7 wonders of the world

Seven Wonders of the World

Seven Wonders of the World

The Seven Wonders of the World refer to 7 magnificent man-made landscapes in the ancient world:

< p>The Pyramids of Egypt

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, Turkey

The Bronze Statue of the Sun God in Rhodes, Greece< /p>

The Lighthouse of Alexandria in Egypt

The Statue of Zeus in Olympia, Greece

The Mausoleum of King Mausolus in Turkey

The first to propose the Seven Wonders of the World The statement was made by Antiparkus, a Phoenician traveler in the 3rd century BC.

Since most of these miracles have been destroyed, later generations proposed the Seven Wonders of the Medieval World:

The Colosseum in Italy

The Colosseum on the edge of the Libyan Desert Alexander's Underground Tomb

China's Great Wall

British Stone Enclosure

Grand Baoen Temple Glazed Pagoda in Nanjing, China

Italy Leaning Tower of Pisa

Sofia Cathedral or Hagia Sophia in Turkey

In addition, American Lowell Thomas once proposed the seven natural wonders of the world:

< p>Grand Canyon of Colorado, USA

Victoria Falls of Africa

Glacier Bay, Alaska

Mammoth Cave, an underground cave in Kentucky, USA

World The highest peak, Mount Everest

The world’s deepest lake, Lake Baikal

Yellowstone Park in the United States

In addition, China’s Qin Shi Huang Terracotta Warriors are also known as the “eighth wonder of the world.” .

New Seven Wonders Election

In 2005, the New Seven Wonders Online Election was launched by the former Chairman of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Seventy-seven better attractions were selected from more than 200 attractions around the world for netizens to vote. The last 21 attractions have been selected and the event will be terminated on July 7, 2007. Bulletin:

The seventy-seven scenic spots are:

Asia:

Cambodia, Angkor Wat

China, the Great Wall

p>

Forbidden City, Beijing, China

Potala Palace, Lhasa, China

Terracotta Warriors, Xi'an, China

Taj Mahal, India

India, Brihadeshwara Temple

India, Arunachaleshwara Temple

India, Bahubali Gommateshwara Statue

India, Temple of Thousand Pillars

Golden Temple, Amritsar, India

Meenakshi Temple, Madurai, India

Lotus Temple, New Delhi, India

Tamilnadu, India , Mahabalipuram

Kyoto, Japan, Imperial Palace

Kyoto, Japan, Kiyomizu Temple

Jordan, ancient city of Petra

Malaysia Kuala Lumpur, Petronas Towers

Moscow, Russia, Kremlin and Red Square

Sri Lanka, Lion Rock Fortress

Bangkok, Thailand. Dhammakaya Cetiya

UAE, Burj Al Arab

, Sana'a City

Europe:

Prague, Czech Republic, Prague Castle

Prague, Czech Republic, Charles IV Bridge

France, Palace of Versailles

France, Mont Saint-Michel

Paris, France, Eiffel Tower< /p>

Athens, Greece, Acropolis

Athens, Greece, Panathenaic Stadium

Germany, Achen Cathedral

Germany, Goeltzschtal Bridge

Germany, Cologne Cathedral

Dresden, Germany, Frauenkirche

Fussen, Germany, Neuschwanstein Castle

Germany Munich, Olympic Stadium and Olympic Park

Budapest, Hungary, Parliament Building

Newgrange Tomb, County Meath, Ireland

Pisa, Italy, Leaning Tower of Pisa< /p>

Rome, Italy, Colosseum

Rome, Italy, St. Peter's Basilica

Rome, Italy, Sistine Chapel

Venice, Italy, Duke House

Spain, Santiago de Compostela Cathedral

Barcelona, ??Spain, La Sagrada Familia

Bilbao, Spain, Bilbao Guggenheim Art Museum

Córdoba, Spain, Mosque and Cathedral

Granada, Spain. Alhambra Palace

Royal Palace, Madrid, Spain

Sevia, Spain, Seville Cathedral

Roman Aqueduct, Segovia, Spain< /p>

Lucerne, Switzerland, Church Bridge

Istanbul, Turkey, Hagia Sophia

Amesbury, UK, Stone Columns

London, UK , Tower of London

London, UK, Big Ben

London, UK, Greenwich Observatory

London, UK, Houses of Parliament

UK London, St. Paul's Cathedral

London, UK, British Airways London Eye

Africa:

