The ins and outs of Meishan culture

After the Yellow Emperor entered the Central Emperor, they belittled and suppressed the barbarians in all directions for the purpose of ruling. After the concept of barbarians on all sides reached the "three generations", "barbarians" gradually became "Dongyi, Nanman, Xirong and Beidi". The traditional branch of Huangdi nationality in the Yangtze River valley gradually formed the main body of Chu; Because of this, the branch of the Yellow Emperor family in the Yangtze River valley was also hit by the Yi family. For example, Yao Shun's gun was defeated in the industrial battle between the Mediterranean coast and the overseas Yandi Department, and was cursed by the central government as a gun with undercooked meat, and was labeled as a derogatory term of "clumsy", meaning "wooden bumps" and "clumsy" as "Chu". Later, Dayu successfully managed to control the water in the west to the Mediterranean coast and returned to the East to inherit the throne. He abandoned the "abdication" system in Yao and Shun period, let his son succeed to establish Xia, and abolished the parliamentary system of aristocratic alliance. This is also the family's dissatisfaction with the first emperor's killing of his grandfather. "Shi Pin Xiaoya Four Dry" has: "Xiong Weiwei, an auspicious person; Wei Wei Wei snake, the auspiciousness of women. " What is the message of these poems? The yellow emperor's surname is Xiong, which is Pi's surname. The male surname replaces the former dynasty in the central emperor and is in charge of the quartet. Since then, there has been such a connection among the people: if a woman dreams of a bear when she is pregnant, it is a sign of giving birth to a boy, and dreaming of a snake is a sign of giving birth to a girl.

The Huangdi clan took "Bear, Scorpion, Scorpion, Scorpion"? Six tribes with tiger totems were paramilitary forces at that time. Woong San (Woong San, Xinhua, Hunan) is the barracks of the Xiong family's "Xiong Yi" department. If you open the cave gate in winter, you will definitely raise an army. When the Yellow Emperor boarded Xiongxiang, perhaps Chiyou people also ushered in the arrival of the "son of heaven", a phratry of the same ancestry, and the dissatisfaction was due to dissatisfaction. Etiquette is etiquette. Thirty years in Hedong, forty years in Hexi, and sure enough, this is where Chiyou raised his troops. Only this time, he rose up against the Yellow Emperor in the Central Plains. It can be said that the "degenerate system" of the Yellow Emperor rebelled, and Chiyou also became the leader of the Jiuli nationality in Miao Yao. The struggle is long-term, and the heroes in the Yangtze River valley are getting higher and higher. Although Xingtian was beheaded by the Yellow Emperor, he "danced in unity with his chest as his eyes and his navel as his mouth". The Chiyou regime was the worst struggle with the Huangdi clan in China after the Yan Di power in the Yangtze River valley weakened, and history will inevitably leave many memories. It is also a long-term dispute between the power of Emperor Shen Nuo Yan and the power of Yellow Emperor on the Mediterranean coast overseas. The ancient Greek and Roman civilization is another achievement of the Yellow Emperor's victory in the Mediterranean struggle. Look at the sky, Chiyou, Gong * * *, who is not a hero with indomitable spirit and soaring pride. This is the essence and bloodiness of Meishan culture and Huxiang culture. The so-called "Chu has three families, and Qin will die" is also true. Things themselves are the unity of contradictions. Yan Di and Huangdi are contradictory, but later they moved towards unity. The contradiction of the Yellow Emperor Chiyou was unified, and Chiyou failed. However, the Huangdi family still chose the Chiyou family and dominated the town with its portraits, which shows the power of Chiyou. Therefore, it is not surprising that Meishan culture has both Taoism of Huang (Emperor) and Lao (Zi) and Chiyou's martial arts. During the Yan Emperor's reign at the end of Shennuo, the Huangdi tribe successfully seized power from the Yan Di forces in the northwest and the Central Plains. Because it is a fundamental change in the clan concept of inheritance right, from tens of thousands of years of female inheritance right to male inheritance law, this is a fundamental change, and it is reasonable to cause such a fierce response from the global glutinous people system. However, the Chiyou tribe of Yanhuang is the same root and clan, and they are all descendants of Fuxi and Shennuo in the Yangtze River valley. Therefore, after the struggle between Yanhuang and Chiyou tribe, which represents the Yangtze River valley and the female theocracy, failed, Chiyou tribe was an important manager of the Yellow Emperor clan. Guan Zhong described Chiyou as the first of the "six phases" of the Yellow Emperor and the biggest courtier. "The Journey of Guan Woods" says: "In the past, the Yellow Emperor gained justice by knowing Chiyou, viewed the geographical position by looking at greatness, argued the east by arguing the dragon, argued the south by arguing Zhu Rong, argued the west by arguing the national seal, and argued the north by arguing the land behind. The Yellow Emperor has six phases, heaven and earth dominate and divine. Chiyou knows Heaven, so in order to make it possible to observe the geographical position at that time, we must make him an outstanding person ... ". Even Chiyou's subordinates, such as "Fengbo" and "Rain Master" who fought against the Yellow Emperor, became important envoys of the Yellow Emperor. "Historical Records Guan Chan" says: "Combine ghosts and gods in the West Mount Tai, drive six dragons like an elephant, Fang Bi is in front, Chiyou is in front, Fengbo is sweeping, the rain teacher is preaching, the tiger and the wolf are in front, ghosts and gods are behind, snakes are lying on the ground, and the phoenix covers them ..." That's awesome. After the Yellow Emperor became the central emperor, the titles of leaders "Yan Di" and "Chi Di" were changed to "Zhu Rong". At present, the main peak of Hengshan Mountain in Nanyue, one of the five mountains in Hunan Province, is Zhurongfeng, and there is Zhu Rong Temple, which may have been ruled by Sina at that time. Today, most ethnic minorities in the south say that their ancestors went south from the north, which is actually a historical event in which the forces in the Yangtze River valley retreated from the Yellow River valley during the Yanhuang period. In fact, it's not just the minorities in the south. At that time, the waxy people in the Yangtze River valley retreated everywhere. For example, after the Chiang family in Yan Di retreated to the northwest and southwest during this period, Tibetans on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau became Qiang people. The retreating waxy people around gradually became the later Sifang Yi, the nomadic people in the northwest gradually formed, and the Sifang Yi became "Dongyi, Nanman, Xirong and Beidi". Therefore, after further differentiation in the south, Chiyou became the ancestor and leader of Baiyue, Feng Pu and Jiuli.

