Measures to protect endangered wild animals

Measures to protect endangered wild animals

Measures to protect endangered wild animals, endangered animals are endangered creatures, but now there are more and more endangered animals in the world. Faced with the crisis of biodiversity reduction, many countries have introduced corresponding policies and measures to protect these species. The following measures are about protecting endangered wild animals.

Measures to protect endangered wildlife 1 1, EU biodiversity conservation plan.

The strategic goal of biodiversity conservation in the EU is to fundamentally predict, prevent and solve the causes of significant reduction or loss of biodiversity, so as to reverse the trend of biodiversity reduction or loss and keep species and ecosystems (including agro-ecosystems) inside and outside the EU in a satisfactory state of protection.

The EU Biodiversity Conservation Strategy has formulated a clear framework for action, and set the overall goals and departmental goals. It mainly includes the following four contents: first, the protection and sustainable utilization of biodiversity; The second is to share the benefits brought by the utilization of genetic resources; Third, research, evaluation, monitoring and information exchange; Fourth, educate, train and raise public awareness of protection.

After the EU biodiversity strategic action plan was formulated, the British government set up the British biodiversity leading group to provide strategic guidance for biodiversity protection in the UK. Subsequently, four leading groups were set up in England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales to supervise the implementation of various action plans, raise public awareness and carry out education and training.

2. American laws and regulations on the protection of endangered species.

The United States has enacted many laws to protect endangered species, such as the Endangered Species Act, the Migratory Birds Treaty Act, the Fish and Wildlife Cooperation Act, the National Wildlife Sanctuary Management Act, and the North American Wetland Protection Act. Among them, the most important is the Endangered Species Act.

The Endangered Species Act prohibits the capture of federally listed species without a license. However, the issuance of incidental fishing licenses allows asset owners to engage in other legal economic development activities when endangered species exist in their assets. At the same time, it provides a way for management to develop creative partnership with public and private sectors, so as to realize the balanced, comprehensive and orderly development of endangered species. For example, the international paper company in the United States has made a habitat protection plan to cut down the wood used as its paper raw material and protect the endangered red-hat woodpecker on the land in the southeast of the company. The plan describes the impact of cutting down trees on the red-hat woodpecker and the measures to mitigate the impact. Measures include establishing nearly 5,300 acres of habitats inhabited by 25-30 woodpeckers to increase the number of woodpeckers.

A survey in the United States shows that at least 80% of the species listed on the federal list have habitats on private land. Recognizing the importance of involving private landowners in the protection of endangered species, the management department has formulated a series of policies to promote cooperation with landowners. These policies include: candidate species protection agreement, which encourages permit applicants to protect species not listed in the habitat protection plan. The advantages of this are: first, it can provide early protection for many species, thus avoiding them from being listed in the catalogue; Second, because the candidate species are protected, it can reduce the situation that a species that is not listed in the catalogue is included after the license is issued, and thus it is necessary to modify the habitat protection plan.

The number of habitat protection projects in the United States has increased rapidly. Before 1992, only 14 habitat protection plans were approved, but by February 23, 2006, 5438+0, the management department had issued more than 343 incidental fishing licenses, and its habitat protection plans covered more than 20 million acres, protecting 200 listed species and many unlisted species.

3. Some management measures for commercial utilization of wild species in Australia.

In Australia, the biggest threat to wild species is habitat clearance. In order to improve the land use value, individual farmers, ranchers or developers often remove native vegetation, thus removing the habitat of wild species. Therefore, many people believe that the future biodiversity protection in Australia depends largely on finding a mechanism, especially economic stimulus, to effectively protect and restore natural habitats on private land. Australia believes that the commercial application of wild species can be one of the mechanisms under proper management from the experience at home and abroad.

Some experiences in Australia show that giving endangered wild species a certain value will bring greater protection than not having commercial value. For example, in order to obtain mink meat from Australia for domestic consumption and export, it has been caught in high-level commerce for decades. However, its number has not decreased, but has greatly increased. For example, for decades, the aborigines on bass strait Island have been catching cranes commercially to obtain their meat, oil and feathers for local use or export, but the number of cranes is still increasing. This is because commercial capture has played a great role in protecting the habitat of these wild animals.

The above examples show that landowners can only protect these habitats if they benefit from the wildlife in these habitats. Therefore, natural habitat should be regarded as an economic resource, because it has application value and can compete with other land use methods. Only when it is regarded as having economic value can it be fully respected and protected.

Australia's experience in managing wild species shows that technically sustainable harvesting or hunting is possible. The key question is whether the government can control the potentially destructive economic and social forces. Among them, it is one of the most important factors to ensure that resource owners see that well-managed wildlife trade has economic benefits. Therefore, for the relevant government agencies, the challenge of entrepreneurs and animal protection groups to the commercial utilization of wild animals is how to manage commercial applications, so as to reduce risks and realize the maximum protection and sustainable utilization of biodiversity.

