Does renting a house in Japan and then returning to China directly affect the visa in the future?

It doesn't matter. There are too many people doing such things in China. If the administrative bureau of the Ministry of Justice is in charge of this, the rest need not be taken care of. But I still want to say, for the sake of China people's reputation, why don't you call the landlord or the intermediary? No trouble. It's not too much to make up the rent. Japan does not withdraw rent halfway, and there is no need for liquidated damages.