Discussion on large-scale central heating and decentralized central heating?

At present, there are 286 cities in China's heating areas with central heating facilities, and all of them basically adopt the mode of large central heating. What kind of method to solve the problem of central heating is related to the overall situation of governing for the people, harmony and stability, which deserves serious discussion.

Central heating in cities and towns in China has long been a centralized mode of large investment, large boilers, large chimneys and large pipe networks, which has caused many disadvantages, such as huge construction investment, low level of energy saving and emission reduction, serious loss of long pipe networks, inflexible heating supervision and difficult charging. If this mode continues to develop, the central heating in China will be farther and farther away from the international level, environmental protection requirements and people's wishes.

Fortunately, a new heating mode-decentralized central heating, which can solve many problems of large-scale central heating, has been successfully studied by scientific and technological workers in western China. Managers and people in cities should be informed as soon as possible, and rigid measures should be taken to promote it.

The so-called decentralized central heating means that a town used to have only one heating center and one centralized heat source point, but it has changed to build several heat source points according to local conditions and adopt environmentally-friendly and efficient boilers to improve heating efficiency, shorten pipe network, reduce heat consumption, reduce pollution, reduce costs and beautify the environment.

From the technical point of view, this decentralized central heating mode adopts China's great invention of energy saving and emission reduction-ocean wave environmental protection and energy saving micro-emission coal-fired system technology. Unlike the past, there is no need for large boilers, chimneys and large pipe networks, which can save coal 1/3, almost smoke-free and dust-free, and the pollution discharge reaches the national emission standard for natural gas boilers. According to the individual heating needs of different cities or units, decentralized distribution and invisible heating are realized, which overcomes many disadvantages of current central heating and makes coal burning more economical, gas cleaner, lower in price, less in heat loss and better in environment.

From the operational point of view, this new model adopts the contract energy management model widely implemented in the world, and introduces the market mechanism into the central heating field in an all-round way. You can invest all or part of the construction funds for customers, flexibly disperse the construction of heat sources, share the benefits of central heating with customers after the project is completed, and finally hand over all facilities to customers for long-term enjoyment. This undoubtedly greatly eased the financial difficulties in building central heating facilities in many cities in China, clarified the rights and interests of construction, operation and consumption, and solved the problems of large-scale central heating investment, difficult charging and many losses.

First, the disadvantages of large-scale central heating

China's urban central heating began in the 1950s, and has made great progress since the reform and opening up. It has played a certain historical role in improving energy utilization efficiency, reducing environmental pollution and improving people's heating. However, with the development of social economy, especially the requirements of the international community for energy conservation and emission reduction and protection of the global environment, this large-scale central heating mode has also exposed more and more weaknesses and operational embarrassment.

First, the overall construction investment is too large. Even if small and medium-sized cities build central heating, they need to invest hundreds of millions or even billions of yuan. For example, Jiuquan City, Gansu Province, located in a remote area in the west, invested 2.7 billion yuan in central heating, and Lhasa City, Tibet invested 900 million yuan in central heating, so other developed cities invested more. Cities and towns with central heating facilities need to invest a lot of money if they want to expand the heating area and update the equipment. For example, Liaoyang, a medium-sized city, invested1.1.50 billion yuan to expand the heating scale in 2006. Zhengzhou expanded the central heating area last year, with a one-time investment of 654.38+0 billion yuan! Local finance and consumers are at a loss.

Second, the efficiency of heat source (centralized large boiler room) is not ideal. Because all the traditional large coal-fired boilers are used in central heating in China, there are still many gaps compared with the current advanced level in energy saving and emission reduction. Although many small boilers have been demolished and low-altitude smoke braids have been cut off, large boilers still need to build tall chimneys, and coal consumption, smoke and carbon dioxide pollution emissions are only within the national low-level standards; Wet desulfurization and bag dust removal equipment are not installed in most places, because the investment of this kind of desulfurization and dust removal equipment is 10 times that of traditional equipment, and the investment of a single equipment is as high as 67 million yuan. This is far from the national requirements for energy conservation and emission reduction.

Third, the pipeline of heating network is too long, often tens or even hundreds of kilometers, which not only has high cost and difficult maintenance, but also has serious heat loss in long-distance transportation. The fixed cost and variable cost of heating network are relatively large, and the end users are severely restricted and lack flexibility.

