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1. Four classic books: The Analects of Confucius and The Doctrine of the Mean in Universities

2. Taiping Imperial Bookstore Yuan Gui Wen Yuan Hua Ying Quanyu.

3. Four Kings of Warring States: Meng Changjun of Qi, Ping Yuanjun of Zhao, Shen Jun of Chu and New Ling Jun of Wei.

4. Four outstanding figures in the early Tang Dynasty:, Yang Jiong, Lu,,.

5. Four great writers in Northern Song Dynasty: Wang Anshi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi and Huang Tingjian.

6. The four masters of Yuan Qu: Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Bai Pu and Zheng Guangzu.

7. Tang Bohu, Zhu Zhishan, Wen Zhiming and zhou wenbin were the four great talents in the south of the Yangtze River in the Ming Dynasty.

8. Four Great Calligraphers in Northern Song Dynasty: Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang.

9. Four masters of regular script: Tang-Yan Zhenqing Liu Gongquan Ou Yangxun Yuan-Zhao Mengfu \ \ \

10. Four calligraphy styles: Zhen (Kai) seal.

1 1. Four Treasures of the Study: ink and wash rice paper inkstone.

12. Four major libraries in China: Wen Yuan Pavilion in Beijing, Wenshui Pavilion in Shenyang, Jinwen Pavilion in Chengde and Wen Lan Pavilion in Hangzhou.

13. Four Ancient Literati Arts (Literati's Elegant Taste): Qinqi Calligraphy and Painting

14. Four Gentlemen of Chinese Painting: Meiju

15. Shu Si Ku: Shi Jing subset.

16. Four brothers: Bo (Meng) Zhong Shuji

17. Wuhu: Xiongnu Xianbei Jieqiang

18. Wuhua: Jin Juhua —— selling flower girl kapok —— daffodils on the street —— hot flowers of singers in restaurants —— local cowflowers juggling —— some porters.

19. Eight doors: towel skin, fortune telling, fortune telling, selling medicine, hanging juggling, river lake opera, pingtan pingtan group, singing opera in the street, talking about paper platform and singing opera.

20. Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest: Ji Kang was born in Dan Tao, Xiangxiu, Ruan Xian, Wang Rong and Liu Ling.

2 1. Seven sons of Jian 'an: Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Qian, Ruan Yu, Angelababy and Liu Zhen.

22. Seven strategies (seven latitudes): sun, moon, Jin Mu, water, fire and earth.

23. Seven Heroes of the Warring States: Zhao Wei, Han Qi and Qin Chuyan.

24. Seven emotions: joy, anger, sorrow, fear, love and evil desire.

25. Seven ancient capitals: Beijing, Xi, Luoyang, Kaifeng, Nanjing, Hangzhou and Anyang.

26. The Eight Immortals of Myth: Han Zhong Zuo Zhang He Xiangu Lan Caihe Han Xiangzi Cao Guojiu.

27. Eight Great Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties: Han Zongyuan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Xunzhe, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong

28. Eight of the eighty years in Wen Qi: Eastern Han Dynasty, Wei Song, Jin Dynasty, Qi Liang and Sui Chen.

29. The four seasons and eight festivals refer to the spring equinox in beginning of spring, the long summer solstice, the autumn equinox in beginning of autumn and the winter solstice.

30. Bagua: The Gankun earthquake and Li Kan Gendui respectively symbolize thunder, wind, water and volcano in the sky and underground.

3 1. Eight-part essay Eight-part essay: Starting from the beginning of the topic, starting from the intermediate shares and then bundling the shares.

32. Yangzhou Eight Strange Fingers; Wang Liyi Jin Nong Huang Shen Gao Xie

33. Kyushu refers to: Ji Yanjing Qing Yang Liang Yong Yu Xu.

34. Jiuzu refers to: great-great-grandfather's own children, great-grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

35. The nine chapters refer to: the mourning of cherishing the river, thinking about the beauty of Huai Sha, the past of cherishing oranges, and the mourning of returning to the air.