Egypt, Giza Pyramids

Egypt, Imperial Valley of the Kings

Aswan, Egypt, Abu Simbel Temples

Mali, Timbuktu

Americas:

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Statue of Christ

Canada, CN Tower

Easter Island, Chile, Moai on Easter Island

Teotihuacan, Teoti, Mexico Pyramid of Huacan

Pyramid of Chichen Itza, Yucatan, Mexico

Panama, Panama Canal

Peru, Machu Picchu

Peru, Nazca Giant Painting

>

New York, USA, Statue of Liberty

New York, USA, Empire State Building

San Francisco, USA, Golden Gate Bridge

South Dakota, USA, Presidential Hill

Oceania:

Sydney, Australia, Sydney Opera House

2,500 years ago, the Phoenician traveler Antiparkus wrote a dazzling list of the Seven Wonders:

·The Pyramid of Giza in Egypt—one of the seven wonders of the world

·The Colossus of Zeus at Olympia—the second of the seven wonders of the world

·Alte Temple of Myss - the third of the seven wonders of the world

·Mausoleum of Mausolus—the fourth of the seven wonders of the world

·The Lighthouse of Alexandria—one of the seven wonders of the world 5

·The Hanging Gardens of Babylon - the sixth of the seven wonders of the world

·The Giant Statue of Rodham - the seventh of the seven wonders of the world

1. Pyramid of Giza

The pyramid is a tomb built by the ancient Egyptian king himself. The Pyramid of Giza in Egypt is known as one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. Most of the large and small pyramids in Egypt were built in the third to sixth dynasties of Egypt. Some pyramids with a history of more than 4,000 years are mainly distributed in the capital and the west bank of the upper reaches of the Ni River. The left side of the Giza Pyramid belongs to King Khafre, and the right side belongs to King Kufu. There is a Sphinx nearby. The main building material is limestone, and part of it is flower rock.

Construction time: approximately 2700-2500 BC

Construction location: Giza Plateau near Cairo, Egypt

According to legend, before the Third Dynasty of ancient Egypt, Regardless of whether princes, ministers or ordinary people died, they were buried in a rectangular tomb made of mud bricks. The ancient Egyptians called it "mastaba". Later, a smart young man named Imhotep invented a new construction method when designing a tomb for the Egyptian Pharaoh King Djoser. He replaced mud bricks with square stones quarried from above, and constantly modified the design plan for building the mausoleum, and finally built a six-level trapezoidal pyramid - this is the prototype of the pyramid we see now. In ancient Egyptian literature, the pyramid was called a hierarchical pyramid because it was layered in a trapezoidal shape. This is a tall pyramidal building with a square base and a triangle on each side. It looks like the Chinese character "金", so we call it "pyramid". The tower-style mausoleum designed by Imhotep was the first stone mausoleum in Egyptian history.

There are 80 pyramids in Egypt, the largest of which is the Pyramid of Giza built around 2600 BC. All of them were built artificially. How did the ancient Egyptians carve and build the mausoleum from the stone? The passages inside the tomb and the layout of the chamber are like a puzzle. What methods did the ancient Egyptians use to build it?

2. Statue of Zeus

Zeus is the god of the Greek gods. The Statue of Zeus built for worship is the largest indoor statue in the world. The Temple of Zeus where the Statue of Zeus is located is the Olympic Games The origin of some Olympic sports.

Construction time: approximately 457 BC

Construction location: In the ancient city of Olympia on the west coast of Greece

The Temple of Zeus was built in BC 470 BC and completed in 456 BC, it was designed by the architect Libon and the statue of Zeus was carved by the sculptor Pheidias.