Fourth, the relationship between the rights and interests of construction, operation and users is unclear, and there is no perfect market mechanism, which leads to the phenomenon of arrears in heating, which cannot be cured over time. Strictly speaking, the current central heating system is the product of planned economy, which has a welfare color in the minds of many users. In many cities, the heating price deviates from the value, the cost remains high, the burden of heating enterprises is heavy, and the phenomenon of users' arrears is widespread. Local governments have to pay huge bills every year. Take some northern cities before and after the Olympics as an example: Beijing's heating arrears reached 594.37 million yuan over the years. In the winter of the Olympic Games, the government will subsidize 2.2 billion yuan from the government to ensure that the heating price will not rise; Shenyang allocated 240 million yuan to subsidize heating, and Qingdao once allocated 80 million yuan to make up for the losses of central heating enterprises ... Needless to mention, people have clearly seen the shortcomings in the operation of urban central heating.

On the one hand, governments at all levels make every effort to regard central heating as a major event of people's livelihood and bear huge bills every year; On the other hand, the construction cost of heat source has increased sharply, the operation loss of heating network is serious, and the phenomenon of arrears of heat user fees is widespread. These three components of central heating system have insurmountable disadvantages, which really need to be changed.

Second, major innovations and inventions have spawned new models.

In 2007, a great invention named ocean wave environmental protection, energy saving and micro-emission coal-fired system technology came out quietly in Baoji National High-tech Development Zone, Shaanxi Province. This kind of boiler technology does not need to build a tall chimney, the coal burning rate reaches 98%, and the pollution emission is extremely low, which is called a revolution of coal-fired boilers. It is this great invention that gave birth to a new idea of decentralized central heating.

The expert appraisal organized by the national science and technology department believes that this invention has reached the international advanced level. It integrates five technologies: new clean combustion technology, high-efficiency heat transfer technology, waste heat recovery technology, original three-tower dust removal and desulfurization technology, and flue gas recirculation combustion, with obvious pollution reduction, energy saving and emission reduction effects, and relatively low investment and operating costs. After rigorous scientific and technological retrieval, it is confirmed that there is no precedent in the world today. 1/2 12 Last page

From the actual effect, the invention has four amazing innovations:

(1) pollution discharge is very small, and all kinds of pollution discharge are far below the national limit standard, and some are even lower than the discharge standard of oil and gas boilers. In particular, sulfur dioxide, a harmful substance of international concern, has dropped to the cleanliness of N.D. (below the minimum detection limit)! At present, the national standard for allowing natural gas boilers to emit sulfur dioxide in China is 100 mg/m3, which makes the sulfur dioxide emission close to zero. )

Another example is the internationally recognized harmful emission of nitrogen oxides. Beijing strictly stipulates that the emission of natural gas boilers should not exceed 200 mg/m3, but this invention reduces the emission of nitrogen oxides to 39 mg/m3, which is only 1/5! The State Council Development Research Center, together with experts from six national ministries and commissions, saw at the scene of a coal-fired boiler adopting this system technology in Baoji, Shaanxi Province that this boiler has no tall chimney, and for thousands of years, most of the smoke and dust floating into the air from coal burning has been burned in this boiler system. Even if a white shirt is hung on the gas outlet of this boiler, it will be coke-free and ash-free after several hours. It can be said that with this breakthrough technology, it is recognized that coal with large pollution will become clean energy! Imagine if this technology is used to build central heating facilities in towns and residential areas, the energy saving and emission reduction situation and international image of China will be greatly improved.

(2) This technology makes the thermal efficiency of coal-fired boilers as high as 88.4%, far exceeding all coal-fired boilers at present, and can save about 30% coal. According to the data disclosed by the National Bureau of Statistics, industrial boilers in China consume at least 600 million tons of coal every year. If this technology can be popularized and implemented in the whole country, only one industrial boiler can save 65438+800 million tons of coal every year! According to the standard of burning 2.45 tons of carbon dioxide per ton of coal, 440 million tons of carbon dioxide can be reduced. The temperature of common boiler exhaust port is as high as 180℃. The boiler adopting this technology has no chimney and smokeless tail, and the outlet temperature is only below 60℃, which reduces the heat output by two times. Saving coal and ultra-low heat discharge will undoubtedly help to reduce the global greenhouse effect and create a better living environment for more towns in China!

(3) extensive use of energy. Ocean wave environmental protection and energy saving micro-emission coal-fired system technology has a wide range of applications. By adjusting the internal control parameters of the boiler, all kinds of coal can be fully burned and energy efficiency can be improved.