36. The Nine Songs refer to: Emperor Taiyi, Yun, Madam Xiang, Little Thinking, Fate, Hebo, and National Mourning.

37. Ten fingers; Jiuliujia novelist

38. The top ten poetesss in China history refer to Ban Jieyu (the ancestor of Ban Gu), Cai Yan, Zuo Fen (Zuo Si's sister), Su Hui, Xie Daowen, Bao (Bao Zhao's sister), Xue Tao, Li Qingzhao, Zhu and Qiu Jin.

39. China's top ten classical tragedies: the injustice of Zhao, the orphan of Zhao, the loyal seven, the green bell spectrum, the peach blossom fan, the autumn palace in Han Dynasty, the pipa, the memory, the Palace of Eternal Life and the Leifeng Pagoda.

40. China's top ten classic comedies: Saving the Wind and Dust, The Jade Hairpin, The West Chamber, Seeing the Money Slave, On the Wall, The Negative Scenery of jy in Li Kui, The Story of Youting, The Wolf in Zhongshan and The Wrong Kite.

4 1. Ten-day stem: methyl ethyl propyl butyl heptyl octyl non-decyl

42. Ten famous dramas in China: White-haired Girl, Gui Wang and Li Xiangxiang, The Little Black Man's Wedding, Liu Hulan, Honghu Red Guards, Song of the Grassland, Xia Hong, Sanjie Liu, Red Coral and Jiang Jie.

43. Twelve branches: Ugly son didn't apply for going to sea in the afternoon.

44. Zodiac: mouse, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, chicken, dog and pig.

45. Twelve o'clock: At midnight, the rooster crows, the sun rises, the food is eaten at noon, and the sun sets at dusk.

46. Twelve methods: Huang Zhong, Lu Da, Tai Cong, Zhong Gu, Zhong Wan, Lin Bin, Zhong Yi, Nan Wan and Wu Ling.

47. Thirteen Classics: The Book of Changes, Shangshu, The Book of Songs, Zhou Li, Yi Li, Zuo Zhuan, The Book of Rites, The Biography of the Ram, Gu Liangzhuan, The Analects of Confucius, The Book of Filial Piety and Er Ya.

48. Tanabata refers to July 7th.

49. Ten of the heinous crimes refer to: rebellion, rebellion, disrespect, unfilial, injustice and civil strife.

Three steps to appreciate poetry: matter-reason-scenery-emotion

1) know people and discuss things (know the author and grasp the background)

2) Literal translation (translating the whole poem and analyzing the scene)

3) Clarify the main idea (briefly describe the content and clarify the interest)

The function of triple ellipsis: 1) table citation ellipsis; 2) Omit table enumeration; 3) Extended table talk interrupt.

Four literary genres: 1) Prose 2) Novel 3) Poetry 4) Drama.

Narrative quadruple order in narrative: 1) order 2) flashback 3) interpolation 4) supplementary narrative.

The four conditions of metrical poetry: 1) Eight-sentence quadruple (the first sentence enters the neck and tail) 2) Even-tailed homonym 3) Zhonglian disyllabic 4) Flat and even homophonic.

Four ways to describe characters: (foreign language tempted) 1) Appearance description 2) Language description 3) Action description 4) Psychological description.

Four ways to divide the structure of the article: 1) according to the expression 2) looking for light and dark clues 3) according to the logical order (the internal and objective development of things) 4) according to the time and space order (explanatory text)

The function of the four quotation marks: 1) Table quotes the actual content (natural function) (table 1 function) 2) Table irony 3) Table specific title 4) Table emphasis.

The function of four dashes: 1) table explanation (natural function) 2) jumping after table (Lu Xun's articles often do this) 3) interruption and extension of table sound 4) beginning and ending of table time and tag.

Five ways for students to attend classes (listen carefully and take notes): 1) Listen 2) Look 3) Write 4) Say 5) Think 5) Express: 1) Narrative 2) Argumentative 3) Lyric 4) Description 5) Description.

