "chicken" in the Book of Rites, it can be seen from the Book of Songs that people don't raise chickens in large numbers, but only use chickens as alarm clocks. "Book of Rites Nezer XII" says: "When the chicken crows at first, it is salty to wash." "Zheng Feng: Female cock crow": "Female cock crow, male cock crow." The hunter's wife said: the chicken crows, get up and hunt quickly, and the husband said: wait a little longer, it's not dawn yet! And the official will not dare to sleep. Qi Feng Ji Ming: "When a chicken crows, it is full." When the rooster crowed, the court was already crowded with people. Li Zhou has a record of "dog man", demanding "keeping dogs in the east" and eating "dogs gouging out kidneys" For example, "dogs are red and shy" is not suitable for eating. These contents prove that people at that time already had dogs and ate dog meat. But there is no record of eating dog meat in the Book of Songs. Dogs are mentioned in Qi Feng Luling, but the dogs in the poem are hunters' helpers, not "meat dogs" to be slaughtered. Therefore, I think that the custom of eating dog meat was not common at that time, whether in the imperial court or among the people. It seems that people showed great enthusiasm for dog meat at the turn of Qin and Han dynasties, when the society was in turmoil and food was in short supply.

Judging from the Book of Songs, the varieties of grain at that time were rice, wheat, millet, millet and glutinous rice. , has been widely valued by people. "Taiji Zai Feng": "Go your own way and get my wheat." I rode a horse in the field, surrounded by beautiful wheat. Daejeon: "There are many crops in Daejeon, so it is a question of paying equal attention to abstinence and preparation. I'm sorry, I carry nanmu on my back. You are the court and the master, and your great-grandson is Ruo. " This poem shows that at that time, grain was the main crop, and there were "great-grandchildren" and other professional households. "What gives birth to people? "Shengmin" even said: "Your grass is abundant, and your yellow hair is expensive." In other words, weeds must be removed to grow good food. However, although the grain at that time was mainly cultivated, there may still be wild food crops. Such as "the wind sang the bell": "Why pick wheat? North of the bubble. " Where can I pick wheat? Just north of the bubble. This poem reminds us of two problems. First, there may have been wild Michael mining at that time; Secondly, perhaps people at that time did not harvest wheat, whether it was planted or wild, but picked it. The practice of "picking wheat" proved the scarcity of metal tools at that time.

There are many kinds of vegetables mentioned in The Book of Songs, including curly ears, midges (Artemisia) in the novel, ferns and roses in the novel, and fennel (rattan) in the novel. Perhaps there are many wild vegetables and abundant output. Maybe there was less demand for vegetarian dishes at that time. There is no content of growing vegetables in the Book of Songs. When people want to eat, they just need to know what season, and then go there to choose. "Picking Ling in the Tang Dynasty" "Picking Ling is the top of Chu Yang." Where to pick bitter vegetables? Go to the top of shouyangshan.

