Are the Jean family really descendants of Emperor Wen Jian?

The mystery of Wen Jian's whereabouts in the Ming Dynasty has been debated since the day when Cheng Zu ascended the throne in the Ming Dynasty. For hundreds of years, many scholars have been trying to find this problem. Or so far, there is no conclusion that can convince everyone and be recognized by most people. Why have people been so keen on this topic for hundreds of years? First of all, because it is really a mystery. It is very attractive to solve the mystery of history. Also, Wen Jian lost in the battle of Jing Nan, and history pushed him to the position of the weak. Out of sympathy for the weak, people pay more attention to him. In particular, I hope he didn't die in that fire. But, more importantly, I think people support his policies. I hope that a wise monarch will rule the world and feel sorry for his failure. Wen Jian came to power after the rigor of frost front and snow sword in Hongwu period, just like the warmth of the sunny day. Therefore, Wen Jian's four-year rule was described by Ming people as "four years of lenient policies and severe frost" and was praised by people. During the Wen Jian period, the society was stable and the folk customs were simple. At that time, the literati advocated propriety and righteousness, and the people were content with their jobs, rich in wealth, and few people broke the law. Zhu Yunming said in "unofficial history": "This is an old saying. In the last years of Hongwu, in Chen Geng (the second year of Wen Jian 1400), there was no way to pick up the remains. When I saw notes on the way, I was afraid of pollution and practice. I even set up a high and clean stage and refused to take them." ⑴

More than 20 years ago, I summarized Wen Jian's government as "Wen Jian New Deal". This formulation has been accepted by many scholars.

On the contrary, the slogan put forward by the Prince of Yan in the battle of Jingnan was "to restore the old system of our ancestors". Imagine what a terrible sight it would be to return to the harsh rule of Hongwu period!

Then, Fang Xiaoru and others died not only because of their loyalty to the monarch. They died for Wen Jian's New Deal, to build a society described by Confucian political ideals, to resist tyranny, and to return to Zhu Yuanzhang's autocratic rule. So "Yanshi went to see Sun, crying and making a scene, and the ministers either died or fled, leaving the office empty. Those who have unfortunately lost their country since ancient times have not won the hearts of their subjects. " ⑵

Fang Xiaoru praised his love for the people in ode to the suburbs, saying that he "would rather fold the law than treat others with it;" It is better to store it than to put it away to hinder farmers. "As the main adviser of Wen Jian, Fang Xiaoru is a faithful believer of Confucianism. He even wanted to restore the well-field system in the Zhou Dynasty and solve the problem of "the rich benefit the rich and the poor benefit the poor", so as to establish a society in which "everyone has land and each has public interests, so as to work together and help each other".

Therefore, Huang Zongxi, a great thinker in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, said: "You can't" wipe your husband's pain with death ". The value of Fang Xiaoru lies in his starting point of "regarding the people as the mind and regarding the monarch as the heart". That's why Fang Xiaoru is Fang Xiaoru. He is pedantic and honest, but he is not stupid.

So, why is the whereabouts of Emperor Wen Jian so different? First of all, historical records are contradictory.

"A Record of Emperor Taizong of Ming Dynasty" said:

Seeing the smoke rising in the palace, he rushed to the rescue. It is too late. It's no use using his body in the fire. He cried in bed and said, "Is it really stupid? I'm here to help you do something good, but I don't understand. What's the use? " ..... Ren Shen prepared to bury Wen Jun, sent officials to sacrifice, and stopped for three days. ⑶

Records of Emperor Taizong of Ming Dynasty was compiled in Xuande period. For political reasons, official records represent official interests, and some key and subtle things are often unreliable. According to the recorded records, Wen Jian was burned to death, and also received a ceremony and burial. Some said they used the gift of the prince, while others said they used the gift of the son of heaven. (4) Whether it is the ceremony of the monarch and the minister or the ceremony of the son of heaven, it is extremely grand. If so, who has seen the funeral ceremony? Where is the grave? Judging from the political needs at that time, if Emperor Wen Jian died, he would lose the hope of the whole world, and Judy, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, could be emperor with more peace of mind. Obviously, Judy, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, wanted Emperor Wen Jian to leave the political arena and even die. The purpose of Records of Emperor Taizong of Ming Dynasty is to leave such an impression on people. However, no one has seen how to send a funeral to Emperor Wen Jian, and no one has seen his grave. Isn't the "record" a deliberate lie? It is also recorded that the funeral of Emperor Wen Jian was "not sealed and not planted". According to the emperor's ceremony, how can you not seal the tree? Emotional paranoia can make people ignore the most basic logic. It is reasonable to infer that for Judy, even if there is a little possibility of hiding his eyes and ears, he will build a mausoleum for his emperor. It is precisely because Judy can't even fool herself that it is impossible to send out a funeral and build a tomb, which leads to so many rumors among the people.