Describe things (nature) from five angles: 1) vision 2) taste 3) hearing 4) touch 5) smell.

Six narrative elements: 1) When 2) Where 3) Who 4) Why 5) How 6) What?

Six sentence components: 1) Subject 2) Predicate 3) Object 4) Complement 5) Attribute 6) Adverbial

Six-step method for text preview: 1) Look up new words and clear three words; 2) Read the text aloud and perceive the content; 3) Understand the author and grasp the background; 4) mark short sequence and distinguish structure; 5) Draw key sentences to realize functions; 6) Briefly describe the main idea and summarize the characteristics.

Six stages in the educational process: 1) language accumulation 2) ability development 3) humanistic quality 4) self-study 5) personality perfection 6) self-realization 7) narration and discussion.

Seven phrases (by function): 1) Parallel phrases 2) Partial phrases 3) Subject-predicate phrases 4) Verb-object phrases 5) Verb-complement phrases 6) Verb-object phrases 7)

Divided by part of speech: name, verb and form

Seven periods: 1) period 2) question mark 3) exclamation point 4) comma 5) pause 6) semicolon 7) colon.

Analyze the function of eight key sentences: 1) Point out the topic and cause the following (point sentence) 2) Electrify the center and show the main idea (central sentence).

3) Set suspense to arouse interest (suspense sentence) 4) Connect the link between the preceding and the following, naturally connect (transition sentence) 5) Coordinate and unify (reference sentence) 6) Set off the side, indirectly set off (contrast sentence) 7) Set the stage for the following, lay the groundwork (foreshadowing sentence) 8) Enhance the language and highlight the characteristics (rhetoric sentence).

There are nine common figures of speech: 1) metaphor 2) analogy 3) metonymy 4) exaggeration 5) antithesis 6) parallelism 7) rhetorical question 8) rhetorical question.

9) Repeatedly

Nine methods of explanation:

1) Example 2) Classification 3) Definition 4) Comparison 5) Analogy 6) Column chart data 7) Column chart 8) Interpretation 9) Imitation appearance.

There are nine kinds of labels: 1) quotation marks 2) brackets 3) book titles 4) ellipsis 5) dashes 6) spaces 7) hyphens 8) bullets 9) proper names.

Nine kinds of ill sentences: 1) improper use of words, 2) incomplete components, 3) improper collocation, 4) disordered word order, 5) unclear reference and 6) repetition.

7) Improper classification 8) Contradictions 9) Incorrect related words.

Part II: Style

Ten commonly used writing techniques: symbol, contrast, contrast (contrast: positive contrast, negative contrast), foreshadowing (suspense setting), reference (echo), description technique, promotion and suppression, lyric by scenery, metaphor by things, seeing the big from the small, expressing ambition by death, and expression.

Symbol expresses the essential characteristics of a person and a social phenomenon through the concrete image of a certain feature.

The main features of ontology are set off from two angles.

Compare two opposite things or two opposite aspects of a thing, and highlight the main features of the main thing or thing.

Lyricism by borrowing scenery is to express the author's sincere thoughts and feelings by describing concrete and vivid natural scenery or life scenes.

Metaphor with things, highlighting its characteristics, metaphor with things, showing the author's noble thoughts and sentiments.

First deny or belittle the image of things, then dig deep into the characteristics and inner meaning of things, then affirm and praise things, and emphasize the characteristics of things more prominently.

Six methods of character description: portrait description, language description, action description, psychological description, detail description and expression description.

Five ways of expression: narration, description, explanation, lyricism and discussion.

Environmental description: natural environment and social environment.

The natural environment describes the natural landscape, exaggerates the atmosphere, sets off emotions, foretells the fate of characters, reveals the essence of society and promotes the development of plots.

Social environment reveals the essence of society by describing the social situation, explaining the background of the story and paving the way for the following.

Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation

Two ways of argumentation: argumentation and refutation.