At that time, the cooking methods were relatively simple, mainly artillery, burning, roasting, boiling and steaming. The cannon was burned in mud, and the burnt one was baked on the fire. "What is the leaf of the capital": "There is a rabbit's head, and the cannon burns." That is, after the rabbit is wrapped in mud and cooked, it is baked on the fire and fragrant and red. Roasted in the fire, "What are the people born of?" : "The purpose is to make the wine prosperous and burn the powder." It means that meat becomes fragrant in constant roasting. In the Book of Songs, "cooking" is written as "balance", which means cooking. Cooking is one of the main processing methods of ancient diet. Cook vegetarian dishes, such as "What are the leaves of the viceroy": "Leaves are mixed and harvested." Cooking meat dishes, such as "Qi Feng Feng Fei": "Who can fish? Irrigation kettle. " Steaming has a long history in China and is a unique cooking method in China. The so-called Yellow Emperor "steamed grain for rice". "Steaming" in The Book of Songs is written as "Xuan". What is life: "the ups and downs of deduction." From Yin Yun's novels of the Six Dynasties, we can find the ancient method of steaming rice: separating a "Yun" from the "Kun", putting rice on a basket, and then putting "Kun" on a "pot" full of water. Then cook rice on the fire. The retort has the same structure as the existing steamer, but the appearance and material are different. "Tonggong June Turtle Carp" reflects that the banquet at that time was a mixture of raw and cooked. Although people at that time had learned to use fire, they still found that some foods were more delicious when eaten raw. The Book of Rites, Neize XII, has also mentioned "the fat of cattle" and "the fat of fish", saying: "The delicate meat is fat, and the big one is porch". In order to get rid of the fishy smell of raw meat, it is necessary to eat raw meat with "spring onions and autumn mustard". Now we can still eat raw beef offal in some Korean restaurants, and live pig offal can also be found in ethnic minority areas of China. Until the Qing Dynasty, fish maw was still very popular in some parts of China. Qing Li Yuan Tiao's Notes on South Vietnam: "Cantonese people are addicted to raw fish, ... those who wash their blood with swords as soon as they come out of the water? Life, the executioner of movies. Red muscle is white, light enough to blow, as thin as cicada wings. In comparison, Wo uses old glutinous rice and pepper, which melts at the entrance. " But now freshwater fish can hardly be eaten raw because of water pollution, which is a retrogression of social civilization. Poor taste and deterioration of ingredients are also the main driving forces for the development of condiments.

It can also be seen from the Book of Songs that people at that time began to pay attention to the use of spices and seasonings when cooking. There are many descriptions of herb picking in the poem, and "Zanthoxylum bungeanum" is mentioned three times. "Tangshi Pepper and Salt Chat": "Pepper and salt chat is real and fascinating." "Yu Min's dutiful son carries a balance": "There are peppers with their fragrance, and Hu Kao is better?" Obviously, peppers were used as incense at that time. There are also medlar and licorice, which may be the spices used for cooking after picking at that time. So is there any seasoning when you eat it? "What is human life? "Walking Reed": "I will recommend it, or burn it or roast it." That is, barbecue is not salty, so we should "recommend" meat sauce when eating it.

To sum up, we can see that the food culture in the pre-Qin period is not only the cornerstone of our contemporary food culture, but also has its distinctive historical characteristics. First, the wild ingredients at that time were very rich. Different regions and seasons have different vegetarian diets. Because of their different original flavors, people at that time did not pay much attention to seasoning, but focused on highlighting the original flavor of ingredients. The so-called "expensive nature also produces" and "the soup is not harmonious, and its quality is also expensive." This may be one of the reasons why "salt" and "sauce" do not appear directly in the Book of Songs. Yi Yin's emphasis on "the sum of five flavors" shows that ordinary people at that time did not attach importance to the harmony of flavors. Second, pasta has not appeared in large quantities. Like rice, wheat grains are all materials for steamed rice and porridge. Perhaps after the Qin and Han Dynasties, with the close communication between Hu and Han, our ancestors learned to make pasta. Third, although there is "frying" in Zhou Li's "eight treasures", from the Book of Songs, the methods of frying, exploding and frying with oil as the medium have not yet appeared, mainly on fire and water. So the cooking level at that time was still in its infancy. Fourth, the raw materials and taste of wine are relatively simple. At that time, people mainly used grain to make wine, but there was no fruit wine, nor did they add various animal and plant raw materials to increase the color, function and taste of wine as later. They just worked hard on the filtration and concentration of wine. Liquor for them is the content after 2000. This can also be proved by Zhou Li. "Zhou Li Tianguan Zhongzhai No.1" divides wine into "sacrificial wine", "aged wine" and "sake", which is also an article about the function and quality of wine.

Finally, it needs to be explained that this paper only discusses the pre-Qin food culture from the perspective of the Book of Songs, with a view to attracting jade and promoting the study of related issues, rather than drawing conclusions about the food culture at that time, so it is inevitable to generalize and even make mistakes. I sincerely ask my expert colleagues to correct me.