Because the whereabouts of the Ming emperor is unknown, 300 years later, Zhang's History of the Ming Dynasty is inconclusive. "Ming History" wrote:

Gu Wang Yi and Li Jinglong rebelled, took Yan Bing, and the capital fell. When there was a fire in the palace, the emperor didn't know what to do. The prince sent the queen's body into the fire. On the eighth day, he refused to apply for burial.

Or the cloud emperor died in the tunnel.

In just over 50 words, there are three contradictory statements: first, I don't know where to go; Second, burn to death; Third, died in the tunnel.

More than 300 years have passed since the Yan army invaded Nanjing (four years of Wen Jian 1402) and thirteen years of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1735), and the whereabouts of Emperor Wen Jian are still inconclusive. Those who participated in the compilation of Ming History are well-read celebrities. When compiling the History of Ming Dynasty, they collected a large number of official and folk historical materials and made a serious analysis and research. Ming History is famous for its rigorous style and meticulous narration, but in this magnificent "official history", we know nothing about Wen Jian.

In fact, Mitchell of the Qing court can't be blamed for his incompetence, because the records of Emperor Taizong of the Ming Dynasty were deliberately tampered with, and those who tried to pursue the truth later didn't make it clear, which led to more and more confusion in official and folk history books.

Apart from the unknown whereabouts of Emperor Wen Jian, there are two things that help people guess.

The first thing is "Ming history?" 6? 1 Yao's Little Light Biography records that:

(Yongle) entered the hajj in March of 16th year, and he was eighty and four years old. I can't go to the hospital, but I still live in Qingshou Temple. When the car came to see the guest again, Yuxin was very happy and gave him a golden spittoon to ask him what he wanted to say. Xiaoguang said: "monk pu has been in contact for a long time, so I hope to forgive him." Pu QIA, the chief monk of Jianwen Emperor. When the emperor first entered Nanjing, it was said that Emperor Wenjian was a monk, and Pu Qia knew the situation, or that he was hiding there. The emperor banned Pu Qia because of other things, and ordered Hu Meng and others to go to his place. I haven't got it for a long time. Pu Qia sat in the Ministry for more than ten years, and finally the emperor made a statement with leniency and filial piety, that is, life. ⑸

People often use this as a basis to prove that Emperor Wen Jian died as a monk. In fact, as a monk of the Prince of Yan, Yao's demand for the release of Puyi, who has been a monk for a long time, is just sympathy for Puyi, who is also a monk. One served the prince, the other served Wen Jian, and each was his own master. The word "Swim Swallow" in the history of Ming Dynasty is not a statement with evidence, but a speculation. It is also said that "or words are hidden", and "or words" are just like "words" and are unfounded. From Yao's words, we can't see that Pu Qia had anything to do with his death. On the contrary, Yao asked for the release of Pucha before his death, probably in the hope of clearing Pucha's unjust, false and wrong case based on legend. Judging from Judy's cruel treatment of her legacy, if Puyi is related to Wen Jian's death, it will not be easily let go.

Another thing happened in the fifth year of Ming Yingzong orthodoxy.

Ding Si years in November (1440) in the orthodox five-year Ming Yingzong memoir said:

A 90-year-old monk went from Yunnan to Guangxi and said, "I am also the emperor of Wen Jian. Zhang Tianshi said that I have suffered for forty years, and now I am full and should go back to China. " Speak for yourself. Cenying sent it to the capital. The authorities will be responsible. His name is Yang, and he is human. Hongwu became a monk in seventeen years and traveled to Beijing, Yunnan, Guizhou and even Guangxi. I was ordered to be executed by the imperial army. Twelve associates are guarding the border.

This matter is clear and well documented, and there should be no doubt about it. Wen Jian was born in the tenth year of Hongwu (1377), but he was only 63 years old when he was in the fifth year of English Orthodox Church (1440). The old monk claims to be over 90 years old, which must be false. After interrogation, the old monk has a name and surname, so people in prison dare not invent it. This is a fraud case planned by several monks. The 90-year-old monk Yang's impersonation as Emperor Jianwen was finally exposed. As a result, the old monk was imprisoned in the Royal Guards and died, and his accomplices were placed at the border.