One of the characteristics of Chiyou is the god of war. But this god of war is destined to be the scene of the villain, otherwise the position dominated by the Yellow Emperor will be there. "Dragon Fish River Map" records: "Before the Regency of the Yellow Emperor, there were eighty-one Chiyou brothers, who told the animals and people that eating sand and stones with bronze heads and iron heads made an army staff and crossbows, which was famous all over the world." There are several obvious messages in this article. First, it is pointed out that Chiyou and Xuanyuan Xiongshi (who cannot be called the Yellow Emperor because they have not yet entered the central emperor) are actually the last ministers of Yan Di; Xuanyuanxiong's strength is strong, of course, and he is a rising political star in Ran Ran at that time, which will replace the throne of the last God Nuoyan Emperor in the center, that is, the throne of the world-the son of heaven, the king of all nations; However, the Ministry of Human-God clearly represents the strongest strength of the Yan Di family in the Yangtze River valley, with many tribes and a leader of 998 1 person. Because the Yangtze River valley has entered the era of stone and stone combination, weapons have been forged with heavy metals, and Chiyou can "make a bronze head", "make a staff, a horse, a halberd and a crossbow" and "dominate the world". Then he said Chiyou was "heartless and heartless." Everyone wants the Yellow Emperor to do the right thing. The Yellow Emperor's benevolence and righteousness could not ban Chiyou, so he was defeated and sighed. God forbid Xuan Nv to give the soldiers of the Yellow Emperor faith in magic symbols and surrender Chiyou, so as to control all directions. "To say that Chiyou is heartless basically belongs to the accusation of" winner king "against" loser coach ",which has no moral reason and is unwarranted. Chiyou's martial arts are invincible, but in the end, the Yellow Emperor defeated Yan Di, marking the trend of historical progress-from matriarchal society to paternal society. No matter how the followers of the martial arts Chiyou in the world are, the general trend is vast and unstoppable. In addition to the followers of Chiyou who have gone abroad, the followers of China have finally joined the ranks of the Yellow Emperor's progress and become an effective pillar of the Yellow Emperor's regime. The so-called "God sent Xuan Nv to grant Huang Di soldiers to believe in the magic symbol, subdue Chiyou and control all directions" is really attached by historians for the sake of the Yellow Emperor's face. The victory of the Yellow Emperor over Chiyou was actually the result of the traditional matriarchal patriarchal clan system in the Yangtze River valley, which was adjusted by the ancestral court (now called grandma or Miao in Changsha, Hunan Province) and finally made the Chiyou department submit. Xuan Nv, the Yellow Emperor, said: "The Yellow Emperor and Chiyou are invincible in nine battles. The Yellow Emperor returned to Mount Tai, and it was foggy for three days and nights. There was a bird-headed woman, and the Yellow Emperor bowed down and dared not get up. The woman said,' I'm Xuan Nv. What do you want?' The Yellow Emperor said,' Boy will conquer everything', so he won't fight. "Bird-shaped head girl" is one of the bird totems of the ancestors of Emperor Nuoyan in Fuxi. Shan Hai Jing Huang Da Bei Jing: "Chiyou fought against the Yellow Emperor, who ordered Ying Long to attack the wild land of Jizhou and Ying Long to graze the water. Chiyou asked Fengbo Rain Master to create a big storm. The Yellow Emperor was the goddess of the next day. When the rain stopped, he killed Chiyou. " Therefore, "Xuan Nv" and "Goddess of Heaven" belong to the clan of Shennuo Yan Di, and it is reasonable for the Chiyou people who opposed the patriarchal clan system of the Yellow Emperor to finally give up their resistance under the mediation of the clan. "Dragon Fish River Map" records that after the mysterious female soldier of the Yellow Emperor believed in the divine symbol and captured Chiyou, "the world is restless, and the image of Chiyou painted by the Yellow Emperor dominates the world, which means that Chiyou is immortal and all countries in all directions cherish clothes." This also proves that before the Yellow Emperor entered the central emperor, the Chiyou tribe in Yan Di was the traditional ancestor of * * * the Lord of the world and the king of all nations. The Wushu tradition in Meishan culture is inseparable from Chiyou, and the Meishan area in Xiongxiang is a region with high content of heavy metals. It is not surprising that the high-quality bronzes of Shang Dynasty mostly came from the Meishan area in Xiongxiang since ancient times, and the folk coppersmith has been famous since ancient times. "Number" is the primitive thinking tool for human beings to grasp the world, whether in the East or the West. China's Knot Notes, the later developed Yi Gua digital deduction system, and the western Pythagorean school's explanation that "number is the origin of the universe and is naturally dominated by number" all illustrate this point.