(4) Low operating cost. On the premise of the same heating effect, the operating cost of coal-fired boilers using this technology is only 1/3 of that of natural gas boilers and 1/6 of that of electric boilers. At present, it has been used in more than 40 demonstration sites in the west, with stable performance and very gratifying effect. In winter heating season, the charge per square meter in central heating cities is generally 20-30 yuan, and some are as high as 50 yuan. The cost per square meter of this technology is only 10- 12 yuan. If it is promoted throughout the country, heating costs alone will save more than 1 1000 billion yuan for the people of the whole country every year.

Obviously, using this wave of environmental protection and energy-saving micro-emission coal-fired system technology to build central heating needs neither large boiler room nor large chimney, saving a lot of construction investment; After being dispersed to many places, there is no need for a long large-scale pipe network, with low pollution discharge and less heat loss, which basically solves many disadvantages of large-scale central heating in the past.

This kind of decentralized central heating can flexibly set several heat sources in a town and build a central heating system in a residential group or a hotel. The equipment can even be installed in the basement, planting grass and flowers on the ground, arranging architectural sketches, beautifying the environment, improving the air, saving land, and being easy to manage, control and charge.

The author has visited the residential complex covering an area of 470,000 square meters in the New Town Community on the left bank of Baoji National High-tech Development Zone. If the traditional central heating method is adopted, the construction of large boilers, chimneys and large pipe networks here will require an area of 10 mu and an investment of more than 30 million yuan; However, the construction of decentralized central heating by using ocean wave environmental protection and energy-saving micro-emission coal-fired system technology only covers an area of 2 mu, with an investment of more than RMB/kloc-0.0 million. The environment is beautiful and the air is fresh, which truly realizes the dream effect of being small and beautiful, small and clean, and small and economical.

Third, adapt to the times and explore new ways of operation.

The new decentralized central heating mode based on ocean wave environmental protection and energy-saving micro-emission coal-fired system technology has been highly valued by the state and all walks of life. The State Council Development Research Center will form a research group with experts from the National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Science and Technology and the State Environmental Protection Administration. From February 2007 to the end of 2008, it took a year to conduct a special investigation on this new invention, and formed a research report on "Energy Saving and Emission Reduction and Enterprise Innovation and Development Strategy", which was distributed to national leaders and relevant departments, and a special press conference was held in the State Council News Center. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China publication Qiushi magazine sent people to Shaanxi Ocean Wave Company, which invented this technology, to investigate and write a special article. At the same time, the large-scale theoretical documentary The Road to Scientific Development, written by Qiushi magazine and shot by CCTV, regards Shaanxi Haibo Company as a model of national innovation, energy saving and emission reduction, and focuses on it in its fourth episode, Sustainable Development, which attracts an endless stream of visitors from all over the world. Shaanxi Province decided to invest 654.38+0.5 billion yuan to build a large boiler industrial park in Baoji National High-tech Development Zone, in order to popularize this important invention and meet the strong demand for decentralized central heating construction in the whole country.

In line with the development trend of this era, Shaanxi Hailang Boiler Company has adopted the internationally accepted contract energy management mechanism and explored a new way of decentralized central heating construction by market means, and achieved gratifying results.

This new operation mechanism implements one-stop service, which can provide all-round services such as heating prediction, engineering design, operation and maintenance, and provide a whole set of heating solutions. In order to alleviate the huge difficulty of central heating investment, they provided all or part of the financing for construction projects, and then participated in the revenue sharing after the project was completed until the system was handed over to the construction unit for long-term use, which solved a series of practical problems such as difficult investment and difficult charging for large-scale central heating in the past from the operational level.

Obviously, adopting this decentralized central heating mode, no matter whether the main body of central heating project is local government, enterprise legal person or community owner, there is no need to bear the risk of huge investment, the division of power and responsibility is clear, the charging standard is reasonable, it conforms to the market law, is completely suitable for China's national conditions and has unparalleled adaptability and vitality.

From the small dispersion of thousands of households in the past to the large concentration, and then from the large concentration to the decentralized concentration, the history of heating in China has advanced in the negation of negation and entered a more perfect realm in the spiral rise. In our big country where 90% of energy depends on coal, this new model is a time-saving, clean, convenient and agile gospel of people's livelihood!

With the deepening of public understanding of this model and its nationwide implementation and promotion, China's central heating will surely enter a new high-level stage and make greater contributions to building a resource-saving and environment-friendly society.

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