The temple is built of limestone with plaster on the surface, and the roof of the temple is made of marble. The temple is supported by thirty-four 17-meter-high Corinthian pillars. The area is 41.1 meters by 107.75 meters. The Temple of Zeus is a Doric-style building. The entire statue and the robes he wears are made of gold. He wears an olive woven ring on his head and holds a hand made of ivory and gold in his right hand. The statue of the Goddess of Victory holds a scepter inlaid with shining metal in his left hand, with an eagle resting on it, and the throne he sits on is decorated with sphinxes, goddesses of victory and mythological figures, excluding the throne. The statue alone is equivalent to a four-story modern building, so that the head of Zeus sitting on the throne is almost touching the top of the temple. The temple at Olympia was destroyed by fire in 5 AD. Although the statue of Zeus survived being transported to Constantinople, it eventually failed to escape its fate and was destroyed by fire in 462 AD.

3. Colossus of Rhodes

The Colossus of Rhodes is the most mysterious of the seven wonders. This colossus was built at the entrance to the port of Rhodes. It is a bronze statue of the Greek sun god Helios, about 33 meters high. Because it was destroyed by an earthquake in 226 BC in just fifty-six years, archaeologists have not even been able to determine its exact location and appearance.

Construction time: Completed in 282 BC

Construction location: Aegean Sea, Rhodes, Greece

The Colossus of Rhodes is located on the island of Rhodes, Greece (island of Rhodes) port leading to the Mediterranean Sea. Rhodes Island in BC was an important business center. It was located at the junction of the Aegean Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Rhodes Port was built in 408 BC. Historically, Rhodes has been ruled by many spheres of influence, including Mausolus (whose tomb is one of the Seven Wonders) and Alexander the Great. But after the death of Alexander the Great, the entire island fell into a long war. The Macedonian invader Demetrius led an army of 40,000 men (more than the population of the entire island) and surrounded the port. After a hard-fought battle, the Rhode Islanders defeated the invaders. To celebrate this victory, they decided to build a statue using bronze weapons abandoned by their enemies. The statue took twelve years to build and is about 33 meters high, which is about the same height as the Statue of Liberty in New York. The statue is hollow and reinforced inside with intricate stone and iron pillars. But this great statue was destroyed by a strong earthquake just over 50 years after it was built. Legend has it that the statue stands with its legs apart in the harbor and the ship passes between the legs. It is very spectacular and interesting.

This colossus is actually the Greek sun god and their patron saint Helios. It was designed by the architect Chares. After twelve years of construction, the Colossus of Rhodes was built in BC. Completed in 282, the entire colossus is 33 meters high. It was built of marble and wrapped in bronze. It was later used as a lighthouse. However, a major earthquake in 226 BC knocked down this great colossus. The fragile knees became the fatal injury of the colossus, and the colossus fell on the shore near Mandraki Port. In 654 AD, Rhodes Island was invaded by the Arabs. The invaders even transported the ruins to Syria, making it more difficult to inspect this wonder.

4. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Like the Colossus of Rhodes, archaeologists have not yet been able to find the remains of the Hanging Gardens. In fact, many have mentioned them in their works. The ancient people who visited the Hanging Garden only heard about it from other people's mouths and did not actually see it. Is the Hanging Garden purely a legend?

Construction time: about 600 BC

Construction location: Babylon, east of the Euphrates River, about 50 miles south of Baghdad, the capital of Iraq

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon are certainly not suspended in the air. The origin of this name is purely because people mistranslated the Greek "kremastos" and the Latin "pensilis" which originally meant "hanging" as well as "protruding". To.

It is generally believed that the Hanging Garden was built by King Nebuchadnezzar (604 BC - 562 BC) in order to comfort the homesick Princess Amyitis and modeled it on the princess's hometown in the mountains. garden. It is said that slaves turned a mechanical device to draw large amounts of water from the Euphrates River below to irrigate the flowers and plants in the garden.

