Do you know how difficult it was to get into Jinshi in ancient times?

When we visit some ancient houses, we often see plaques of "Jinshi", "Flower Exploration", "No.2" and "No.1" hanging at the gates of some large-scale old buildings, and sometimes even "No.1" and "No.1" are hung. At this time, most people have a feeling of reverence in their hearts, or admire the master's profound knowledge, or sigh his superb Feng Shui and Yang's home. Just like we are now, if a champion of the college entrance examination is admitted to Tsinghua or Peking University, he will give us a thumbs up. At present, colleges and universities are recruiting college entrance examination candidates from all over the world. Today, let's talk about which topic is better to be admitted to Tsinghua and Peking University. Let's analyze how difficult it was to get a Jinshi in ancient times.

1. How did the state recruit talents before the imperial examination system came into being?

Before China unified the feudal dynasty, the Qin Dynasty was called Pre-Qin, which mainly used Shi Qing Shi Lu and feudal princes and scholars. In other words, officials are basically children of aristocratic families, and it is almost impossible for children of civilian families to become officials through normal channels. Later, in order to let more soldiers bravely kill the enemy, the rank system was introduced. Therefore, the only way for ancient civilians to rise is to make meritorious deeds on the battlefield. By the end of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, some guests and diners began to appear gradually. In short, before the pre-Qin period, it was almost impossible for the children of civilians to become officials.

In the Han dynasty. The way to promote folk talents is to adopt inspection system and recruitment, and local officials at all levels recommend talents with both ability and political integrity. The local state chooses Jinshi, and the county chooses dutiful son. The gate system in Wei and Jin dynasties monopolized the appointment channels of officials, and being an official became the exclusive right of nobles.

Second, the imperial examination system opened the way for the rise of civilians.

The ancient imperial examination system began in the Sui Dynasty and was perfected in the Tang Dynasty. Wu Zetian of the Tang Dynasty also invented martial arts. Today, we only discuss Wen Ju here. By the Ming Dynasty, the imperial examination had formed a truly complete system, which was divided into four levels: imperial examination system, rural examination, public examination and palace examination. The content of the examination is basically Confucian classics, the topic is "Four Books", and the article format is eight-part essay. Interpretation must be based on Zhu's Notes to Four Books.

Third, learning in middle school is as difficult as taking the postgraduate entrance examination.

In the ancient imperial examination system, there was no such thing as "graduation" for us now. Even if a scholar who has been admitted to a university is famous, he is still a child who has not been admitted. In ancient times, there was no age limit for scholars to take off their children's hats during exams. Examining intermediate scholars can be said to be an introductory exam. If you can't even get a champion, then the champion and scholar can only rely on imagination. So at that time, there were many people who took the test basket and grandchildren into the examination room. In fact, it is no more difficult to take an examination of a scholar than to take an examination of a graduate student, because it is not an easy task to take an examination of a scholar. If you want to be a scholar, you must pass the third level. Once in the county, once in the government, and finally in the provincial magistrate. Only those who pass the first and second grades in these three rigorous examinations can be awarded the title of scholar. Every government college exam is held twice every three years, and 45 students are admitted each time, with an average of about 30 students admitted each year. If this quota is further subdivided, that is to say, there are basically only five scholars with excellent results in the senior high school entrance examination in each county, which is equivalent to the top five in the county college entrance examination. In other words, of all the high school students in the county, only Super top student can be admitted as a scholar. Do you think it is difficult to get a scholar? So what does it take to become a scholar?

First of all, your family should have surplus grain.

You must be a relatively wealthy family. Let's put aside the tuition fees and book fees spent from the initial education in private schools to the examination of scholars. The cost of your textbooks, The Analects of Confucius, Mencius, The Book of Songs, The Book of Rites, Zuo Zhuan, Fan Jinzhong Ju, etc. The official classics, brushstrokes and inkstones of past dynasties made it possible. What scares you most is that you have to know these books by heart, know them by heart and use them freely. Think about it, let you recite dozens of books with millions of words. What is this concept? It's enough to make you feel broken. What is "the first winner in ten years of cold window"? This is lower than the chance of winning the lottery.

2. Kao Xiucai needs a guarantor to guarantee you.

The insurance policy issued by the guarantor is equivalent to the current admission ticket. There is a certain liability risk for the guarantor to guarantee for you. No matter the size of the red envelope, your family should be interesting. Land and water transportation costs to examination rooms and hotels are also essential. If you travel from a remote place to the provincial capital to catch the exam, the cost will be even greater. After the exam, you should pay the money according to the regulations. Everyone pays three cents for each exam. Before opening the list, I still want to stay in a hotel, and I don't want to go back until the results of the list come out. During this period, staying in a shop, eating, traveling and shopping are also a lot of expenses.