At present, Australia's management responsibilities are divided into three parts: the federal government mainly manages imports and exports, and all federal environmental legislation is being comprehensively reformed, and the existing legislation is divided into biodiversity protection, environmental protection and heritage protection. Every state and autonomous prefecture has legislation to manage wildlife, and supports the ecologically sustainable commercial application of wildlife in policy and practice.

Other countries have similar practical experience: in South Africa, due to the change of land use policy, the ownership of wild species returned to the landowners, many habitats were restored and protected, and the distribution and quantity of many wild species greatly increased, which also brought many social and cultural benefits.

Some western countries protect their own resources at the expense of those of other countries.

The possession of wildlife resources has been regarded as one of the important indicators to measure a country's national strength internationally. Developed countries have a solid economic foundation and attach great importance to the protection of their own biological resources. Relying on their strong economic and scientific strength, they plundered and controlled the biological resources of developing countries by various means, processed them into botanical drugs or other high value-added products by using advanced technology, and then applied for patent protection, and sold their achievements to developing countries at high prices in the form of patented technology and patented products, thus making high profits. Some developed countries have accelerated their market share and economic monopoly in developing countries by controlling the world wildlife resources. As a result, developing countries have suffered huge economic and resource losses, and many countries of origin and providers of biological resources have become victims. Therefore, some western countries do attach importance to species protection when they get rich, but developed countries protect their own resources at the expense of developing countries' resources, which should be highly valued by the international community. CITES Convention is the English abbreviation of Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, also known as Washington Convention. 1973 was signed in Washington, USA, and 1975 came into effect. The depositary government of the Convention is the Swiss Federal Government. The purpose of the Convention is to strictly control and supervise the commercial international trade of endangered species listed in its appendix, to prevent species from surviving in nature and to avoid their extinction due to excessive international trade and development and utilization. Up to now, the Convention has more than 160 countries. The Convention holds a meeting of States parties every two years.

Convention trade refers to the import, export, re-export and introduction of species from the sea (referring to the import of any species specimen into a country that does not belong to the jurisdiction of any country).

China joined the CITES Convention on 198 1. China is one of the countries with the richest animal and plant resources in the world, but it is a resource-rich country. In terms of per capita resources, China is a resource-poor country.

In order to further strengthen the protection of wild animals and the rescue and breeding of endangered species in China. More than 700 nature reserves, botanical gardens and animal domestication and breeding centers have been established, and a large number of wild animals and plants such as Emei Mountain National Park have been protected. By the end of last century, China had established 14 wildlife rescue and breeding centers, artificial breeding populations of more than 20 endangered species, more than 400 ex-situ conservation and breeding bases and germplasm resource banks of rare plants, and more than 100 botanical gardens and arboretum, thus protecting and breeding more than 1000 rare plants.

Measures to protect endangered wildlife 2 i. Main measures

1, strengthen management and prohibit poaching. Do not kill animals indiscriminately, do not catch animals, and do not sell animals.

Hunting wild animals in animal protection areas should be strictly controlled. Strengthen the management of guns, ammunition and hunting tools, prohibit poaching and trapping rare and endangered wild animals, and hunt wild animals with excessive population or important uses in strict accordance with the approved quantity with the approval of superiors.

2. Don't destroy their growing environment, create habitats and solve the food shortage. On the basis of full field investigation, the distribution, activity law, reproduction and food chain of wild animals in the reserve, as well as the migration law, reproduction characteristics and food characteristics of birds were analyzed. In the season of food shortage, provide food for rare and endangered wild animals with a small number.

3. Save and feed wild animals. The rescue of wild animals shall be carried out by individual artificial rescue, and measures such as ex situ artificial rescue, rehabilitation and release to the wild shall be taken for stray, injured, sick, old and weak wild animals to maintain and expand the population of wild animals, especially rare and endangered wild animals.

4, increase the promotion and application of high technology, improve the effectiveness of wildlife protection. Strengthen horizontal ties with universities and scientific research institutions. First, the state formulates relevant technical specifications and strives to improve the conditions for domestication and reproduction of wild animals. For example, China has promulgated a series of relevant laws, regulations and technical regulations, such as the Measures for the Administration of Domestication and Breeding Licenses for National Key Protected Species, and the General Technical Conditions for Mammals, Birds, Amphibians and Reptiles, Wild Animals and Farms. Through these systems and regulations, clear requirements are put forward for the site, health and epidemic prevention and technical conditions of wildlife breeding.