The most amazing thing about the Hanging Gardens of Babylon is the water supply system. Because there was not much rain in Babylon, and the ruins of the Hanging Gardens are believed to be far away from the Euphrates River, researchers believe that the Hanging Gardens should have a lot of water supply. Equipment, slaves constantly push the handles connected to the gears to transport the groundwater to the storage tank on the highest level, and then return to the ground through the artificial river. Another difficulty is in maintenance, because it is impossible for ordinary buildings to withstand the erosion of river water for many years without collapsing. Since there are not many stones in the Mesopotamian plain, researchers believe that the bricks used in the Hanging Gardens are different. They were added with reeds, asphalt and tiles. Some documents indicate that the stones were A layer of lead was added to prevent river water from seeping into the foundation.

5. Temple of Artemis

Artemis is the Greek goddess of hunting. The Arabs call her Lat, the Egyptians call her Isis, and the Romans call her Diana, the Greek goddess Artemis was deeply respected in ancient times, so she built the Temple of Artemis, one of the Seven Wonders.

Construction time: about 550 BC

Construction location: In the ancient Greek city of Ephesus, about 50 kilometers south of Izmir (Smyrna) in Turkey

The temple architecture is based on marble and covered with a wooden roof. The designers of the entire building are Chersiphron and his sons. Its biggest feature is that there are two rows of at least 106 columns inside, each about 12 to 18 meters high. The base of the temple is approximately 60 by 120 meters. The original temple was destroyed by a fire in 356 BC, and the temple built on the original site was destroyed by fire again in 262 AD.

The Temple of Artemis has been rebuilt seven times. The first Temple of Artemis was designed in 550 BC by the architects Samos, Chersihon and his son Metagenes. It was built in Ionic column style ( Ionian) building supported by marble columns. It was the first and largest building at the time to be built entirely of marble. The entire building was decorated with copper, silver, gold and ivory reliefs by famous artists of the time such as Pheidias, Polycleitus, Kresilas and Phradmon. A statue of the goddess Artemis was placed on the central "U" shaped altar for people to worship. Worship. Later, in 356 BC, the temple was destroyed by fire and invasion. Afterwards, when it was rebuilt, the length of the marble column was increased to 21.7 meters, and thirteen more steps were added around it. Finally, due to the conversion of the Ephesians to Christianity, the temple was destroyed by St. John Chrysostom in 401 AD and disappeared from the world forever.

6. Tomb Temple of Mausolos

It is said that the Tomb Temple of Mausolos in Halicarnassus is about 45 meters high, with the upper part of the base in the shape of a stepped pyramid, stuck. A statue of King Mausolus of the Kingdom of Rhea may have stood at the top. The tomb was destroyed by an earthquake in the third century AD.

Time of construction: approximately 353 BC

Place of construction: what is now southwestern Turkey

This great white marble tomb was dedicated to Mausolus Built with his wife. The entire building was designed by two Greek designers, and the outside is decorated with strange carvings. It became famous as soon as it was built, but was destroyed by a major earthquake in the early 15th century AD. There are still some remaining sculptures in the collection of the British Museum in London.

The Tomb Temple of Mausolus is located in Halicarnassus. The base of the building is rectangular, with an area of ??40 meters (120 feet) by 30 meters (100 feet) and a height of 45 meters (140 feet). The pedestal wall is 20 meters high, the columns are 12 meters high, the pyramid is 7 meters high, and the carriage statue at the top is 6 meters high. The building is surrounded by a pier wall and decorated with stone statues on the sides. The statue on the top is of an ancient double chariot pulled by four horses. This tomb temple is famous not only for its architecture but also for its sculptures. The sculptures of the Tomb of Mausolus were created by four famous sculptors, Bryaxis, Leochares, Scopas, and Timotheus, each responsible for one side of the tomb.