Scholar is difficult to test, so the gold content is also high. So what privileges can you get after becoming a scholar?

1. is a pass to continue the exam.

Only when a scholar obtains the status of a scholar can he be qualified to take the exam again, which is equivalent to getting a pass to take the exam.

2. Free of tax and labor.

Although the imperial court did not pay the scholar a salary, the scholar who obtained the scholar gained certain privileges, such as being exempt from tax corvee, and could directly make suggestions to the county magistrate. Exempting from taxes and corvee is an important beginning to get rid of civilians. Let's think about it. Ordinary people dig in the soil every day, doing the heaviest work and earning the lowest income. In the end, they have to pay various taxes to the court. Once there is a war in the imperial court, they have to pay taxes, conscripts and so on.

3. Have hierarchical privileges.

It's just that the scholar saw the magistrate, so he didn't have to kneel down like the common people, and the magistrate didn't dare to pat the scholar's ass casually. If one day, the scholar's ancestral grave of his family smokes, and the lucky stars shine high and win the first prize, then the county magistrate will be miserable. Scholars can also make suggestions to county officials, which is equivalent to the current NPC deputy or political commissar.

Scholars are qualified to be teachers.

Zhong Xiucai is a well-known local scholar. After all, Zhong Xiucai has a high gold content. If he fails to pass the exam all the time, he can at least go back to be a local private school teacher. Although the salary is not very high, it definitely exceeds the class that sells money with labor, so the scholar left the life of farmers facing the loess and facing the sky. If you teach a rich family or a landlord's family, you will be relatively nourished when you meet a generous host.

Four. How difficult is it to raise a person in China?

When an ancient scholar becomes a scholar, it means that he is qualified to continue to take the exam. Take the Ming and Qing Dynasties as an example. The imperial court held a selection examination in the provincial capitals every three years, which was called provincial examination. Because it is usually held in autumn and August of the lunar calendar, after having obtained a township exam, it is also called Qiu Wei. The examiner was directly appointed by the emperor. After the exam, the Senate will issue a positive and negative list, and the candidates in the positive list are called juries. The first name is Jieyuan, and the second to tenth names are "Yayuan". Having said that China is difficult to learn, let's analyze how difficult China is to learn. At the same time, let us know about the power and interests that a scholar in China can have in the future.

The admission rate of juren in ancient China was only 2%.

Let's take the Ming dynasty, which is relatively close to the present, for analysis. There were 276 years in the Ming Dynasty. According to incomplete statistics, there were about 65,438+10,000 candidates in the Ming Dynasty, and the rural examination in the Ming Dynasty was held every three years, so there were about 362 candidates in the country every year. Only 1000 people are selected every three years, and 362 people are selected every year. What kind of concept is this? This is also an ancient exam, and scholars of all ages can take it. If Tsinghua and Peking University recruit about 7,000 students every year, and the candidates who pass the exam in one year are 1/20 from Tsinghua and Peking University, I think the gold content of ancient candidates is higher than that of graduate students from Tsinghua and Peking University.

According to a statistical data, the result is that about one in every 50 Jinshi is a juren. The admission rate is only 2%. Therefore, in ancient times, it was a terrible thing to be in the middle of this county. The article "0" learned in the previous textbook vividly depicts the scene that Jin Fan almost went crazy after being admitted to the middle-level position, and also shows how difficult it is to be a middle-level position from the side.

Power and income after promotion.

1. Income growth is more stable.

Can the examinee be called a master, or take the Ming Dynasty as an example. Jinshi in the Ming Dynasty didn't need to pay taxes after passing the juren examination. At that time, many local rich people and farmers hung their property in Juren's name in order to avoid taxes, and they benefited Juren's family every year. This alone can make a family eat and drink for a year. In front of the county magistrate, Zhong Xiucai can only say that he is exempt from worship, but the juren is different. He can circle money in the local economic circle or be a brother in front of the county magistrate, because he has a certain level.

2. Have the qualification to be an official.

Juren already has the qualification to be an official, and at the same time Juren is also a scholar with the highest academic qualifications that can be admitted by provincial local governments. If you go up, it will be the national examination for recruiting Jinshi. Students who generally pass the exam will continue to take the spring exam held in Beijing in the following spring and try their best to get in. In the early Qing Dynasty, due to the lack of scholars and the fact that the country was just founded, local officials were in short supply, and Juren was generally appointed as a magistrate or a teacher. Therefore, there is also a saying that "the head is the county magistrate and the foot is the instructor". However, after the mid-Qing dynasty, with the examination held every three years, the number of admitted scholars increased, and it became more difficult to directly enter the official position from juren. From this period on, juren must have certain conditions to be awarded official positions. That is, there is a promotion system called "big selection". The so-called "general election" means that the court selects some people from the voters and grants them official positions. The Grand Prix was originally tested in four subjects, but it was changed to three subjects during Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty, and it was only held once every six years. Therefore, people who fall behind in the competition cherish this hard-won opportunity, but the cycle of the grand prix is too long, and the number of official positions provided at each time is limited. Only a few people can get what they want.