However, human beings experienced a long and confused period of "number sense" before they knew "number" and mastered this tool. What is primitive number perception? Primitive sense of number is a vague consciousness of "number" in human childhood, that is, the ability to perceive the existence and quantity of number. It is an instinctive feeling like "taste", "smell" and "touch".

As an instinctive feeling, primitive number perception is not unique to people. Dancziger, an American mathematician, believes that both humans and animals have some primitive sense of numbers. For example, if there are four eggs in some bird nests, you can safely take one without the birds noticing. But if two are removed, the bird usually escapes. Crows also have some primitive sense of numbers, which can distinguish the number of people below the "four" position. Like some birds, the number perception range of human childhood is extremely limited, rarely reaching "four". "Therefore, for a long time after the birth of human civilization,' three' often became the limit number corresponding to the original number sense, and because of its extreme number relationship, it was often used by people to mean' many'." Almost all languages have traces of this early restriction, such as triple in English and ter in Latin, which have double meanings: "triple" and "many". In China culture, we can also find traces of this early limitation: for example, three mountains refer to "many mountains", three trees refer to "many trees", three flames refer to "many flames" and three individuals refer to "many people"-this has created. "Sen" is the pictograph of "Three Trees"; "Fire" is the pictograph of "Three Flames"; Under the word "numerous" is "three people"). In ancient Chinese, "three" (and three "three" or "nine") was directly used to express "duo".