Emperor Wen Jian was overthrown. In the 22nd year of Yongle, Hongxi and Xuande 1 1 year were orthodox for 5 years, which has been 38 years. Even if Emperor Wen Jian is alive, he is just a lonely old monk, with no single soldier in his hand. There is no need for the court to fear his appearance. In fact, the disposal of the court is also very measured. Only one person, Yang, was put in prison, and the others were kept on the border, but they were not completely killed.

However, although Yang's fraud case has ended, some people just don't want to believe it is fraud. The news spread like wildfire, and people began to imagine it. So in legend and speculation, this Yang became the emperor. During the Wanli period, even Zhang, a cabinet official who has served in North Korea for a long time and is familiar with the allusion system, has always been unclear about his work.

Xu Jianian (Wanli 2nd year 1574) asked the assistant minister about Wen Jun's death today (in Zhu Yijun, Ming Shenzong). Zhang replied: "There is no test in the history of China, but it is said that there is a poem inscribed on the wall of Yunnan Post, which says,' I have lived in rivers and lakes for decades'. An imperial asked him in different ways, saying that he wanted to return to his motherland. Then the post was called into the palace and brought out. Seventy or eighty years old, I don't know what to do. " Gai Jiangling (Zhang) never remembers it in English records. ⑹

For things that are unclear, people use their imagination to fill in the blanks and weave a big story. Therefore, the saying that Emperor Wen Jian died is widely circulated.

The theory of death was originally circulated in secret. After the lifting of the ban, people talked openly about it. In order not to offend the official, people added the names "Xun" and "Jean". Because Emperor Wen Jian was an "abandoned country" and a "ceded country", Judy's throne was either usurped or logical. Give it to me, give it to me, and have the best of both worlds, which not only satisfies the people's hope that Wen Jian is still alive, but also leaves face for the government.

During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the legend about Wen Jian became wider and wider. The prose "From Death" and Xu's "A Record of the Body" appeared one after another. The story is getting more and more detailed and complete. But the contradiction is obvious.

For example, when Emperor Wen Jian returned, there were the first year of Xuande (1426) and the fifth year of orthodoxy (1440). Its ending has the saying of "sudden death overnight", which was also said in the palace of the old god of death. His burial includes "being buried in the suburbs as a public ceremony", "actually burying the Western Hills, with the monument named" The Tomb of the First Master in the World ",and" not being sealed or not being a tree ". ⑺

As for the legendary relics of Emperor Wen Jian, there are too many.

▲ Emperor Wen Jian once hid in Pingchang Buddhist Temple in Sichuan, and was buried on the hillside behind the temple after his death. Because Emperor Wen Jian often cried in the temple facing the capital, later generations renamed the Buddha Temple as Wangjing Temple.

▲ Emperor Wen Jian fled from Dali, Yunnan Province to Yuexi River in Yibin, Sichuan Province, lived in seclusion in Longxing, and was buried in Tallinn underground in Longxing after his death (commonly known as empty mountain, hollowed-out mountain and tomb building). It is even said that Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty came to Yuexi to visit the remains of Emperor Wen Jian.

▲ Lion Mountain in Wuding, Yunnan. According to legend, Emperor Wen Jian once lived in a temple on this mountain. There are three colorful statues of monks in the existing Hui Di Ancestral Temple. The one in the middle, wearing a robe and with his back against the dragon chair, is said to be a statue of Wen Jian. It looks like it was made in the early years of Qing Emperor Kangxi. The word "Ming Huidi" in Leakey's book. The couplet in front of the pavilion reads: "The monk is the emperor, and the emperor is also a monk. For decades, it has been passed down from generation to generation, and Zhengjue still feels old; An uncle begets a nephew, and a nephew begets an uncle. Eight thousand miles of hiking shoes, Shishan is higher than Yanshan. " It is said that more than ten scenic spots in the temple, such as Gankun Shuangshu, Longfeng Bai Cui and Yuetan Ganlong, are all related to Jianwen Emperor.

▲ Celebrate Longxing Ancient Town. According to legend, Emperor Wen Jian once became a monk in this Longzang Temple, hence the name "Longxing".

▲ Baolun Temple in Cikou, Chongqing. According to legend, Emperor Wen Jian once lived in seclusion here. Later generations renamed Baiyan Mountain as Longyin Mountain. Baolun Temple is also called Longyin Temple.

▲ Emperor Wen Jian ran out of Nanjing dressed as a monk and got help from Puyi. Emperor first hid in Fusaiji, Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province, and then with the help of Yao, he hid in Huangjia Temple on the dome mountain, and was buried on the dome mountain after his death.