Five argumentation methods: example argumentation, reason argumentation, metaphor argumentation, contrast argumentation and quotation argumentation (putting facts and reasoning).

Two types of argumentation: factual argumentation and rational argumentation.

Argumentative essay consists of three parts (general idea): raising questions (introduction), analyzing problems (theory) and solving problems (conclusion).

There are two types of expository writing: expository writing about things and expository writing about things (plain and literary).

Three orders of interpretation: chronological order, spatial order and logical order.

Six logical sequences: ① General → Individual ② Phenomenon → Essence ③ Cause → Result ④ Generalization → Concreteness.

⑤ Part ←→ All ⑤ Major ←→ Minor ⑦ Total ←→ Points

Part III: Sentences

Three principles of language use: conciseness, coherence and appropriateness.

Four usages of sentences (from the perspective of mood): declarative sentences, interrogative sentences, imperative sentences and exclamatory sentences.

Six kinds of ill sentences: ① Incomplete components; ② Improper collocation; ③ Improper use of related words; 4 inconsistent; ⑤ Improper word order; ⑤ Misuse and abuse of function words (mainly prepositions); Redundant sentence structure; The meaning is unclear; Conceptual confusion; The subject and object are inverted.

It is unreasonable to distort judgment.

Eight types of complex sentences: ① coordinate complex sentences; ② turning complex sentences; ③ Conditional complex sentences; ④ Progressive complex sentences; ⑤ Choose complex sentences; 8 Causal complex sentences; 8 assume complex sentences and accept complex sentences.

Part IV: Special symbols

Five usages of quotation marks: ① quotation; (2) irony or negation; (3) express a specific title; 4 emphasize or emphasize special significance.

Five uses of dashes: ① annotation, ② interpolation, ③ interruption of sound, ④ change of topic, and ⑤ progressive expression of meaning.

Six usages of ellipsis: ① ellipsis; (2) language interruption; ③ Unfinished words; ④ Emotional contradiction; 5 thinking jump; ⑤ Thinking in progress.

Part V: Phrases

Seven kinds of phrases: coordinate phrases, radical phrases, subject-predicate phrases, verb-object phrases, complement phrases, word-removed phrases and object-object phrases.

Part VI: Rhetoric (figures of speech, words and sentences)

Eight common rhetorical methods:

Metaphor makes language vivid, adding three metaphors: simile, metaphor and metonymy.

Personify things and make the language vivid.

Exaggeration is to highlight something or emphasize a certain feeling, set off the atmosphere, strengthen the rendering power and arouse association.

Parallelism enhances language momentum and expression effect. Arrange more than three sentences or components with the same or similar tone and meaning.

Duality makes the language concise and neat, with strong sense of rhythm, high generalization, easy to remember and rhythmic beauty.

Citation enhances the persuasiveness of language.

Ask and answer questions. Attract readers' attention and thinking

Expressing affirmative meaning in the form of questions plays an important role in emphasizing and strengthening tone.

Repeat a phrase or sentence.

Types of repetition: continuous repetition and interval repetition.

Irony is the use of words or sentences with opposite meanings to express the original intention.

Strengthen the expression effect, satirize and expose, or show intimacy and friendliness.

Replace what you want to express with something relevant.

Types of metonymy: feature replaces things, concrete replaces abstraction, and partial substitution.

first part

Two common narrative clues: object line and emotional line.

Two language types: spoken and written.

Two ways of argumentation: argumentation and refutation.

Two explanatory languages: plain and vivid.

There are two types of expositions: expositions about things and expositions about things.

Two kinds of environmental descriptions: the description of natural environment-contrast the emotions of characters and render the atmosphere.

Description of social environment-explain the background of the times.

Characters mainly master the reading skills of depicting characters through appropriate description methods and angles and reflecting their thoughts and personalities.

Plot mainly understands the basic content of each part and the methods and skills to understand and analyze the plot of the novel.

Begin to explain the background and pave the way for the following.

