Kings Lodge Hotel

Text: Historical Genting (plagiarism is declined, please reprint. In the early days, domestic service was still a strange word for the general public, and it could only be found in the nanny intermediary market. With the continuous development of China's market economy, domestic service is no longer regarded as a shameful service for people, but as an industry under social division of labor like all other occupations. But in fact, domestic service, which is unfamiliar to modern people, existed and flourished as early as the Song Dynasty. 1. The emergence of domestic industry in Song Dynasty: the change of industrial structure from land merger. Song Dynasty was one of the most prosperous times in China's history in economy, culture and education, and reached the peak of feudal society. Chen, a famous historian, said: "The culture of the Chinese nation has developed for thousands of years and reached its peak in the Zhao and Song Dynasties." In the Song Dynasty, agriculture, printing, paper making, silk weaving and porcelain making all made great progress. Outstanding achievements in navigation and shipbuilding, developed overseas trade, and trade with more than 50 countries in the South Pacific, the Middle East, Africa and Europe. According to historical records, during the three years of Xianping, China's GDP totaled US$ 26.55 billion, accounting for 22.7% of the world's total economy, ranking first in the world, with a per capita GDP of US$ 450, exceeding that of Western Europe at that time of US$ 400. Social Prosperity in the Song Dynasty Although later generations thought that the Song Dynasty was "poor and weak", the people's wealth and social and economic prosperity in the Song Dynasty far exceeded that in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the prosperity of overseas trade far exceeded that of the previous generation. In order to increase financial revenue and buy imported materials to meet the needs of the royal family and bureaucrats, Song attached great importance to overseas trade. As early as 97 1, the company was established in Guangzhou. Later, in the Northern Song Dynasty, * * * successively set up city shipping companies or city shipping service agencies in Hangzhou, Mingzhou, Quanzhou, Mizhou Banqiao and Xiuzhou Huating County. Song and Jin coexist, and trade between the two sides is still frequent. Song, Jin and * * * all set up markets along the Huaihe River and the western border, which are called monopoly markets. In addition to the market, there are a large number of private transactions among the people. Bronze mirrors made in Huzhou in the Southern Song Dynasty were found in tombs in Jilin and Inner Mongolia. Books carved in Fuzhou have also been found in the ruins of Heishui City in western Inner Mongolia. As for Jingdezhen and Longquan porcelain, it is found all over the country. The overseas trade of Heishuicheng site in the Southern Song Dynasty surpassed that in the Northern Song Dynasty. At the end of Emperor Gaozong's reign, scholar's income reached 2 million yuan, more than twice the income of 630,000 yuan in the Northern Song Dynasty. As we all know, the industrial structure of a country is composed of agriculture, industry and service industry. In the long history of China, agriculture has always been the top priority of all dynasties. It can be said that China's ancient industrial structure and agriculture have always been well-deserved. However, this situation was subverted in the Song Dynasty. Since overseas trade has become the main body of the national economy, agriculture naturally began to decline. Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Song Dynasty, land annexation has been very serious. Especially after the Song Dynasty crossed to the south, the royal family and civil military commanders from the north plundered land in the south and established families. Ordinary bureaucratic landlords also used war to annex land. In addition, officials and businessmen used the method of seeking wealth at the end and keeping it at the end to buy a lot of land. As a result, the merger frenzy was set off, and the severity of land concentration in the Southern Song Dynasty greatly exceeded that in the Northern Song Dynasty. The most obvious feature of land merger in Song Dynasty and Southern Song Dynasty is high concentration. For example, Zhang Jun, a general in the early Southern Song Dynasty, collected 600,000 tons of rice every year, while the local tyrants in Huaidong collected 700,000 tons of grain every year, and their fields ranged from 600,000 to 700,000 mu at the rate of one stone per mu. Due to the intensification of land merger, the number of people who lost their land and became tenant farmers increased rapidly, so the proportion of customers in the Southern Song Dynasty exceeded that in the Northern Song Dynasty. During the Southern Song Dynasty, land rent was still divided into tenancy and fixed rent, but the tenant farmers suffered more serious land rent exploitation and extra burden than in the Northern Song Dynasty. In particular, the personal attachment of tenant farmers to landlords in many areas is more serious than that in the Northern Song Dynasty. They are tied to the land and have little freedom to return the rent. Therefore, the Song Dynasty was also the dynasty with the largest number of peasant uprisings in the ancient history of China. Crazy land annexation has left a large number of farmers with no land to grow. In order to survive, these farmers have to leave their homes and go to big cities to make a living by selling their labor and skills. It is in this context that a large number of new occupations emerge in an endless stream, and the industry of "domestic service" also emerges as the times require. 