This situation is reflected in Yijing, a masterpiece of China's ancient mathematical thinking, that is, the sum of Yin and Yang and the codes of Yi Gua's "single gua" and "heavy gua" are all restricted by "three": first, the sum of Yang Gua and Yin Gua of Yi Gua is "three", and second, the eight "single gua" of Yi Gua are all "three". Thirdly, the sixty-four hexagrams of Yi Gua are all composed of two "three" or two "single hexagrams" in different overlapping arrangements.

Undoubtedly, in the development of China's early primitive mathematical thinking, there was a period when primitive mathematical perception could not surpass "three" and was full of confusion, fear and awe. Through the discovery, excavation and research of Meishan culture, we relived that period with surprise. As a primitive fishing and hunting culture, Meishan culture is permeated with primitive witchcraft. The ancient Meishan people and today's Meishan witchcraft inheritors will hold the primitive witchcraft ceremony of "Anmeishan" before hunting in the mountains. The so-called "Anmeishan" is to set up an altar for the "Meishan God" and hold sacrifices. Meishan should be placed in a secluded place where pigs and cows can't step on it, or under an old tree at a fork in the road, indicating that Meishan God is here. Most Tujia people choose a hidden and clean place in the empty flat on the right side of the corner, Anmeishan, build a "three-sided" wall with stones, cover it with rock slabs, and use the front as a door; When the hunter comes to the mountain, if he finds the footprints of wild animals, he should pull down the "three" thatch, tie the tip of the grass in a knot, put it at the fork of the "three" road and press a small stone on it. This is called "Guanshan (Guansan? )"; Some hunters break a branch after entering the mountain, sweep this mountain, sweep that mountain, and then sweep around the mountain (Sanshan) where they are located, and then sit cross-legged and say a spell called "Xiafa". Legend has it that by doing so, the beast will "get lost" and keep wandering around in the mountains, unable to escape. ②

Here, we have noticed the extensive use of the number "three" in the original ceremony of Meishan witchcraft, and even more noticed that the use of "three" in this ceremony is to "confuse" the beast as a mysterious force! This is different from the usage of the number "three" in ancient Chinese, many China folk religious ceremonies and Taoism and Buddhism that we see today-although they are also unconsciously derived from the psychological accumulation of "three" formed by human beings in the digital perception stage, the usage of Meishan witchcraft is even older, and it is a direct application of the "limit number"-"three" confusing characteristics of the original digital perception, belonging to one kind. This primitive sense of numbers in Meishan witchcraft, which confuses animals with "three", is one of the most important and basic features of Meishan culture. This feature is very obvious not only in the mountain hunting activities in Meishan, Shandong Province, but also in the agricultural, fishing and animal husbandry activities on the Shui Yuan in the middle and lower reaches of East Meishan. For example, "Huomei Mountain", a cave with the magical power of Meishan, will "draw three arcs in the air and shake it forward three times" with the tip of a bamboo duck. It is said that if this is done, the ducks will leave for his designated place; And when I got there, I just "moved around dozens of fields delineated by the duck's tip and never crossed the border." The application of "San" in the witchcraft activities in Meishan, Xia Dong is more subtle. When "Huomei Mountain" in Xia Dong catches loach in paddy fields or ponds, the tail of the first caught loach should be bitten off first, and then put back into the water. It is said that if you do this, the loach will be at your fingertips when you catch it; But when the loach with its tail bitten off is caught again, no matter how many loaches are caught at this time, the whole activity of catching loaches must end. (3) Why is there such strange behavior? I think this is also a kind of witchcraft that confuses the captured object with "three". This process is very similar to the formation of yin-yang hexagrams and the sorting process of single hexagrams in the Book of Changes: the first loach represents the yang, and if bitten off, it will split into the yin, just forming a number "three". If you put it back into the water, you will confuse the object with the "three"; Catching loach again means that the sorting process of single hexagrams ("Li hexagrams") is over, and it is necessary to stop catching loach.