For example, at the beginning of Kong Yiji, the layout of Xianheng Hotel and the scenes of two different identities and positions of drinkers (short coat gang and long coat customers) were described, which explained the social background of the disparity between the rich and the poor and class opposition at that time, paving the way for the emergence of this special figure, Kong Yiji.

Develop the characters' personalities and embody their individuality.

Example: The climax of Kong Yiji tells the scene that Kong Yiji was laughed at for drinking at Xianheng Hotel for the last time. By reflecting Ding's positive description of Kong Yiji's physical disability, he showed his tragic experience, thus profoundly exposing the evils of the feudal imperial examination system.

The ending deepens the theme and leaves some thoughts.

For example, in the ending of Kong Yiji, a group of meaningful words such as "about" and "indeed" not only add tragic meaning to Kong Yiji's tragic fate, but also leave readers with endless thoughts.

Environment mainly understands the role of natural environment and social environment.

The natural environment describes the natural landscape, exaggerates the atmosphere, sets off emotions, predicts the fate of characters, reveals the essence of society and promotes the development of plots.

Example 1: The climax of Kong Yiji depicts a bleak atmosphere by describing the sad scene in autumn, which indicates the tragic ending of Kong Yiji's imminent death.

Example 2: The climax and ending of My Uncle Yule set off the cheerful, frustrated and depressed mood of the characters by describing two contrasting sea scenes.

The social environment describes the social situation, explains the background of the story, reveals the social essence, and paves the way for the following content.

At the beginning of Kong Yiji, by describing the layout of Xianheng Hotel and the customers' comings and goings, it illustrates the social reality of class opposition and disparity between the rich and the poor at that time, paving the way for the appearance of a special figure, Kong Yiji.

Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.

Argumentative essay consists of three parts: asking questions (introduction), analyzing questions (thesis) and solving problems (conclusion).

Three orders of interpretation: chronological order, spatial order and logical order.

Five usages of quotation marks: ① for reference; (2) to express irony or negation; ③ Express specific appellation.

The table emphasizes or emphatically points out the special meaning of ⑤.

Five uses of dashes: ① table labeling ② table insertion ③ table sound interruption and continuation.

④ Topic conversion ⑤ Progressive expression.

Six kinds of ill sentences: ① Incomplete components; ② Improper collocation; ③ Improper use of related words; 4 inconsistent; ⑤ Improper word order; ⑤ Misuse and abuse of function words (prepositions).

Six usages of ellipsis: ① Omit the table contents; ② Intermittent predication; (3) the table is incomplete because of grabbing the vernacular; 4 emotional contradictions; 5 thinking jump; ⑤ Thinking in progress.

Seven kinds of phrases: coordinate phrases, radical phrases, subject-predicate phrases, verb-object phrases, complement phrases, word-removed phrases and object-object phrases.

Part VII

Eight types of complex sentences: ① coordinate complex sentences; ② turning complex sentences; ③ Conditional complex sentences; ④ Progressive complex sentences; ⑤ Choose complex sentences; 8 Causal complex sentences; 8 assume complex sentences and accept complex sentences.

Eight common rhetorical methods:

(1) Metaphor-makes the language vivid and adds color to the language.

2 personification-writing things into adults makes the language vivid.

3 exaggeration-highlight something or emphasize a feeling.

4 parallelism-enhance the language momentum and enhance the expression effect.

⑤ Duality-make the language concise and neat.

⑥ Quote-enhance the persuasiveness of language.

⑦ Ask questions-arouse readers' attention and thinking.

⑧ rhetorical question-plays an emphasis role and enhances the positive (negative) tone.

Ten commonly used writing techniques: symbol, contrast, foil, contrast, foreshadowing, reference (echo), direct (indirect) description, promotion and suppression (if you want to promote it, then suppress it first), lyricism with scenery, and metaphor with things.

Symbol expresses the essential characteristics of a person and a social phenomenon through the concrete image of a certain feature.

The main features of ontology are set off from two angles.

Compare two opposite things or two opposite aspects of a thing, and highlight the main features of the main thing or thing.

