How and when to plant agropyron cristatum

Key cultivation techniques for successful introduction of agropyron africana in Shouguang area

Fund Project: Supported by Facility Horticulture Laboratory of Shandong University (20 18YY030).

Li Yunling

Agropyron africana is a new type of healthy vegetable, which has rich nutrition and certain medicinal value. At present, it has been successfully introduced in Shouguang, Shandong Province, with considerable economic benefits and good market prospects. This paper mainly introduces the introduction and cultivation techniques in Africa.

1 Introduction Experiment of Agropyron africana

Agropyron africana is an annual succulent herb of Hibiscus, also known as frozen vegetable, which is named after the crystal particles with salt on the surface of its leaves. As a new type of health-care vegetable, frozen vegetables are rich in terpineol, inositol, flavonoids, carotene, natural mineral salts and other nutrients, which have adjuvant therapeutic effects on hypertension, hyperlipidemia and other diseases, and are a good nutritional health-care product. Iced vegetables can also be used as ornamental succulents, with plant height of 20 ~ 40 cm, star-shaped flowers, pale purple vines, full of water and glittering leaves, which are suitable for making bonsai; The cultivation technique is simple, the growth period is long, the economic value is high, and the unit price can even reach 70 yuan kg- 1.

Due to climatic reasons, the successful introduction places in China are concentrated in Shandong, Gansu, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan and other places. Since it was successfully introduced in Luocheng Street, Shouguang City, Shandong Province at the beginning of 20 14, iced vegetables have developed into a new special dish and become one of the main planting bases of iced vegetables in China. Products are sold to high-end hotels and large supermarkets at home and abroad, with considerable economic benefits and broad market prospects.

2. Key cultivation techniques for successful introduction in Shouguang area.

There are many ways to grow iced vegetables, including soil culture or hydroponics. Because of different cultivation methods, the taste of iced vegetables will change slightly. In addition to greenhouse planting and outdoor planting, it is also suitable for balcony or potted planting, which can be used as ornamental bonsai and household consumption, killing two birds with one stone. This study mainly introduces the cultivation techniques of greenhouse soil in Shouguang area.

2. 1 variety selection

Screening and introducing frozen vegetable varieties suitable for Shandong climate from Musashino Seedling Company. This variety is resistant to low temperature and weak light, suitable for greenhouse planting, simple in process and good in taste. It has been planted in streets such as Los Angeles in Shouguang area.

2.2 Planting stubble

Frozen vegetables are not resistant to high temperature, and will wilt when the temperature exceeds 30℃, so it is best to avoid hot summer in the growing season. The growth cycle is about 6 months, and you can plant two crops a year. Autumn and winter crops can be planted in September and listed in large quantities before New Year's Day; Sowing spring and summer crops in February and harvesting in July with high temperature can not only ensure the suitable growth conditions of frozen vegetables, but also improve the income.

2.3 Selection of origin

Frozen vegetables are mostly eaten fresh and raw, and have strong adsorption capacity for heavy metals in soil. Therefore, the choice of production environment is very important. Clean water sources should be selected, and there are no heavily polluted plots such as chemical plants around.

2.4 Cultivation techniques

2.4. 1 soaking seeds to accelerate germination

The seeds of frozen vegetables are very small, so choose seeds with full grains, no damage and no pests. According to the dosage of about 5g per 667m2, the seeds were soaked in water at 25℃ for 3 hours to accelerate germination, and then planted in holes to grow seedlings. If conditions permit, the seeds can be directly soaked in an incubator to accelerate germination.

2.4.2 Substrate seedling raising

On-demand method, small holes with holes of 128 are selected, and each hole is sown with 1 seed. Because the seeds are small, do not cover the thick substrate when sowing (the substrate should be dried and sieved before use), but cover it with a thin layer. All the sown plug plates are placed on the flat seedbed in the shed, which is convenient for unified management.

1) temperature management: keep the temperature at about 22℃ after sowing to promote seed germination. When the temperature is low, reasonable heating measures should be taken to increase the temperature; When the temperature is high, pay attention to increase the ventilation in the nursery or shed to reduce the temperature. For example, in winter, you can build a small arch shed on the seedbed of the greenhouse and cover it with a quilt mat to ensure the seedling temperature; Proper ventilation and dehumidification with the increase of temperature can prevent seedlings from growing white or rotting roots.

2) Water management: Let water permeate after sowing, and don't water the substrate later. It is forbidden to water the seedlings before they are unearthed. After the seedlings are unearthed, with the growth of true leaves, if the temperature is high and the leaves wilt, you can spray water with a watering can appropriately. There is no need to apply any fertilizer when raising seedlings, but it is easy to fall off. You can use 500 times of microbial pesticide Trichoderma wettable powder to control it with a watering can.

At present, there are two main cultivation methods of agropyron cristatum: one is planting after soil seedling or plug; The second is to sow seeds in the shed. In Shouguang area, plug substrate is generally used to raise seedlings, and seedlings are transplanted to the field after hardening to prevent dead seedlings from punching holes.

2.4.3 seedling hardening and planting

1) seedling hardening: it takes about 25 ~ 30 days after sowing (due to slight difference in cultivation period), and it can be sown when there are 4 ~ 5 true leaves. 4 ~ 5 days before transplanting, the seedlings should be tempered, the temperature of the seedbed should be reduced appropriately, and ventilation should be increased to improve the stress resistance of the seedlings; Water the seedbed at the bottom of the plug so that the seedlings can be buried.