Just a few examples.

How to explain so many legends about Jianwen Emperor since Ming and Qing Dynasties?

As far as the law of the formation and development of myths or folklore is concerned, it can be explained by a sentence from Mr. Hu Shi:

Every story evolves like a snowball, getting bigger and bigger. In fact, it can't stand the baking of the sun and the textual research of historians. ⑻

The occurrence and evolution of Wen Jian legends also conform to this law. Because the whereabouts of Emperor Wen Jian is unknown, people have made various speculations and legends. With the extension of time, the contents of legends are constantly expanding and enriching, and more and more are told. Like many developing folklores, the search for the whereabouts of Emperor Wen Jian has been far away from history or scholarship, and has become a pure emotional concern for many people.

At the peak of Wen Jian's theory of Xun Guo, Shen Defu in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, Cha Jizhuo in late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty all refuted the contradiction in the legend of the death of Emperor Jianwen.

For example, according to legend, Yan Zhen, Minister of Industry, sent a special envoy to Lu Yu to build Wendi, and later committed suicide in shame. As a matter of fact, there was indeed a Yan Shangshu in Yongle, but his name was Yan Zhenzhi, not. Moreover, Yan Zhenzhi sent people to the site in the twenty-eighth year of Hongwu, the Ming emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. Yan Zhenzhi was an official in Wen Jian, and was put into use again in Yongle, but there was no diplomatic mission in Yongle. During Yongle period, Yan Zhenqing toured Shanxi as Minister of Industry. As a result, I went to Zezhou and died. Pet-name ruby is completely different from the legendary death of an array.

Shen Defu said:

At that time, if the old minister accompanied him, he would be exposed immediately. Recently, among them, there was a man who carved a "record of his life", saying that he was a hero of Wen Jian in his previous life. Because his attendants mixed into the monk, he pretended to be a master and apprentice and traveled all over the country, and he was glad that his home was several times. At this time, Sue and Jia Fu are approaching Jinling. Why can they travel freely? What are you talking about, traveling around without any ridicule? In addition, Hu Zhong 'an (who is said to have been sent by Yongle Emperor to spy on the emperor's activities) traveled all over the world from Dinghai to Shen Bing, and it was ten years before he reported his life. Look at the "loyalty and security biography" cloud, never be poor in the countryside, never succeed. Changzhou native Hu, there are only three places here, and there are also tunnels. Can you build a civil servant for Luo Invisible?

Fortunately, the forgers did not know the code system of this dynasty, and the so-called official rank was not found at the beginning of the founding of the country. And in vain, it is a failure. People who don't study and don't know anything for a while sometimes get confused. In other words, some celebrities know that it is false, but lament that they beg for mercy, which is really shocking!

Cover this big lie, but also from the old monk Yang under the guise of things. If it is handed down from generation to generation, you will learn a lot after making mistakes.

The biography says that Xuanzong is the son of Jian Wenjun. After it was passed on to sejong. This language is particularly surprising. Gai Zuo is the second son of Chai Shizong, and it is said that at the end of Yuan Dynasty, he was the youngest son of Wang Hezun of Song Dynasty, attached to Huier. But instead of slapping himself, he proudly called it "delivering letters." What's the difference between this and the person who recently created the History of Er Ling Xin? Claiming to believe is a fool, why don't others believe it? This is due to Shi's dereliction of duty in this dynasty, so that this. ⑽

In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, Cha Jizuo listed as many as 23 different views on Wen Jian's death in the Record of Criminal Evidence. Because there is no definite evidence, as a serious historian, Chakizo put forward "Sixteen Debates", that is, "Sixteen Doubts", which refuted all 23 legends one by one.

Di Zi ran away, but fifty or sixty people heard about it, and then they didn't lose. How did this happen? Doubt one.

The gate of hell can go out, why should the Watergate be diverted? Doubt 2.

Since Jinchuan was opened, courtiers have been frightened and don't know what is going on. How dare I go outside to ouchi? Can I go in but I can't come out? Suspicious three.

The soldiers are fierce. When will this happen? And the Taoist in the dream, the ship is waiting? Doubt 4.

There are 22 people who believe that Wang Sheng is also in this place, and they are skeptical about five people.

There are many people who escape from the wild, but they think they will deal with the emperor and doubt six.

The dead will assume a false name and be suspicious.

Wu and Wu Zhiren in the family, who has no trace of fame? Doubt eight.

Get together, doubt nine.