For example: Haiyan

Comparing the tall image of Haiyan with the cowardly image of sea ducks, seagulls and penguins, it highlights the distinctive characteristics of Haiyan's courage and courage to fight.

Lyricism through scenery expresses the author's sincere thoughts and narrative reading rules by describing concrete and vivid natural scenery or life scenes.

1. The function of scenery description: to render the atmosphere, contrast the emotions of the characters, promote the development of the plot, show the quality of the characters and contrast the central meaning.

2. The function of description method: to express the character and reflect the theme of the work.

3. The role of metaphor, personification and other rhetoric: the rhetoric of … is used to write …

4. The role of parallelism: enhance the expressive force of language and vivid writing. ...

5. The role of rhetorical questions: strengthen the tone, cause the following, connecting the preceding with the following.

6. The role of rhetorical questions: arouse the reader's attention and thinking, lead to the following, connecting the preceding with the following.

7. The function of the topic: summarize the content; Reveal the theme; Hint clue

8. The role of the first paragraph:

1. environmental description: point out the location and environment where the story takes place, lead to the following, and pave the way for the development of the following plot.

2. Others: start with the topic and lay the emotional tone of the full text; Cite the full text or cause the following, paving the way for the development of the following plot.

9. The role of the middle sentence: the excessive role of connecting the preceding with the following.

10. The function of concluding argumentative sentences: summarize the full text, take care of the beginning, point out the center and deepen the theme.

1 1. Narrative order: direct narration, flashback and interpolation.

12. The advantages of the writer: the first person is authentic; The second person said, kind and natural; The third person can be described from many angles, not limited by time and space.

13. The form of narrative clues: physical objects; Characters; Changes in thoughts and feelings; Time; Change of position; Central event

14. Method of finding clues: title; A recurring word or thing; Lyrical argument sentence

15. sentence paragraph appreciation is considered from three aspects: content (what is written and what is unique in material selection); Form (writing method, language features, rhetoric); Emotion (social value, meaning, function, etc. (of the article)

⑵

(1) narration. Narration is the most basic and common expression in writing. It is the author's narration and explanation of characters experience and events, and the transformation of scene and space.

(2) description. Description is an expression that describes the appearance and form of an object and reproduces it to readers. It is one of the main forms of narration, especially literary creation. It is sometimes used as an auxiliary means in general lyricism, discussion and elaboration. If the description is used well, it can be vivid and vivid, so that readers can see this person, hear his voice, feel at home, and get a strong artistic infection from it.

(3) lyric. Lyric is to express and express the author's feelings. It is the main expression in lyric style, and it is often used as an important auxiliary expression in general literary works and narratives.

(4) discussion. Discussion refers to the author's comments on a discussion object to show his views and attitudes. Its function is to make the article clear and profound, with strong philosophical and theoretical depth. In argumentative writing, it is the main expression; It is often used as an auxiliary means of expression in general narrative, expository or literary works.

(5) description. Description is an expression that clearly explains the shape, nature, characteristics, causes, relationships and functions of things in concise words. Some explained objects are physical things, such as mountains, rivers, flowers, trees, buildings, utensils and so on. Some are abstract truths, such as thoughts, consciousness, self-cultivation, viewpoints, concepts, principles, technologies, etc.

⑶

Expression is the way to reflect social life, express thoughts and feelings, and introduce things when writing articles. There are five common expressions, namely: narration (narration), discussion, lyricism, description and explanation. Narrative is mainly narrative and description, including explanation, lyricism and discussion; Explanatory text is mainly explanation, but also narrative, discussion and even description; Argumentative writing focuses on discussion, supplemented by narration, explanation or lyricism.