2. Overview of domestic service in Song Dynasty: There are many kinds of domestic service systems in ancient times with superb skills. There were many names of domestic servants in Song Dynasty. Female geisha who sell their life skills, such as people around them, capable people, people who have served others, predecessors of the Tang Dynasty, washerwomen, needleworkers, etc., all belong to domestic service personnel. Compared with Song Geji's singing and dancing, the skills of domestic servants in Song Dynasty are by no means inferior. Shan Fulang's Quanzhou couple said that Li Ying, who was introduced by the woman as a needleworker, had a good sewing skill in the dark, not bad at all. Another example is the "Jia Jia Mounted Ancient and Modern Paintings and Calligraphy" shop under Lin 'an Bridge. There is a daughter of 18 years old who is appreciated by the county king. The reason is that the county king saw her wearing an embroidered waist scarf in the sedan chair. In other words, this woman's embroidery worker was taken away by the county king. Xiu Xiu's embroidery skills are evidenced by the following words: "The branches are tender, the pistils are covered, and there is no fragrance." . Once I went deep into the garden, which led to teaching bees and butterflies crazy. "-"Eye-catching "has such a craft, which naturally makes the county king favored. Even the most "inferior" cook in the Song Dynasty, she also has superb cooking skills. From the portraits of the Song Dynasty unearthed in Yanshi, Henan Province, we can see their images: all of them are high buns, wide-necked tops, long skirts, or making tea or washing utensils. Among them, there are pictures on the portrait brick: a high wooden square table, a knife with short handle, a big fish standing on a big log pier, three small fish on a willow branch next to the knife, a pot of water at the foot, a stove under the table, and a double-eared iron pot on it. The water in the pot is boiling. Poetess of Song Dynasty: In the White Horse Painting by chef Li, the sleeves of two mowers are tied by ropes and hung around their necks, and their sleeves are raised high. Chop when you throw your arm in, criticize her, get used to being organized, and really have the tendency of Zhuangzi's metaphor. The cooked food is crispy and delicate, which is difficult to describe in words. Of course, only the rich can hire a female geisha who can cook so well. In Song Dynasty, there were countless famous-brand foods and food stores named after women in cities. For example, Li's miscellaneous vegetable soup, restaurant, Wang's mother's tea shop, Song Wusao's fish soup, and porridge bought by Bianhe Bank. , widely spread to the public, and into a special book describing the life of urban residents. At the same time, there are many women who are famous for their special skills, such as Ugly Mother-in-law Pharmacy, Mother Chen's clay mask, Xishan Goddess who sells divination, Shujiao of Jizhou Kiln, and Miss Wu who engraves books. Even nuns take "embroidery" as their profession. This proves from another angle that the market economy in the Song Dynasty developed rapidly, and women proved that they "hold up half the sky" with their actions, which further shows that the social development and opening up in the Song Dynasty is far broader than that in the Tang Dynasty. 3. The significance of domestic service to the Song Dynasty: the neglected budding capitalism, that is, the emergence of capitalist relations of production, is marked by employment relations. According to the traditional view, the commodity economy in Song Dynasty was relatively developed, but it had not developed to the point where handicraft workshops needed to hire workers to produce to meet the market. In ancient times, handicraft production was dominated by the government, and there was absolutely no employment relationship in official handicraft workshops. The commodity economy in Ming and Qing Dynasties was definitely more developed than that in Song Dynasty. In particular, the Ming Dynasty abolished the shift system and managed craftsmen. Handicraft craftsmen have personal freedom, and the proportion of private handicrafts has greatly increased, which has led to the emergence of employment relations in handicraft workshops and the emergence of capitalism. However, recent research shows that the development of handicraft market in Song Dynasty far exceeded previous expectations. If nothing else, domestic service alone has developed to the level of modern society. In the Song Dynasty, families with conditions could hire or buy such domestic servants at any time as long as they passed the "handmaid" or "tooth man". Wang Mingqing's "New Records of Jade Photos" and Hong Mai's "Jane Yizhi" both describe that during the political years, an official's daughter-in-law became pregnant, and an official's wife gave birth to a boy, and they all hired a nanny through their teeth. It can be seen that this kind of female geisha who makes a living by living skills in the city has formed an industry, and there are also specialized dental brokers. In a society with a highly developed commodity economy, this unique production relationship can be regarded as the bud of capitalism. Unfortunately, however, the germination of capitalism in the Song Dynasty was interrupted twice by foreign aggression. For the first time, the rise of the Jin State led to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty, which not only interrupted the germination of capitalism, but also lost the industrial energy base with overlapping coal and iron resources in the north. This kind of blow is quite serious and will have an extremely adverse impact on the development of capitalism in the Song Dynasty. The second time, the rise of Mongolia led to the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty, and this time it was even more devastating. It turns out that after the development of the Southern Song Dynasty 100 years, capitalism has sprouted and grown. Although the loss of the northern coal and iron base has many disadvantages, it is not a problem to become industrial capitalism in time, and as a result, it has once again suffered foreign aggression. As the wheel of history rolls forward, the prosperity and luxury of the Song Dynasty have all been buried under the turbulent waves of the cliff mountain. Nowadays, it is hard for us to imagine what the society in Song Dynasty was like. However, just like the gradual study of domestic service in the Song Dynasty, we will be able to slowly restore that magnificent era through the gap in history books! References: New Knowledge of Zhao Yu, Yi Jian Zhi, History of the Song Dynasty, and Jane Eyre.