It is still too early to make changes, which is a counterexample, but it is doubtful whether Cheng Yi has anything to do with history and people.

Since it is suspected that Zhong Bin is hiding from the emperor, he has a big rope, so he can walk away and doubt eleven.

After the period of Hu Sui's recovery in Xiangyang, I doubt twelve.

Traveling to Yunnan again and again, you will meet the emperor and doubt thirteen.

The emperor's eyes are good, but it is doubtful that Wan Li will return to Zhong Bin.

Didn't you smell Hu Meng coming out and laughing at the rooftop? Doubt fifteen.

Nothing to say, nothing to offer, doubt sixteen.

The theory of Emperor Wen Jian's death seems complete, but in fact it is full of loopholes. Finally, Chakizo said:

According to the theory of death, there are three in twenty, doesn't it make sense? There are only three stories out of twenty, but none of them are true. There is only one truth. That is, let the emperor's posthumous title come from the word "Xun Guo". After this record, historians had no choice but to divide the whole country into individual cases to fight against Jingnan. I can't help lying, I will be safe for hundreds of years. However, the meaning of abdication and surrender is still a solution to death. If dead men tell no tales, it is appropriate to take posthumous title of Masu Takeshi Temple as Miao Hui's name first, and the word "Jean" already belongs to Dai Temple, which looks quite close. At the beginning, Fu Daimiao didn't allow it, and used it to ridicule future generations, but he didn't fight for the first place. I didn't smell a word in the palace. If Xing 'an, the supervisor, dares to speak openly and resume storage, there is no defense inside. Yu Qian is the most trustworthy and does not smell a word before the couch. And without Chi Yuduo's help, my mother's life will always be glorious. Moreover, after the restoration, there is a saying that "brothers take virtue as their goal". Then he told a lie. Jude is Emperor Taizong who lied about writing. It is indisputable that the husband is to let, the military is opposed to the text, and the others are still on. ⑾

This passage seems quite puzzling. It involves Jing Nan, emperor of Ming Dynasty, and Xun Guo, emperor of Wen Jian. Ming Yingzong seized the door and restored it, and Emperor Jingtai abdicated; Emperor Jiajing, posthumous title of Ming Wuzong and the Integration of Their Orthodox Status. In a word, unlike the starting point of people's attitude towards Wen Jian, historians skillfully play with words for the sake of "etiquette" and "calligraphy", and finally do not hesitate to discredit historical facts. The so-called cession of the country by Emperor Wen Jian is an excuse used by the rulers to explain its administrative legitimacy.

There is also a great political factor that affects the propaganda of the whereabouts of Emperor Wen Jian. At the beginning of entering the customs, the Qing dynasty also encountered an embarrassing situation. After Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself, there were still sons whose whereabouts were unknown. Although the Qing dynasty controlled the central government, the anti-Qing forces were still very strong. Some anti-Qing forces are under the banner of "Prince Zhu San". Therefore, at that time, the Qing court argued that Prince Zhu San was dead and could not hide among the people, so as to cut off the hope of those who regained sight and reassure people. Therefore, some officials in the early Qing Dynasty realized the meaning of the rulers, and advocated the theory that Emperor Wen Jian was burned to death, and called Xunguo's books fake books to prevent people from alluding to Prince Zhu San.

As a result, the contradictions about the construction of literature and history are intertwined.

Finally, a question that everyone cares about is, did Emperor Wen Jian have any descendants?

Legend has it that Wen Jian traveled around after he escaped from the palace, lived in seclusion in Wuchang in his later years, and was buried in Hongshan, Wuchang after his death. Because Emperor Wen Jian changed his name to Jean Luan, he took Jean as his surname. Recently, someone showed Jean's genealogy, claiming that he is a descendant of Emperor Wen Jian. In fact, it's not only Hubei people who call themselves Emperor Wen Jian. According to Mr. Wang Chongwu's investigation, during the Anti-Japanese War, "Hui Di was the ancestor of some people in Dali". ⑿ Since Emperor Wen Jian has not been burned to death, he has lived in various places for decades, and it may be left to future generations. The legend recorded by Cha Jizhuo in the early Qing Dynasty also said this.

Cha Jizhuo's Book of Crimes, Volume 32, Notes on Changes: "Emperor Jianwen took a son to the Zheng family in Pujiang, and later married a concubine and gave birth to four sons. He took Chen and Yue Tong as surnames, and the second one was still Zhu. A Zhu surname, who studies for a living, is orthodox and crazy, and became your master with my consent. In Baixian, Zheng was saved in life and death, so he did not leave the order. " ⒀