Broadly speaking, expression refers to the special sentence organization used by the author when writing words and expressing thoughts and feelings. By analyzing a work, we can grasp its special performance from point to surface. First, there are many rhetorical skills of words and sentences, including metaphor, symbol, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, contrast, personification, allusions and so on. We should pay attention to different styles of works when grasping its expression techniques as a whole. The expressive techniques of lyric prose are rich and colorful, such as borrowing scenery to express emotion, supporting things to express emotion, combining cadence and symbolism, etc. Narrative writing skills such as beginning and end coordination, finishing touch, clever use of rhetoric, proper details, combination of narration and discussion, positive and negative comparison, etc. Argumentative writing skills such as quoting classics, clever analogy, reverse seeking differences, positive and negative comparison, and analogical reasoning. Novel description, comparison, bedding and reference, suspense and interpretation, real writing and imaginary writing. The analysis of expression is a very general topic. Pay attention to the requirements of solving complete geographical problems when answering questions, and answer them concisely and accurately. For some topics, such as appreciating writing skills, it is necessary to accurately grasp the context, theme and genre style of the article, and choose the most important answer. It is not necessary to cover everything, such as the various methods of shaping characters in novels, such as the various methods of expressing emotions in prose, and try to get points.

1. Expression: narration, description, lyricism, explanation and discussion.

Second, the expression techniques: symbol, contrast, contrast, suspense, echo before and after, desire to promote first, express meaning by holding things, express feelings by borrowing things, associate, imagine and set off (positive contrast, negative contrast).

Third, rhetorical devices: metaphor, personification, exaggeration, parallelism, duality, quotation, rhetorical question, repetition, intertextuality, contrast, metonymy and irony.

Four, the six elements of narrative: time, place, people, the cause, process and result of things.

5. Narrative sequence: sequence, flashback and insertion.

Sixth, description angle: positive description and side description.

Methods of describing characters: language, action, manner, psychology and appearance.

Eight, the perspective of describing the scene: vision, hearing, taste, touch, smell.

Methods of describing scenery: the combination of dynamic and static (writing static by moving), the combination of generalization and concrete, from far to near (or from near to far).

X. Description (or lyric) methods: positive (also called direct) and negative (also called indirect).

XI。 Narrative mode: general narrative and detailed description.

Twelve. Interpretation order: chronological order, spatial order, logical order.

13. explanation: examples, numbers, analogy, comparison, definition, classification, explanation, imitation and quotation.

Fourteen, the plot of the novel is divided into four parts: beginning, development, climax and ending.

Fifteen, the three elements of the novel: the character, the plot and the specific environment.

Sixteen, environmental description is divided into: natural environment and social environment.

17. Three elements of argumentative writing: argument, argument and argumentation.

18. Argumentation is divided into factual argument and rational argument.

Nineteen. Argumentation methods: example (or fact) argument, reason argument (sometimes called quotation argument), contrast (or positive and negative contrast) argument, metaphor argument.

20. Method of argument: argument and rebuttal (rebuttable argument, argument, argument)

Twenty-one, the structure of argumentative essay: total score, total score, total score; There are often parallel and progressive parts.

Twenty-two, the role of quotation marks: citation; Emphasize; Specific appellation; Negation and irony; ferreous

Twenty-three, dash usage: prompt, comment, summary, progression, topic change, interjection.

Twenty-four, others:

⑷

(A) the role of sentences in the text:

1, prefix: opening point; Render the atmosphere (narrative, novel), bury the foreshadowing (narrative, novel), and set suspense (novel) as an auxiliary foreshadowing for the following; Below the general collar;

2. In the text: connecting the preceding with the following; Below the general collar; Summarize the above;

3. At the end of the article: point out the center (narrative, novel); Deepen the theme (narrative, novel); Pay attention to the beginning (argumentative, narrative, novel)

(2) The function of rhetoric: (1) its own function; (2) Combined with sentence context.

1, figuratively personified: vivid;

Answer format: written vividly+object+characteristics.

2, parallelism: momentum, strengthen the tone, in one go and so on. ;

Answer format: emphasis+object+characteristics.

3; Questioning: arouse readers' attention and thinking;

Answer format: arouse readers' attention and thinking about+object+characteristics

Rhetorical question: emphasis, emphasis, etc.