The "confusion" about "Three" formed by the ancestors of Meishan in the period of primitive digital consciousness not only became the basic framework of "Three Holes Meishan" witchcraft, but also was passed down and fixed on the Meishan god Zhang Wulang as a mysterious force. -In Meishan culture, Zhang Wulang is a "deviant ghost" with the characteristics of "confusing" spells! According to the legend in Meishan area, if someone walks at night, gets lost in a familiar place, turns around and turns to the original place, and can't get out, then he meets the "Ghost Zhang Wulang"; Therefore, Zhang Wulang is also called "Inverse Zhang Wulang".

In Meishan area, especially in Anhua, the hinterland of Meishan (including Lianyuan City and part of Xinhua County before the founding of New China, and the ancient county has been in Meicheng Town of Anhua County), Xinhua and other places, people often set up a road sign at the fork of "San" Road, engraved with the words "Bow open, string broken, arrow blocked" and so on. Generally speaking, this is to block the "general arrow", but the "general arrow" has nothing to do with the fork in the road, so I think it should also be to prevent "Zhang Wulang from going backwards" at first: in Meishan, Xia Dong, Zhang Wulang is also known as the "altar master", and it is said that he often shoots people with arrows (Meishan people often curse: "You shot the altar master!" )。 People carved the words "bow open, string broken, arrow blocked" on the signpost at the fork in the road, just to use it as a spell to defeat Zhang Wulang's magic and prevent his "confused" arrow from hitting, so as not to get lost and go the wrong way at the fork in the road.

This witchcraft behavior of confusing fishing prey with "three" in Meishan witchcraft primitive ceremony is a typical embodiment of the law of mutual infiltration of primitive thinking. The so-called law of mutual infiltration of primitive thinking is a kind of thinking law that determines the relationship between primitive social collective and its surrounding human groups and animal groups. Brewer said: in the collective representation of primitive thinking, objects, beings and phenomena all have a mysterious power, ability, nature and function that can be felt. This mysterious attribute can act on other objects, beings and phenomena through various actions, through contact, infection, transfer, long-distance action, blasphemy, possession, induction and other imaginary forms; So that the original object, existence and phenomenon are both themselves and other things. Things are interrelated through the "mutual infiltration" relationship imagined by primitive people. In its reflection form, a certain collective representation is related to other collective representations. The use of "three" in Meishan witchcraft is an attempt to transmit the mysterious power of "three" to animals through such an imaginary primitive thinking infiltration relationship. In the eyes of primitive people in Meishan, animals and people are the same and can be transformed into each other. They think that since the number "three" can confuse people, it will certainly confuse animals, so they frequently use the number "three" in witchcraft to confuse wild animals, thus achieving the goal of hunting wild animals.

This concept of mutual infiltration of primitive thinking of Meishan ancestors is not an isolated cultural phenomenon. Meishan culture, as a primitive fishing and hunting culture, has a distinct primitive productism color in the whole hunting distribution process from the economic form; Judging from primitive religious worship, many primitive religious ceremonies retain obvious primitive reproductive worship content. Therefore, it is natural that the concept of primitive thinking permeates their witchcraft activities.

So far, as far as the essential significance of Meishan culture is concerned, it seems that the following understanding can be drawn: the primitive Meishan culture is a primitive witch culture that confuses the object with the original number sense-"three" as the medium, through the infiltration of the original thinking of imagination, and using the "confusing" power of "three". She should be born in the "number consciousness period" of primitive human beings in China, and it is the cultural source that formed the concept of "two lives, three lives and three lives" in China's philosophy. The true meaning of the so-called "Meishan" should be "Media Three" (the Xinhua dialect "Shan" in the hinterland of Meishan is pronounced as "Three"); The so-called "Meishan culture" is actually "three-media culture". -"Meishan" was the mistake of Confucian scholars outside Meishan cultural circle.