5. A series of places for domestication, breeding and utilization of wild animals have been cleaned up and rectified, and units whose technology does not meet the requirements have been rectified in time, and some have stopped their business activities. For example, taking courage from raising bears, we reduced the number of bear farms from more than 480 in the 1990s to 68 now through cleaning up and rectifying. Those who meet the planning requirements will be left behind, and others will be banned. The behavior of raising bears and taking bile has all changed from wearing iron vests and using small iron cages to painless operation of self-made tube drainage, and the activity place of bears has been greatly improved.

6. Completely stop all performances of using live animals to raise wild animals, and standardize the exhibitions and performances of wild animals such as zoos and circuses.

7, the introduction of the identification system of domestication and breeding of live wild animals, and strive to establish the domestication and breeding of live wild animals files, strengthen management measures, to ensure that animals get good treatment.

8. Formulated and issued requirements for the transportation of live wild animals, promoted the management of wild animal transportation in China in accordance with international standards and norms, and ensured the safety and welfare of wild animal transportation.

First, expand the protection scope of hometown and do a good job in the construction of wetland ecological environment. Farming around lakes is prohibited, and the functions, biodiversity and ecological environment of the lakes should be evaluated. On this basis, we will expand the nature reserve and upgrade the original nature reserve. Control the development scale of my township, and prohibit the expansion and occupation of wetlands in the lake area due to the development of industrial and agricultural production and urbanization. At the same time, we will strengthen the construction of wetland protection capacity in surrounding counties and do a good job in the construction of wetland ecological environment, so as to protect the biodiversity of our hometown.

Two, strengthen the protection and management of wild animals and plants in my hometown.

Do a good job in publicity, make full use of all kinds of media to widely publicize the wildlife protection law and other relevant laws and regulations, so that everyone knows; Timely discover all kinds of illegal and criminal activities that destroy swan and bird resources, and severely crack down on illegal hunting, acquisition, transportation and management of birds; From time to time, carry out surprise inspections on wild animal restaurants and hotels in urban towns and villages, investigate and deal with illegal and criminal gangs, and curb illegal hunting in our township; Adhere to the four-pronged approach of "prevention, crackdown, management and construction", implement various control measures, and protect the wildlife resources in my hometown in a timely and effective manner.

Third, strengthen the research on biodiversity.

In view of the present situation, the population quantity, ecological habits and breeding law of wild animal resources in the lake area are dynamically monitored, and a wildlife information system and a wildlife breeding and protection center in the hometown are established, and the population quantity of wild animals in the hometown is continuously expanded by using advanced breeding technology, so as to finally realize the fundamental protection of wild animals in the hometown.

Four, strengthen the construction of wildlife protection management system.

Establish and improve the management system, clarify the responsibilities of various departments and regions, and set up independent wildlife protection stations with full-time personnel to further strengthen the construction of wildlife protection teams in our township; Is to improve the monitoring system. Establish more wildlife epidemic monitoring stations and monitoring points in the lake area, and improve the protection, management and monitoring network system of Weishan Lake; It is to actively carry out publicity and education work, improve public participation and raise the awareness of local residents not to sell animals to protect wild animals and plants. Only in this way can we really promote the protection and sustainable development of wildlife in our hometown.

Measures to protect endangered wildlife 3 i. Concept of endangered species

What is an endangered species? In terms of meaning, it refers to those species that are close to danger. Scientifically, it refers to a biological group with a small population and no increase in the number in the wild. There are two meanings here. First of all, a small population means that there are few or limited individuals who make up the total population of the species. But if you want to ask how much the population should be below, can it be considered small? We believe that different biological species should have different standards. In recent years, the concept of minimum effective population has been put forward, which is helpful to understand this. The second is that the number of wild areas has not increased. For some populations that have adapted to evolution for a long time and are in a state of natural balance, the number may not increase, and for some populations that are in a state of degradation due to environmental stress and human interference, the number may not increase; If the number in the wild does not increase, it may mean a balance of numbers, or it may mean a decline. If such a species is a small population as mentioned above, it can be called an endangered species. But to truly identify endangered species, we need to rely on experts in related fields to complete it collectively. At present, the main basis for determining whether a species is endangered is the Red Data Manual of Endangered Species and its related red list compiled by IUCN. Second, the list of endangered species formulated according to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES); The third type is the national list of key protected wild animals and plants, which is made by domestic experts with reference to the contents of IUCN red book, and then based on this, according to the laws of biological protection in China. In these different lists, endangered species are divided into different grades. For example, the animal red book published in China adopts three levels: extinction, endangered and fragile (Jie Zhong, Wang Song,1995; Jie Zhong, Chen Yan, 1997), the formulation of different endangered levels can be used in different occasions. With the constant change of the environment, endangered species are also changing. The above-mentioned endangered species list needs to be updated irregularly and completed by corresponding experts. Table 1 is an endangered animal and plant species selected in China Red Book. Compared with the existing biological species in China (Qian, 1994), it roughly reflects the endangered situation of different groups of organisms.