4. Contrast: emphasize … stand out …

5. repeatedly emphasize ... strengthen the tone.

(3) Answer to the meaning of the sentence:

In such a topic, a word or phrase in a sentence is often expressed by metaphor, contrast, metonymy and symbol. When answering a question, reveal the object it refers to, and then clear the sentence.

(4) Can one word in a sentence be replaced by another? Why?

Verb: No. Because the word accurately, vividly and specifically wrote ...

Adjective: No. Because this word vividly describes ...

Adverbs (such as all, most, very only, etc. ): no. Because this word accurately describes the situation of … (table degree, table limit, table time, table range, etc.). ), after the change, it becomes ... not in line with the facts.

(5) Can the order of two or three words in a sentence be reversed? Why?

I can't. Because (1) does not conform to the law of people's understanding of things (from shallow to deep, from surface to inside, from phenomenon to essence) (2) this word corresponds to the above one by one (3) these words are progressive, interlocking and cannot be exchanged.

(6) Summary of paragraph meaning

1. Narrative: Give a clear answer (when and where) to who did what.

Format: (time+place)+people+things.

2. explanatory text: the answer clearly States what the object is and what its characteristics are.

Format: description (introduction)+description object+description content (characteristics)

3. Argumentative essay: clearly answer what the question is and what the author's point of view is.

Format: What demonstration method is used to prove (demonstrate)+demonstrate?

Applied poetry

1. Riding a princess and laughing in the world of mortals, no one knew it was litchi. 2. People have joys and sorrows, and the moon has ups and downs. This is an old question. I wish people a long time, thousands of miles away. People don't know where to go, but the peach blossoms are still smiling in the spring breeze. 4. The river of no return is a romantic figure through the ages. 5. the river flows day and night, and the guest is sad. 6. Wan Li came to Rongji, and the mountain was flying. 7. The mountain will never be too high and the water will never be too deep. The duke of Zhou vomited, and the world returned to the heart. 8. When will the singing and dancing in the West Lake outside Castle Peak Building stop? 9. However, before she came to us, we called a thousand times and urged her for a thousand times, but she still hid half of her face behind her guitar from us. 10. Fish comes out in the drizzle, but it's slanting in the breeze. 1 1. Spring tides bring rain late and rush, and there is no boat to cross the field. 12. Old vines faint crows, small bridges flowing, old roads thin horses. 13. The grass withers, the eagle suffers from eye diseases, and the snow is as red as a horseshoe. 14. The stars tilt down from the open space, and the moon runs from the upper reaches of the river. 15. If relatives and friends in Luoyang ask each other, a piece of ice heart is in the jade pot. 16. last night, the west wind withered the green trees, and I went up to the tall building alone and looked at the horizon. 17. The small building listens to the spring rain all night, and the deep alley sells apricot flowers. 18. Since God has given talents, let them be used! Spin a thousand silver coins and they're all back! . 19. The sky is wild, the wind blows the grass and the cattle and sheep are low. 20. If the sky is affectionate, it will be old. 2 1. There are many fish in the sea. 22. God knows what the ship knows, and the river tree knows what the cloud knows. 23. providence pities grass, and the sun is shining on earth. 24. In Julian Waghann, the Central Plains Festival is located in Beiding, and family sacrifices will never be forgotten. 25. It is better to hate people than water, and make waves casually. 26. The article is eternal, and the gains and losses are well known. Fu Xuan is still afraid of the afterlife, and her husband can't be a teenager. 28. The bright moon in the Qin dynasty was closed in the Han dynasty, and the Long March people did not return. 29. It's very late in Sang Yu, because the sky is still full of clouds. 30. Chai Men smells dogs barking and comes home on a snowy night. 3 1. I advise you not to cherish the golden robe and to cherish your youth. 32. It is a beautiful scenery in the south of the Yangtze River, and you will meet your husband when the flowers fall. 33. There has been no spare time to study since ancient times.