In the early 15th century, Halicarnassus was invaded. In order to build a huge castle, the new ruler used some stones from the tomb temple of Mausolus as building materials in 1494. To this day, many sculptures still survive and are stored in museums in London, England. Since the 19th century, archaeological excavations have been carried out at the Mausoleum Temple. These excavations have provided a lot of information about the Mausoleum Temple, allowing us to have a better understanding of the shape and appearance of the Mausoleum Temple. .

7. Pharos Lighthouse

Following the orders of Alexander the Great (King of Macedonia), the Pharos Lighthouse in Alexandria was built on an artificial island in 300 BC. 122 meters high, built of shiny white limestone or marble.

Construction time: approximately 300 BC

Construction location: On the island of Pharos near Alexandria, Egypt.

Soon after the death of Alexander the Great (Alexander the Great), one of his men, Ptolemy Soter, came to dominate Egypt and established his capital in Alexandria. In view of the severe sea lanes near the port of Alexandria, Due to the danger, Ptolemy Soter ordered the construction of the Pharos Lighthouse by the architect Sostratus and the Alexandria Library/Mouseion. The lighthouse was completed in 290 BC.

When the Lighthouse of Alexandria was built, its height deservedly made it the tallest building in the world at that time. Its designer was the Greek architect Soschatus. An Arab traveler recorded in his notes: "The lighthouse is built on three floors. At the top, a mirror is used to reflect sunlight during the day, and firelight is used to guide ships at night." For 1,500 years, the Alexandria Lighthouse has been Guide the sailors to the port in the dark night. It is also the last of the six wonders to disappear. A great earthquake in the fourteenth century completely destroyed it.

The Pharos Lighthouse is definitely different from the other six wonders, because it does not have any religious overtones and is purely built for people’s practical life. The lights of the Pharos Lighthouse illuminate the entire Alexandria at night. The harbor protected ships at sea and was the tallest building in the world at that time.

7. The Story of the Lighthouse of Pharos: Port of Alexandria

In 332 BC, Alexander the Great of the Macedonian Empire west of the mouth of the Nile River in Egypt An ancient city, Alexandria, was established. After the death of Alexander the Great, the Ptolemaic dynasty began to rise in Egypt. Alexandria became the capital of the Ptolemaic dynasty and prospered. In addition Alexandria is located at the junction of Asia, Africa and Europe. It also has access to ports on the Nile River and the Mediterranean Sea. You can imagine how prosperous Alexandria is and how developed the world's trade is. Moreover, Alexandria The Pharos Island in the center also has The Pharos light house, one of the seven wonders of the world, shining over the port.

There are also a large number of architectural remains here such as some temples and the palace of the Egyptian king. Although Alexandria was so prosperous, today, Alexandria has changed beyond recognition. Scientists believe that most of these buildings have collapsed due to a major earthquake in the fourth century AD. Scientists have conducted many excavation projects in the Port of Alexandria. During an excavation in 1996, French experts claimed to have discovered large-scale ancient ruins on the seabed of the Port of Alexandria, and also discovered ancient Traces of roads and paving stones. Investigators discovered an Amphora that sank into the sea in ancient times. This is a type of pot in ancient Greece with two handles on it, which was used to transport wine and other trading goods. The investigation team also discovered the head of the Pharaoh statue. The staff first fixed the Pharaoh's head with metal tools, and then used a balloon to lift the statue to the water. This investigation was conducted at the possible location of the Pharos Lighthouse. As long as it is Comparing the head of the statue with the staff next to it, you can imagine the hugeness of this statue.

In addition to these discoveries, many investigations have unearthed thousands of relics, and most of the unearthed relics weighed several tons to dozens of tons. From these relics, we Slowly you can imagine the appearance of the mysterious Faros Lighthouse. Due to the prosperity of Alexandria and the backwardness of ancient ship navigation technology, it is conceivable that the Pharos lighthouse that illuminates the entire port played a very important role in protecting the lives of ancient sailors. Whether future generations of mankind will have a clearer understanding of the Faros Lighthouse depends entirely on whether the government and experts will pay attention to the excavation of Alexandria Port. If the excavation of Alexandria Port can be further developed, more architectural features can be reproduced...