2) Preparation before planting: about 20 days before planting, clean up the sundries in the shed, apply about 2000kg of organic biogas fertilizer every 667m2 and 50kg of potassium sulfate compound fertilizer as base fertilizer, and level the land after deep ploughing with a rotary cultivator, and then make a border with a width of about 1.6 m, with 4 rows per border and 40-50 rows per border. Iced vegetables have strong drought resistance, so the planting soil should not be too wet, with good drainage, and sandy soil is the best. Therefore, field soil, sand or peat can be mixed together for colonization. In order to increase drainage, the seedbed should be slightly higher. About 3500 plants can be planted per 667m2.

3) Planting: It should be planted after 15: 00 on cloudy or sunny days. Ditching or digging holes on the ridge, try to choose strong seedlings without disease and scar and developed roots, and bring as much perennial soil as possible when raising seedlings to protect the roots from damage, which is beneficial to slow down seedlings; The leaves of frozen vegetables are crisp and tender, so the whole transplanting process must be handled carefully to ensure the integrity of the plants; Don't dig too deep, only when the seedlings are above the water. Cover the soil with hands and irrigate it immediately after planting. Three days after planting, check the survival rate of seedlings, and replenish seedlings in time if there are dead seedlings. Because frozen vegetables are mostly eaten raw, it is necessary to minimize the contact between stems and leaves and the soil. After planting, plastic film can be cut off for 5 days, which is clean and hygienic, and can also keep warm and moist.

2.4.4 Post-planting management

1) temperature management: iced vegetables like temperature, but they are not resistant to high temperature and cold, and the most suitable growth temperature is 18 ~ 26℃. If the temperature is too high, if it exceeds 30℃ for a long time, the plants will grow white, the stems will be elongated, the leaves will be clustered and narrowed, the secretion of leaves will be reduced, and even wilted, and the quality will become worse; When the temperature is too low, plants grow slowly and leaves are easy to shrink. If the temperature is lower than 5℃, serious freezing damage will occur. Therefore, when the temperature is high, it is necessary to increase ventilation and cool down in time. At noon, a black sunshade net can be set up, and some farmers splash mud on the shed film, which will have a sunshade effect and help to cool down. In case of low temperature, heating wires can be laid in the shed for heating, or other heating measures such as covering non-woven quilts and straw mats can be taken.

2) Water and fertilizer management: Iced vegetables are relatively drought-resistant. Generally speaking, only when the soil surface is dry, water them. The soil moisture content is controlled at about 60% and kept in a semi-dry and semi-wet state. Too much watering can easily rot roots, cause diseases and even death. During the whole growth process, the mixed liquid of biogas slurry and water (1∶4) can be sprayed on the leaves every 10d, so as to reduce the occurrence of pests and diseases, and the spraying should be uniform and ensure spraying on both sides. When spraying foliar fertilizer, try to choose after noon on a sunny day, and ensure that fully decomposed biogas slurry is used and filtered with a screen for clarification. Iced vegetables like boron, and 0. 1% boron solution can be sprayed every half month to promote growth and prevent leaf cracking.

3) Lighting management: Iced vegetables like lighting. During the growing period, lighting can be extended under the condition of ensuring proper temperature and humidity to promote their rapid growth.

4) Disease management: There are few diseases of frozen vegetables, most of which are eaten raw. Try not to use chemical pesticides in the growth process, and focus on prevention. If serious diseases occur, microbial pesticides or physical control methods are often used. Ventilation and light transmission should be made in time during the growth process to prevent diseases caused by excessive humidity. Pests are mainly aphids and planthoppers. Insect nets can be used to prevent aphids, and yellow boards can be used to trap aphids. If the pest is aggravated, rotenone EC 1000 times solution can also be considered for control. In the daily management room, old leaves and diseased leaves on plants should be cut off in time, weeds should be pulled out in time, ventilation and light transmission should be promoted, and the occurrence of pests and diseases should be reduced.

In the daily management process, if you find that there are flower buds on the frozen vegetables, you must pick them. Because once flowering, the growth of plant stems and leaves is bound to be limited, and the edible quality will decline.

2.5 harvesting

Planting 1 month or so, and harvesting frozen vegetables with lateral branches of about 20cm. Pay attention to leave 1 pair of leaves on the 1 node of the branch when harvesting, so as to prepare for the secondary lateral branch germination. Generally, harvesting can start at 05: 00, when the temperature is low, which can better ensure the freshness after harvesting. Pay attention to the action requirements when harvesting, and try to avoid damaging plants. As soon as possible after harvesting, put it into a foam incubator with ice bottles (plastic bottles are frozen at low temperature after being filled with water) to keep its quality unchanged during storage and transportation. If the temperature is about 5℃, frozen vegetables can be stored for 1 week, but the storage temperature should not be too low, otherwise it will easily cause freezing damage and cannot be eaten again.

In view of the harsh fresh-keeping conditions and short shelf life of frozen vegetables after harvest, Shouguang has started deep processing of frozen vegetables, such as dehydration to make dried vegetables, which not only retains nutrition, but also increases commercialization, which is conducive to long-term preservation. Japanese people also use the extract of frozen vegetables to add to cosmetics, which has good moisturizing and nutritional effects. Therefore, the introduction, commercial planting, deep development and popularization of frozen vegetables have good prospects.