During the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were not many officials who were born in juren, and even fewer could go down in history. Celebrities in ancient times included Hai Rui in Ming Dynasty and Zuo Liangyu in late Qing Dynasty. Hai Rui has the reputation of "blue sky in the sea", and Zuo is even more remarkable. Repressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, recovering Xinjiang and establishing Westernization were known as "one of the four famous ministers of ZTE in the late Qing Dynasty".

5. How difficult is it to learn?

The Jinshi exam is called the meeting of the Ministry of Rites, which is held every three years, in the second spring after autumn. If the country has a new emperor to ascend to the throne or an emperor or queen's birthday, it will be a blessing.

The person who passed the doe exam is called Gong. In fact, these Gong's are generally Jinshi, and there are no special circumstances. All I have to do is pass the final exam, the so-called palace exam. The emperor himself gave the exam and invigilated the exam. The palace exam is actually the last exam. These people all have a noble name, and that is the protege of the son of heaven. After passing palace examination, candidates are divided into three grades according to their scores. ***3 people, in view of the Jinshi discipline, that is, the well-known champion, champion 2, flower exploration; Second, the top three, divided into Jinshi origin, with Jinshi origin. Since the Song Dynasty, middle-level scholars can be granted official positions immediately, and so can the Ming Dynasty. However, in the Qing Dynasty, the situation was slightly different. In the Qing dynasty, the top scholar was generally awarded the title of "six products", while No.2 and Tan Hua were awarded the title of "seven products". Second, the top three Jinshi will be assigned to six-product imperial court, Duchayuan, General Political Department, Dali Temple and other "ministerial-level" government offices. It can also be called "toddler", which generally refers to internship. Only when these new scholars have passed the internship period and passed the examination of officials from various ministries can the official department grant them official positions. Some work in ministries and some work outside the province.

The admission ratio is too small.

In the early Tang Dynasty, China Jinshi employed an average of 3-5 people a year, while in the middle Tang Dynasty, there were about 20 people. In the Song Dynasty, there were more than 70 people on average every year. The imperial examination in Qing Dynasty began at 1645 and was abolished at 1905. The Qing government admitted 26,849 scholars. Among them, the number of 449 Jinshi in Shunzhi three years was the largest; At least once, in the fifty-eight years of Qianlong, only 83 Jinshi were tested. In the 268-year history of the Qing Dynasty, the Qing government * * * held 1 12 court examinations, and * * * admitted 26,849 people, so there were more than 100 people on average every year. The results are calculated according to the exhibition contents of Beijing Imperial Examination Museum. In the history of imperial examinations in China 1300 years, one out of every 3.75 million Jinshi in the whole country was on average. According to the statistics of Quanzhou local chronicles, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, which achieved good results in the imperial examinations, has an average of 600,000 Jinshi per Jinshi.

Money should be used to pave the way for the entrance examination.

In ancient times, students had to take the imperial examination, and the expenses of buying books, studying and communicating, hiring good teachers and taking exams were very high. In ancient times, the cost of manual paper printing was very high. Take the Song Dynasty as an example. The average price of a book is 2 copies, which is equivalent to RMB 800- 1200 now. You can't buy a complete set of textbooks and reference books without hundreds of thousands of RMB. Every year, a scholar spends several months on his way to the state capital and provincial capital to take the annual, Taoist, science and geography exams. It is also necessary to hold cultural meetings with other scholars, travel expenses, meals, transportation expenses such as cars, horses and boats. This is a huge expense. In the history of China, the average age of Jinshi was 35. A person has not worked for 35 years, and a whole family will sit still and watch tigers fight. When he is admitted to Jinshi, he will bring home the bacon. That chance is equal to winning 5 million lottery tickets. Without a well-off family and the financial support of the whole family, the long imperial examination process from the senior high school entrance examination to the entrance examination is impossible.

In ancient times, there was a scholar who entered a private school at the age of 6 and a middle school at the age of 35. It took about 30 years. Generally, the court will award six to seven official positions after recording the teachers. This rank is now roughly equivalent to a cadre at the level. Cadres at the level in their thirties are very young. Of course, many students were admitted to CCTV in their fifties. This is another story. Contrast wi