Second, protect endangered species.

There are generally three main types of species protection, namely autotrophic protection, captive protection and gene protection.

Autotrophic protection, that is, the protection of protected areas, refers to maintaining the natural growth of species in the state of natural ecosystem, so that they are not disturbed by the environment and human activities. Since the founding of New China, the cause of protected areas in China has made great progress. At present, there are mainly four types of nature reserves in China, namely, ecosystem nature reserves, wildlife reserves, rare plants and various vegetation nature reserves and natural historical sites. The first nature reserve in China was established from 1956. By September 1992, China had established 708 nature reserves with a total area of 56.09 million hectares, accounting for 5.84% of the national territory (Li Bosheng, 1994). By the end of 1996, China had established seven "protected areas" with a total area of 71850,000 hectares, accounting for 7. 19% of the national territory (government white paper, 1996). The promulgation of the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Regulations of People's Republic of China (PRC) Nature Reserve and the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Protection of Wild Animals provide a legal basis for species protection.

Captive protection, that is, park protection, refers to the use of zoos, botanical gardens and related national parks to limit animals and plants to a specific range for protection. Take the development of zoos as an example. Since the establishment of 1985 China Zoo Association, zoos in China have developed rapidly. At present, there are 170 zoos and park animal exhibition areas in China, among which 28 zoos have a certain scale (Li Bosheng, 1994). The construction and development of zoos set up shelters for endangered animals, which played an important role in animal breeding, experimental animal research, animal protection and zoology knowledge propaganda. Papers published, ecological destruction.

Gene protection, that is, gene bank protection, refers to the method of preserving biological genetic genes by molecular biology and genetic technology. For example, the China Academy of Agricultural Sciences Agricultural Germplasm Resource Bank and the National Crop Seed Resource Bank established in Qinghai Province.

Third, the study of endangered species.

Since the Ninth Five-Year Plan, a series of research reports of the National Natural Science Foundation of China have been published one after another, such as Development Strategies of Plant Science, Animal Science and Ecology. Development strategy plays a macro-control role in the application of life science projects. The key projects supported by the Ministry of Life Sciences during the Ninth Five-Year Plan include the evolution and diversity of protozoa, the systematic evolution of terrestrial vertebrates in the border areas of Sichuan, Yunnan and Tibet, the floristic evolution of important plant groups, the molecular system and gene evolution law of important biological groups, and the ecological adaptation mechanism and protection countermeasures of rare and endangered birds in China. The above projects are closely related to the protection of endangered animals and plants in China. Papers published, ecological destruction. The extent to which the implementation of these projects will promote the research of conservation biology in China depends on the joint efforts of the project team leader and the scientific research departments of relevant units, and is also related to the development of biological protection in China at the beginning of the next century. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, the major project "Study on Biodiversity Conservation in Key Areas of China" was also approved for implementation. The project will carry out research on biodiversity, endangered species mechanism and protection, and its research results will provide theoretical support for the protection of endangered species and the sustainable maintenance of ecosystems in China. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, the "Three Records" was specially approved by the Fund Committee as a major project to continue to support.

Four. Analysis and discussion

Generally speaking, endangered species is a relative concept. A species is not endangered from the day it was born, but has its own development process. In addition, some endangered species are not always in an endangered state, and may turn from endangered to normal. Therefore, in order to determine whether a species is endangered, in addition to the two necessary conditions mentioned above, the external and internal causes of species endangerment need to be comprehensively analyzed in order to make an objective and accurate judgment. We know that although IUCN has established a red book and a red list, China has also established a list of key protected animals and plants. These catalogues also need constant revision. Papers published, ecological destruction. Pay attention not only to the species in the list, but also to the species on the edge of the list. Papers published, ecological destruction.

In the list of endangered species, whether those species are effectively protected and what scientific problems are worth discussing are urgent problems to be solved at present. Papers published, ecological destruction. Although the construction of protected areas in China has made great progress, it is impossible to classify all endangered species into protected areas. Papers published, ecological destruction. Moreover, the research on the construction and management of protected areas is a weak link in China. It is necessary to pay attention to the protection status of species that have been classified into protected areas, whether there are theoretical problems worthy of in-depth study, and how far it is from the theoretical research of protected areas in other developed countries. For captive organisms that are not included in the reserve, research should be carried out on their biology, protection and reproduction, and they can be transplanted or released into the wild if conditions permit. For some species, the combination of field protection and captive protection can be adopted. The study of Northeast Tiger and Zhu He are two special cases.